Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100817
Zimiao Wang , Yuxi Zhao , Hairong Wu , Weiliang Jin
Asia products more than half of the concrete, faces severe infrastructure durability challenges impacting sustainability. This study implements a Durability Environmental Zonation (DEZ) framework to assess carbonation risk under general atmospheric conditions. Using ERA5 and CMIP6 climate data, we presented 50-year carbonation depths across Asia. Zonation was achieved by comparing the carbonation depth with a standard 40 mm concrete cover thickness, defining a classification factor (β) to delineate five risk grades: Mild (β < 0.5), Light (0.5 ≤ β < 0.8), Moderate (0.8 ≤ β < 1.0), Severe (1.0 ≤ β < 1.3), and Very Severe (β ≥ 1.3). Under the SSP245 scenario, Severe and Very Severe zones expand significantly; the V (Very Severe) area may increase over 30 % by century's end, especially in South/Southeast Asia. This provides a critical reference for location-specific concrete design and climate adaptation.
{"title":"Towards durability zonation of concrete structures under regional atmospheric exposure conditions in Asia","authors":"Zimiao Wang , Yuxi Zhao , Hairong Wu , Weiliang Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asia products more than half of the concrete, faces severe infrastructure durability challenges impacting sustainability. This study implements a Durability Environmental Zonation (DEZ) framework to assess carbonation risk under general atmospheric conditions. Using ERA5 and CMIP6 climate data, we presented 50-year carbonation depths across Asia. Zonation was achieved by comparing the carbonation depth with a standard 40 mm concrete cover thickness, defining a classification factor (<em>β</em>) to delineate five risk grades: Mild (<em>β</em> < 0.5), Light (0.5 ≤ <em>β</em> < 0.8), Moderate (0.8 ≤ <em>β</em> < 1.0), Severe (1.0 ≤ <em>β</em> < 1.3), and Very Severe (<em>β</em> ≥ 1.3). Under the SSP245 scenario, Severe and Very Severe zones expand significantly; the V (Very Severe) area may increase over 30 % by century's end, especially in South/Southeast Asia. This provides a critical reference for location-specific concrete design and climate adaptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100817"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100813
Jihoon Park , Sungsik Choi , Joonho Seo , Solmoi Park , H.K. Lee
The present study investigated phase evolution and mechanical properties of seawater-mixed calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements with varying m-values from 0 to 2.0 under normal and carbonation curing at 10 % CO2 concentration for 28 d. For normal-cured samples with m-values of 0 and 0.5, favorable formation of Kuzel's salt resulted in 160 % and 124 % higher chloride binding capacity, respectively, than that of sample with m-value of 2.0; however, the compressive strength of sample with lowest m-value was 67 % of that of sample with highest m-value, along with increased total shrinkage. Carbonation curing caused decomposition of AFm phases, leading to loss of chloride binding capacity across all samples, though minor physical binding was observed in samples with low m-values. Additionally, total shrinkage of carbonation-cured samples was mitigated up to 14 d, but carbonation-induced shrinkage eventually prevailed, resulting in increased total shrinkage and surface cracking in all samples, with severity depending on m-value.
{"title":"Effect of carbonation curing on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of seawater-mixed calcium sulfoaluminate cements","authors":"Jihoon Park , Sungsik Choi , Joonho Seo , Solmoi Park , H.K. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigated phase evolution and mechanical properties of seawater-mixed calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements with varying <em>m</em>-values from 0 to 2.0 under normal and carbonation curing at 10 % CO<sub>2</sub> concentration for 28 d. For normal-cured samples with <em>m</em>-values of 0 and 0.5, favorable formation of Kuzel's salt resulted in 160 % and 124 % higher chloride binding capacity, respectively, than that of sample with <em>m</em>-value of 2.0; however, the compressive strength of sample with lowest m-value was 67 % of that of sample with highest <em>m</em>-value, along with increased total shrinkage. Carbonation curing caused decomposition of AFm phases, leading to loss of chloride binding capacity across all samples, though minor physical binding was observed in samples with low <em>m</em>-values. Additionally, total shrinkage of carbonation-cured samples was mitigated up to 14 d, but carbonation-induced shrinkage eventually prevailed, resulting in increased total shrinkage and surface cracking in all samples, with severity depending on <em>m</em>-value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100813"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100807
Qiqi Zhan , Ying Yuan , Xiaoyu Yang , Bailin Shan , Xuejuan Cao , Boming Tang , Xinqiang Zhang
Rejuvenating agents have been widely applied to recover the performance of aged asphalt. However, effective methods for evaluating their performance remain insufficient. To fill this research gap, three types of rejuvenators were selected as case studies to prepare recycled asphalts, and their rheological properties were systematically evaluated through laboratory experiments. Drawing on the rheological indicators of recycled asphalt, a rejuvenator performance assessment framework was developed through the entropy method. Although the rejuvenating agents recovered the penetration and softening point of the aged asphalt to levels comparable to those of virgin binder, significant differences remained in its rheological properties. This highlights the limitation of relying on a single index to evaluate rejuvenator performance. The proposed framework enables a more objective and balanced assessment of rejuvenator performance. This study offers technical guidance for the performance evaluation of rejuvenators and contributes to the efficient recycling of aged asphalt.
{"title":"A performance evaluation framework for asphalt rejuvenators based on the rheological properties of recycled asphalt","authors":"Qiqi Zhan , Ying Yuan , Xiaoyu Yang , Bailin Shan , Xuejuan Cao , Boming Tang , Xinqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rejuvenating agents have been widely applied to recover the performance of aged asphalt. However, effective methods for evaluating their performance remain insufficient. To fill this research gap, three types of rejuvenators were selected as case studies to prepare recycled asphalts, and their rheological properties were systematically evaluated through laboratory experiments. Drawing on the rheological indicators of recycled asphalt, a rejuvenator performance assessment framework was developed through the entropy method. Although the rejuvenating agents recovered the penetration and softening point of the aged asphalt to levels comparable to those of virgin binder, significant differences remained in its rheological properties. This highlights the limitation of relying on a single index to evaluate rejuvenator performance. The proposed framework enables a more objective and balanced assessment of rejuvenator performance. This study offers technical guidance for the performance evaluation of rejuvenators and contributes to the efficient recycling of aged asphalt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100807"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100810
Yaxin Li , Sudarshan Krishnan
This paper examines the stability of deployable structures through global and local analysis. The study uses Geometric Nonlinear Analysis (GNA) and Euler buckling analysis to investigate scissor-type deployable structures. GNA identifies global instability modes, while Euler buckling simulates member behavior. A numerical design example is presented in which the initial member sections were selected to satisfy stiffness requirements while minimizing self-weight. Results highlight the considerable influence of scissor-type connections on global stability. While fully deployed states meet requirements, intermediate states may not satisfy stability criteria. These findings improve understanding of how to optimize deployable structures, particularly when selecting intermediate functional states.
{"title":"Stability behavior of scissor-type deployable structures","authors":"Yaxin Li , Sudarshan Krishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the stability of deployable structures through global and local analysis. The study uses Geometric Nonlinear Analysis (GNA) and Euler buckling analysis to investigate scissor-type deployable structures. GNA identifies global instability modes, while Euler buckling simulates member behavior. A numerical design example is presented in which the initial member sections were selected to satisfy stiffness requirements while minimizing self-weight. Results highlight the considerable influence of scissor-type connections on global stability. While fully deployed states meet requirements, intermediate states may not satisfy stability criteria. These findings improve understanding of how to optimize deployable structures, particularly when selecting intermediate functional states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100810"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100818
Shuaizhong Wang , Zhuoyan Xie , Yangzhi Li
The reuse of demolition concrete rubble (DCR) offers a significant opportunity to advance circular construction, particularly in urban environments where medium-sized fragments (146–300 mm) are prevalent. This study fills a critical gap by developing and validating a systematic evaluation framework that assesses four connection methods—stacking, wet joint (mortar), dry joint (dowel), and exoskeleton (gabion)—for DCR reuse. Using Design Science Research methodology, we designed, built, and tested standardized prototypes for wall, column, and arch typologies, quantitatively assessing nine parameters: structural performance, disassembly potential, adaptability, and sustainability, etc. Results show that while mortar offers adaptability, it lacks reversibility; dowels provide a balance of strength and precision. Stacking serves as a primary bonding interface, often combined with mechanical connections, while gabions demonstrated over 70 % of shear capacity. This framework integrates empirical testing and explores hybrid joint systems to enhance DCR reuse efficiency and promote material circularity.
{"title":"Multi-criteria assessment of connection strategies for the reuse of demolition concrete rubble in circular architecture","authors":"Shuaizhong Wang , Zhuoyan Xie , Yangzhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reuse of demolition concrete rubble (DCR) offers a significant opportunity to advance circular construction, particularly in urban environments where medium-sized fragments (146–300 mm) are prevalent. This study fills a critical gap by developing and validating a systematic evaluation framework that assesses four connection methods—stacking, wet joint (mortar), dry joint (dowel), and exoskeleton (gabion)—for DCR reuse. Using Design Science Research methodology, we designed, built, and tested standardized prototypes for wall, column, and arch typologies, quantitatively assessing nine parameters: structural performance, disassembly potential, adaptability, and sustainability, etc. Results show that while mortar offers adaptability, it lacks reversibility; dowels provide a balance of strength and precision. Stacking serves as a primary bonding interface, often combined with mechanical connections, while gabions demonstrated over 70 % of shear capacity. This framework integrates empirical testing and explores hybrid joint systems to enhance DCR reuse efficiency and promote material circularity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100818"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100820
Talip Cakmak, Ilker Ustabas, Erol Yilmaz
Renowned for its durability and structural strength, concrete revives to lead global construction as the material of choice. However, the carbon-intensive nature of cement production demands the pursuit of greener, more sustainable alternatives. Geopolymer mortars derived from industrial by-products like obsidian (OB) and silica fume (SF) offer a sustainable alternative to conventional binders, but accurately assessing their behavior under diverse curing regimes remains a significant challenge. Furthermore, although there are many studies on machine learning (ML) methods and different types of geopolymer in the literature, there is no comprehensive study on predicting the compressive strength of geopolymers containing OB (90–100 %) and SF (0–10 %) using ML-based methods. This study therefore aims to address this gap by predicting the compressive strength of a dataset consisting of 150 data points created by varying the OB and SF ratios. The current research offers a robust ML framework for strength prediction of geopolymer mortars featuring OB and SF additives. Five popular ML techniques covering Gaussian Process Regression, Extremely Randomized Trees, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Bagging, and Decision Tree were tested both individually and in combination through a hybrid meta-model. The combined model delivered the best results, reaching an R2 of 0.979, outperforming the standalone models, which scored between 0.87 and 0.963. The principal factors such as the proportions of OB and SF, curing temperature, and curing duration were examined using Feature Importance and Permutation Feature Importance analyses, with ANOVA confirming their relevance. K-fold cross-validation verified model's robustness, demonstrating ensemble ML methods substantially improve the precision and reliability of strength predictions for geopolymer mortars. These findings advance the design of sustainable construction materials while contributing to reduced carbon emissions in the building industry.
{"title":"Integrating obsidian and silica fume in geopolymer mortars: Strength prediction via meta-ensemble machine learning framework","authors":"Talip Cakmak, Ilker Ustabas, Erol Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renowned for its durability and structural strength, concrete revives to lead global construction as the material of choice. However, the carbon-intensive nature of cement production demands the pursuit of greener, more sustainable alternatives. Geopolymer mortars derived from industrial by-products like obsidian (OB) and silica fume (SF) offer a sustainable alternative to conventional binders, but accurately assessing their behavior under diverse curing regimes remains a significant challenge. Furthermore, although there are many studies on machine learning (ML) methods and different types of geopolymer in the literature, there is no comprehensive study on predicting the compressive strength of geopolymers containing OB (90–100 %) and SF (0–10 %) using ML-based methods. This study therefore aims to address this gap by predicting the compressive strength of a dataset consisting of 150 data points created by varying the OB and SF ratios. The current research offers a robust ML framework for strength prediction of geopolymer mortars featuring OB and SF additives. Five popular ML techniques covering Gaussian Process Regression, Extremely Randomized Trees, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Bagging, and Decision Tree were tested both individually and in combination through a hybrid meta-model. The combined model delivered the best results, reaching an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.979, outperforming the standalone models, which scored between 0.87 and 0.963. The principal factors such as the proportions of OB and SF, curing temperature, and curing duration were examined using Feature Importance and Permutation Feature Importance analyses, with ANOVA confirming their relevance. K-fold cross-validation verified model's robustness, demonstrating ensemble ML methods substantially improve the precision and reliability of strength predictions for geopolymer mortars. These findings advance the design of sustainable construction materials while contributing to reduced carbon emissions in the building industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100820"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100812
Tim Van Mullem , Nele De Belie , Riccardo Maddalena
Extending the service life of concrete structures is increasingly important in the effort to reduce carbon emissions. Cracks compromise durability by accelerating degradation mechanism. Embedding shape memory polymer (SMP) fibres in cementitious materials offers a promising solution, as these fibres shrink upon thermal activation and induce crack closure. However, the influence of SMP fibre addition on the durability performance of cementitious materials has not yet been fully explored. In this study, knotted SMP fibres were embedded in mortar specimens, and durability was assessed through water flow testing, chloride diffusion, and carbonation measurements. Following thermal activation, SMP specimens achieved a perfect sealing efficiency, whereas water leakage persisted in reference samples, even after 14 days of wet/dry cycling. The reduced crack widths in the SMP specimens also limited the ingress of chloride ions and CO2 at the crack location. Overall, the performance of the SMP series demonstrated a superior durability performance.
{"title":"From crack closure to durability improvement of cementitious mortar with knotted shape memory polymer (k-SMP) fibres","authors":"Tim Van Mullem , Nele De Belie , Riccardo Maddalena","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extending the service life of concrete structures is increasingly important in the effort to reduce carbon emissions. Cracks compromise durability by accelerating degradation mechanism. Embedding shape memory polymer (SMP) fibres in cementitious materials offers a promising solution, as these fibres shrink upon thermal activation and induce crack closure. However, the influence of SMP fibre addition on the durability performance of cementitious materials has not yet been fully explored. In this study, knotted SMP fibres were embedded in mortar specimens, and durability was assessed through water flow testing, chloride diffusion, and carbonation measurements. Following thermal activation, SMP specimens achieved a perfect sealing efficiency, whereas water leakage persisted in reference samples, even after 14 days of wet/dry cycling. The reduced crack widths in the SMP specimens also limited the ingress of chloride ions and CO<sub>2</sub> at the crack location. Overall, the performance of the SMP series demonstrated a superior durability performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100812"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100811
Ruoxin Wang , Chi Fai Cheung , Yiman Jiang , Dongxing Xuan , Chi Sun Poon
The rapid growth of construction and demolition waste (CDW) poses significant challenges to environmental sustainability and the availability of land resources, particularly in densely populated cities like Hong Kong, highlighting the urgent need for efficient waste sorting and recycling techniques. Traditional CDW sorting facilities (CWSFs) rely heavily on manual and mechanical operations, which are labour-intensive, costly, and often inefficient. Recent advances in computer vision offers new opportunities for automating CDW sorting, yet most existing models require large training datasets, substantial computational resources, and generally cannot estimate the precise area proportion of each waste category, limiting their practical deployment. To address these challenges, this paper introduces SAMSort, a novel framework that adapts the Segment Anything Model (SAM) for CDW sorting through parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). Six types of PEFT layers, including transformer adapter, attention adapter, multilayer perceptron adapter, and three variants of low-rank adaptation (LoRA Types I–III), are adopted to reduce the number of trainable parameters. In addition, the performance of all 24 possible combinations is evaluated. A new dataset collected from Tseung Kwan O (TKO) CWSF is constructed for model training and evaluation. The results show that SAMSort achieves competitive waste sorting performance, with an F1-score of 0.764 and an Intersection of Union of 0.670 using only 1 % of the parameters required for full fine-tuning.
建筑及拆卸废物的迅速增长，对环境的可持续发展和土地资源的可用性构成重大挑战，特别是在香港等人口稠密的城市，迫切需要有效的废物分类和回收技术。传统的废物分拣设施（cwsf）严重依赖人工和机械操作，这是劳动密集型的，成本高昂，而且往往效率低下。计算机视觉的最新进展为自动化废物分类提供了新的机会，然而大多数现有模型需要大量的训练数据集，大量的计算资源，并且通常不能估计每个废物类别的精确面积比例，限制了它们的实际部署。为了解决这些挑战，本文介绍了SAMSort，这是一个新的框架，它通过参数有效微调（PEFT）适应分段任意模型（SAM）进行CDW排序。为了减少可训练参数的数量，采用了6种PEFT层，包括变压器适配器、注意力适配器、多层感知器适配器和3种低秩自适应（LoRA type I-III）。此外，还对所有24种可能组合的性能进行了评估。从将军澳（TKO） CWSF收集了一个新的数据集，用于模型训练和评估。结果表明，SAMSort实现了具有竞争力的垃圾分类性能，f1得分为0.764，并集交集为0.670，仅使用1 %的参数即可进行完全微调。
{"title":"SAMSort: Vision foundation model for sorting construction and demolition waste","authors":"Ruoxin Wang , Chi Fai Cheung , Yiman Jiang , Dongxing Xuan , Chi Sun Poon","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of construction and demolition waste (CDW) poses significant challenges to environmental sustainability and the availability of land resources, particularly in densely populated cities like Hong Kong, highlighting the urgent need for efficient waste sorting and recycling techniques. Traditional CDW sorting facilities (CWSFs) rely heavily on manual and mechanical operations, which are labour-intensive, costly, and often inefficient. Recent advances in computer vision offers new opportunities for automating CDW sorting, yet most existing models require large training datasets, substantial computational resources, and generally cannot estimate the precise area proportion of each waste category, limiting their practical deployment. To address these challenges, this paper introduces SAMSort, a novel framework that adapts the Segment Anything Model (SAM) for CDW sorting through parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). Six types of PEFT layers, including transformer adapter, attention adapter, multilayer perceptron adapter, and three variants of low-rank adaptation (LoRA Types I–III), are adopted to reduce the number of trainable parameters. In addition, the performance of all 24 possible combinations is evaluated. A new dataset collected from Tseung Kwan O (TKO) CWSF is constructed for model training and evaluation. The results show that SAMSort achieves competitive waste sorting performance, with an F1-score of 0.764 and an Intersection of Union of 0.670 using only 1 % of the parameters required for full fine-tuning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100811"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100805
Xun Sha , Weichuan Zhang , Shengli Ren , Xiao-Yong Wang , Run-Sheng Lin
Lime mud (LM), a highly alkaline by-product from the paper industry, is usually disposed of by landfilling, causing environmental risks and resource waste. Previous attempts to use LM in cementitious materials often relied on calcination, which increases energy use and CO2 emissions, or direct blending, which leads to reduced strength and poor durability. To address these limitations, this study investigates the direct incorporation of uncalcined LM, alone or with slag, into cement-based materials (CBMs) subjected to carbonation curing. The hydration–carbonation behavior, pore structure, mechanical properties, and high-temperature resistance were comprehensively evaluated. The results show that LM provided nucleation sites and high alkalinity, accelerating CO2 uptake and enhancing early strength under carbonation curing. At 14 days, LM20 under carbonation curing reached a compressive strength of 52 MPa, 54 % higher than its normally cured counterpart. When combined with slag, the LM20A10 mixture achieved the best balance of strength and CO2 sequestration, showing a greater carbonation degree and a CO2 uptake exceeding 11 wt%. Multi-scale analyses (XRD, TG-IR, FTIR, SEM/TEM, MIP) confirmed the formation of N,C-A-S-H gels and CaCO3–SiO2 composites, which densified the matrix and linked microstructure with macroscopic performance. Furthermore, carbonation-cured specimens retained over 60 % of their compressive strength at 600 °C, whereas normally cured specimens showed severe degradation, indicating improved thermal resistance. This study demonstrates a sustainable strategy for LM valorization, integrating solid waste recycling, CO2 sequestration, and performance enhancement, thereby contributing to the development of low-carbon and durable construction materials.
{"title":"From waste to value: Enhancing strength and CO2 sequestration of cement composites with lime mud under carbonation curing","authors":"Xun Sha , Weichuan Zhang , Shengli Ren , Xiao-Yong Wang , Run-Sheng Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lime mud (LM), a highly alkaline by-product from the paper industry, is usually disposed of by landfilling, causing environmental risks and resource waste. Previous attempts to use LM in cementitious materials often relied on calcination, which increases energy use and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, or direct blending, which leads to reduced strength and poor durability. To address these limitations, this study investigates the direct incorporation of uncalcined LM, alone or with slag, into cement-based materials (CBMs) subjected to carbonation curing. The hydration–carbonation behavior, pore structure, mechanical properties, and high-temperature resistance were comprehensively evaluated. The results show that LM provided nucleation sites and high alkalinity, accelerating CO<sub>2</sub> uptake and enhancing early strength under carbonation curing. At 14 days, LM20 under carbonation curing reached a compressive strength of 52 MPa, 54 % higher than its normally cured counterpart. When combined with slag, the LM20A10 mixture achieved the best balance of strength and CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration, showing a greater carbonation degree and a CO<sub>2</sub> uptake exceeding 11 wt%. Multi-scale analyses (XRD, TG-IR, FTIR, SEM/TEM, MIP) confirmed the formation of N,C-A-S-H gels and CaCO<sub>3</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub> composites, which densified the matrix and linked microstructure with macroscopic performance. Furthermore, carbonation-cured specimens retained over 60 % of their compressive strength at 600 °C, whereas normally cured specimens showed severe degradation, indicating improved thermal resistance. This study demonstrates a sustainable strategy for LM valorization, integrating solid waste recycling, CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration, and performance enhancement, thereby contributing to the development of low-carbon and durable construction materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100805"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100800
Ying Zhou , Haoyu Guo , Chenshuang Li
Respiratory infectious diseases pose a significant threat to global public health, with fever clinics posing high aerosol-transmitted infection risks. This study investigates how human movement affects the spread of aerosols in multi-zone clinics. A spatiotemporal infection risk assessment model was developed by combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based aerosol simulations with an improved Wells-Riley model, considering dynamic human behavior and environment. A Wuhan fever clinic served as a case study. The results indicate that human movement drives aerosol transport across zones, approximately half of the aerosols in the waiting hall originated from patients exhaling in other zones. The increase in mechanical ventilation rate can lower total aerosol concentrations by 38 %, and the wearing of masks can reduce the infection risk from over 90 % to less than 10 % in some zones. These findings provide quantitative insights for optimizing clinic layout and ventilation strategies to mitigate nosocomial infections.
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