Developments in the Built Environment最新文献_第3页

Durability of GFRP bars subjected to the combined effect of high sustained load and industrial wastewater GFRP筋在高持续荷载和工业废水共同作用下的耐久性

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100840

Hamid Reza Shayegh , Mohsen Ali Shayanfar , Abolfazl Eslami , Sajjad Mirvalad

This study evaluates the durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars under sustained loading combined with industrial wastewater. Towards this, twenty-four concrete beams (150 × 200 × 1800 mm) were cast, five with steel reinforcement and the rest with GFRP bars. The beam specimens were subjected to sustained loading at 40 % of ultimate flexural capacity and immersed in wastewater for 3, 6, and 12 months at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C. Subsequently, four-point bending tests were conducted to assess flexural behavior, including load-displacement response, ultimate capacity, deflection, cracking, and failure modes. Concurrently, bare GFRP bars exposed under identical conditions to assess degradation of the mechanical properties. Results showed up to 12 % capacity loss in steel-reinforced beams, whereas GFRP-reinforced beams maintained superior performance. Bare GFRP bars exhibited strength and stiffness reductions of 6 % and 9 %, respectively, after 12 months at 60 °C. Experimental findings were compared with analytical models available in design codes.

本文研究了玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）钢筋在工业废水持续载荷作用下的耐久性。为此，浇筑了24根混凝土梁（150 × 200 × 1800 mm），其中5根用钢筋加固，其余用玻璃钢加固。在25 °C、40 °C和60 °C的条件下，梁试件承受极限抗弯承载力40% %的持续加载，并在废水中浸泡3、6和12个月。随后，进行四点弯曲试验，以评估弯曲行为，包括荷载-位移响应、极限承载力、挠度、开裂和破坏模式。同时，裸露的GFRP筋在相同的条件下暴露，以评估力学性能的退化。结果表明，钢增强梁的承载力损失高达12% %，而gfrp增强梁保持了优越的性能。在60 °C下12个月后，裸GFRP筋的强度和刚度分别降低了6 %和9 %。实验结果与设计规范中可用的分析模型进行了比较。

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引用次数: 0

An interpretable machine learning framework for residential building hourly operational carbon emission prediction with indoor and outdoor environment 基于室内外环境的住宅建筑每小时运行碳排放预测的可解释机器学习框架

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100837

Qiansheng Fang , Wentao Li , Fukang Sun

Operational carbon emission prediction is the essential component of building carbon emission management. Hence, an interpretable machine learning framework is proposed for residential building hourly operational carbon emission prediction with indoor and outdoor environment parameters. In the proposed framework, a dynamic correlation graph is introduced to structure building carbon emission and environment parameter time series, which used to represent the relation among environment parameters and building carbon emission. The TCN-GCN algorithm and SHAP method are utilized to construct the hourly operational carbon emission prediction model for residential buildings. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, case study are implemented with the experiment dataset from Smartline project in Cornwall, UK. The experiment results demonstrate the proposed DCG-TCN-GCN method can accurately predict residential building operational carbon emission with 0.7578–0.8416 Corr, and 0.1288–0.1827 RSE. The research results can provide benefits to more sustainable energy-efficient and low-carbon residential buildings.

操作性碳排放预测是建筑碳排放管理的重要组成部分。因此，提出了一个可解释的机器学习框架，用于住宅建筑室内外环境参数的每小时运行碳排放预测。在该框架中，引入建筑碳排放与环境参数时间序列的动态关联图来表示环境参数与建筑碳排放之间的关系。利用TCN-GCN算法和SHAP方法构建了住宅运行碳排放小时预测模型。为了验证该方法的可行性和有效性，利用英国康沃尔市Smartline项目的实验数据集进行了案例研究。实验结果表明，提出的DCG-TCN-GCN方法能够准确预测住宅建筑运行碳排放量，相关系数为0.5778 ~ 0.8416，RSE为0.1288 ~ 0.1827。研究结果可为更可持续的节能低碳住宅建筑提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the adhesion of bacterially precipitated biocement to different stone substrates 细菌沉淀生物水泥与不同石材基质的粘附性研究

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100838

Mariana Mateus Pinto , Rafaela Cardoso

Biocementation, or MICP (Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation), has been used with success to repair cracks and consolidate porous stones and other construction materials. An experimental study was performed to investigate biocement adhesion to three different stone materials (limestone, shist and basalt) and to a poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) control plate. Adhesion strength was quantified by pull-out tests performed under controlled conditions, this being the novel contribution of this paper. The mineralogical composition of the materials, roughness and contact angles with the treatment solutions were determined to better understand adhesion mechanisms. The thickness of the biocement coating on the different materials was measured and visualized under microscope, aiming to conclude that the biocement adheres to the porous and rough stone substrates, which serve as nucleation sites for the precipitation. Adhesion measurements were done after 2 and 4 treatments to understand biocement coating process and the influence of the thickness of the precipitated layer. The adhesion forces recorded, although affected by experimental error, allow understanding that detachment occurs between the precipitate and the substrate. The results suggest that time may affect this adhesion due to the creation of more bacterial attachment and because the thickness of the biocement layer has increased.

生物胶结，或MICP（微生物诱导方解石沉淀），已经成功地用于修复裂缝和巩固多孔石头和其他建筑材料。实验研究了生物水泥与三种不同的石材（石灰石、片岩和玄武岩）和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）控制板的粘附性。通过在受控条件下进行的拔出试验来量化粘附强度，这是本文的新贡献。测定了材料的矿物组成、粗糙度和与处理溶液的接触角，以更好地了解粘附机理。在显微镜下测量和观察了不同材料上生物水泥涂层的厚度，目的是得出生物水泥粘附在多孔和粗糙的石材基体上，作为沉淀的成核场所。分别在第2、4次处理后进行附着力测定，了解生物水泥的涂覆过程及沉淀层厚度的影响。所记录的附着力，虽然受到实验误差的影响，但允许理解析出物和衬底之间发生分离。结果表明，时间可能会影响这种粘附，因为产生更多的细菌附着，因为生物胶结层的厚度增加了。

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引用次数: 0

Durability of slag-fly ash blended geopolymer composites incorporating reject brine waste 含废盐水的矿渣-粉煤灰混合地聚合物复合材料的耐久性

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100836

Abdulkader El-Mir , Joud Hwalla , Joseph J. Assaad , Amr El-Dieb , Hilal El-Hassan

This study investigates the incorporation of rejected brine waste (BW) into geopolymer (GP) composites made of different binder blends of blast furnace slag (BFS) and fly ash (FA), while varying the alkali-activated solution-to-binder (A/B) ratio. The mechanical and durability performance of the GP mortars was assessed through various tests, including compressive strength, bulk resistivity, water absorption, sorptivity, accelerated carbonation, and resistance to sulfuric and hydrochloric acid attacks. Microstructure characterization was carried out to evaluate the changes to the mineralogy due to acid exposure. Results indicated that the BW-based GP mixture composed of 100 % BFS with an A/B ratio of 0.55 exhibited superior mechanical and durability performance among all BW-based mixes. Furthermore, BW integration into the GP mortar had a limited impact on its performance, morphology, and durability and caused insignificant leaching of sodium, chloride, and sulfate ions. Yet, the electrical conductivity was marginally improved (up to 7 %) due to BW incorporation. Sulfuric acid exposure revealed the vulnerability of FA-rich mixes, with extensive gypsum formation and structural degradation. Compared to hydrochloric acid, GP composites exposed to sulfuric acid experienced up to 1.5 and 3 times less mass and strength retention, respectively. Microstructure analysis revealed the deterioration of crystalline and amorphous phases in GP composites having higher FA and alkaline solution contents upon acid exposure. These findings provide evidence for the ability to replace potable water with BW and cement with GP binders while also recycling industrial waste in cement-free composites.

本研究研究了将废弃的卤水废物（BW）掺入由不同的高炉渣（BFS）和粉煤灰（FA）混合而成的地聚合物（GP）复合材料中，同时改变碱活化溶液与粘合剂（A/B）的比例。通过各种测试评估GP砂浆的机械性能和耐久性，包括抗压强度、体积电阻率、吸水率、吸附性、加速碳化以及抗硫酸和盐酸侵蚀。进行微观结构表征以评估酸暴露对矿物学的影响。结果表明：掺量为100% % BFS、A/B比为0.55的bw基GP混合料的力学性能和耐久性能优于所有bw基混合料；此外，BW掺入GP砂浆对其性能、形态和耐久性的影响有限，对钠、氯化物和硫酸盐离子的浸出影响较小。然而，由于BW的掺入，电导率略有提高（高达7 %）。硫酸暴露显示富fa混合物的脆弱性，具有广泛的石膏形成和结构降解。与盐酸相比，暴露于硫酸中的GP复合材料的质量和强度保留率分别减少了1.5倍和3倍。显微组织分析表明，高FA和碱性溶液含量的GP复合材料在酸作用下晶态和非晶态变质。这些发现为用BW代替饮用水和用GP粘合剂代替水泥的能力提供了证据，同时也为在无水泥复合材料中回收工业废物提供了证据。

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引用次数: 0

Residual axial performance of PET/rubber-modified concrete confined with CFRP strips after thermal exposure: Experimental and theoretical analysis 热暴露后CFRP条约束下PET/橡胶改性混凝土的残余轴向性能：实验与理论分析

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100834

Hassan Sabetifar, Mehdi Mousavimehr, Arman Aminian, Mahdi Nematzadeh

This study investigates the residual axial behavior of concretes with recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and tire rubber after high-temperature exposure and subsequent confinement using carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. Four mixes, including control, PET-modified, rubber-modified, and PET-rubber hybrid, were heated to 400 or 600 °C, cooled, and confined with five or seven CFRP strips before axial compression testing. Parameters examined included compressive strength, peak strain, elastic modulus, lateral/volumetric strains, and toughness indices. Heating reduced strength and stiffness but increased strain capacity and dilation. CFRP confinement markedly improved performance, particularly at 600 °C, with rubberized mixes showing the highest strain capacity under seven-strip confinement. Strength retention ranked as control, rubberized, hybrid, and PET. Volumetric and energy analyses showed that CFRP confinement restrained dilation and enhanced toughness, while rubber modification primarily increased strain capacity and promoted a more ductile, confinement-controlled response.

本研究研究了高温暴露和碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）条约束后，再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）和轮胎橡胶混凝土的残余轴向行为。四种混合料，包括对照、pet改性、橡胶改性和pet -橡胶混合，加热到400或600 °C，冷却，并在轴向压缩测试前用5或7条CFRP条限制。检测的参数包括抗压强度、峰值应变、弹性模量、侧向/体积应变和韧性指标。加热降低了强度和刚度，但增加了应变能力和膨胀。CFRP约束显著提高了性能，特别是在600 °C时，橡胶混合料在七条约束下表现出最高的应变能力。强度保持排名为控制，橡胶，混合，和PET。体积和能量分析表明，CFRP约束抑制了膨胀，增强了韧性，而橡胶改性主要增加了应变能力，促进了更韧性的约束控制响应。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable all-solid-waste ternary geopolymer grouting materials: Mechanical performance and microstructural evolution 可持续全固废三元地聚合物注浆材料：力学性能与微观结构演变

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100835

Zuxiang Lei , Lichen Zhao , Feiyang Zhong , Jiasheng Huang

To address the carbon emissions of cement-based grouting materials and the environmental challenges caused by industrial solid waste, this study developed a ternary all-solid-waste geopolymer grouting material incorporating ferronickel slag (FNS), blast furnace slag (BFS), and fly ash (FA). The properties of the geopolymer were systematically investigated under different mix proportions. The mixture containing 20 wt% FNS, 50 wt% BFS, and 30 wt% FA achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 69.6 MPa, demonstrating excellent hardening performance. Increasing the BFS content or decreasing the FNS proportion enhanced flowability and shortened setting time. Microscopic analyses revealed that BFS promoted the conversion of N-A-S-H gel into C-A-S-H gel, which was responsible for the significant strength enhancement. Grouting simulation confirmed the effective penetration and consolidation capacity of the developed geopolymer in medium sand. These findings highlight the feasibility of utilizing industrial solid wastes for high-performance grouting applications, offering a sustainable pathway for large-scale solid waste valorization.

为解决水泥基注浆材料的碳排放和工业固体废弃物带来的环境挑战，本研究开发了一种含镍铁渣（FNS）、高炉渣（BFS）和粉煤灰（FA）的三元全固废地聚合物注浆材料。系统研究了不同配比下地聚合物的性能。含有20 wt% FNS、50 wt% BFS和30 wt% FA的混合物，28天抗压强度为69.6 MPa，表现出优异的硬化性能。增加BFS含量或降低FNS比例均能提高流动性，缩短凝结时间。微观分析表明，BFS促进了N-A-S-H凝胶向C-A-S-H凝胶的转化，这是显著增强强度的原因。注浆模拟验证了开发的地聚合物在中砂中的有效侵彻固结能力。这些发现突出了利用工业固体废物进行高性能注浆应用的可行性，为大规模固体废物增值提供了可持续的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal dynamics of exhaled aerosols in dental clinics: comparing heating systems and developing a novel pressure-driven dispersion model 牙科诊所呼出气溶胶的时空动力学：比较加热系统和开发一种新的压力驱动分散模型

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100833

Min Chen , Guoqiang Lan , Tao Li

Dental clinics face high cross-infection risks due to aerosol-generating procedures. This study employed computational fluid dynamics to analyze indoor airflow and aerosol distribution in a typical dental clinic, evaluating two heating systems (warm air supply vs. radiator) and three ventilation strategies. A new metric was introduced to assess heating methods' impact on initial aerosol dispersion. Results demonstrated that warm air supply heating enhanced aerosol removal rate by up to 33.4 %, significantly lowering exposure risk for healthcare workers (HCWs). Conversely, radiator heating reduced aerosol removal rate to 10.9 % and increased deposition rate to 70.6 %, elevating surface-transmission risk. The highest aerosol deposition density on HCWs occurred with radiator heating and side vents (40.1 pc/m²), while the lowest was with warm air supply (4.1 pc/m²). These findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing heating and ventilation to improve infection control in dental settings.

牙科诊所由于产生气溶胶的程序而面临很高的交叉感染风险。本研究采用计算流体力学分析了典型牙科诊所室内气流和气溶胶的分布，评估了两种供暖系统（暖风供应vs散热器）和三种通风策略。引入了一个新的度量来评估加热方法对初始气溶胶扩散的影响。结果表明，暖风供暖提高了气溶胶去除率高达33.4% %，显著降低了卫生保健工作者（HCWs）的暴露风险。相反，散热器加热将气溶胶去除率降低到10.9% %，并将沉积率提高到70.6 %，增加了表面传播的风险。暖气片加热和侧通风口的气溶胶沉降密度最高（40.1 pc/m2），暖风送风的气溶胶沉降密度最低（4.1 pc/m2）。这些发现为优化加热和通风改善口腔感染控制提供了理论指导。

引用次数: 0

Automated construction monitoring based on computer vision: A comprehensive review 基于计算机视觉的自动化施工监控技术综述

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100832

Linchao Li , Zijian Huang , Junzhen Wang , Bowen Du , Linfabao Dai

This review synthesizes recent advancements in automated construction monitoring, focusing on key dimensions including equipment, methodologies, datasets, evaluation metrics, and practical applications. It examines diverse data collection setups including single camera, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), mobile phones, and multi-cameras, along with a range of models such as deep learning models and simulation-based models. The analysis highlights the critical role of dataset scale, diversity, and realism in model robustness, and reviews commonly used metrics like accuracy, precision, mean Average Precision (mAP), and Frames per Second (FPS) to evaluate performance trade-offs. Applications span safety monitoring, equipment tracking, productivity analysis, and structural health assessment. The review identifies gaps in dataset generalizability, metric standardization, and real-world validation, offering recommendations such as developing hybrid models, large-scale construction-specific datasets, and integrated multi-functional platforms. This work aims to guide future research and support the practical adoption of intelligent monitoring systems for safer and more efficient construction management.

本文综合了自动化施工监测的最新进展，重点关注设备、方法、数据集、评估指标和实际应用等关键方面。它研究了不同的数据收集设置，包括单摄像头、无人机（uav）、手机和多摄像头，以及一系列模型，如深度学习模型和基于仿真的模型。分析强调了数据集规模、多样性和现实主义在模型鲁棒性中的关键作用，并回顾了常用的指标，如准确性、精度、平均平均精度（mAP）和每秒帧数（FPS），以评估性能权衡。应用范围包括安全监测、设备跟踪、生产率分析和结构健康评估。该综述指出了数据集通用性、度量标准化和现实世界验证方面的差距，并提出了开发混合模型、大型建筑特定数据集和集成多功能平台等建议。这项工作旨在指导未来的研究，并支持智能监控系统的实际应用，以实现更安全、更高效的施工管理。

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引用次数: 0

Concrete change: Exploring future scenarios for the supply of supplementary cementitious materials in the EU 具体变化：探索欧盟补充胶凝材料供应的未来情景

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100831

Nina Chi Johansson , Johan Rootzén , Santiago Escudero Carmona

Cement, a crucial material in the construction industry, contributes about 8 % of global greenhouse gas emissions. While substituting clinker with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is a key mitigation measure, SCM availability is expected to decline. In this work, a 2023–2050 scenario analysis predicts a decline in the supply of common SCMs in the EU, with fly ash supply decreasing from 8.5 Mt in 2025 to 1.9–2.7 Mt in 2035 and 0–1.1 Mt in 2045, and granulated blast furnace slag supply decreasing from 18 to 19 Mt in 2025 to 6.9–11.4 Mt in 2035 and 0–3.2 Mt in 2045. Thus, the supply of conventional SCMs will be insufficient to meet demand, even if demand for ordinary Portland cement is assumed to decline significantly in 2025–2045. Efforts to develop the production and logistics of alternatives in order to sustain a lower clinker-to-cement ratio are therefore needed.

水泥是建筑行业的关键材料，占全球温室气体排放量的8. %。虽然用补充胶凝材料（SCMs）替代熟料是一项关键的缓解措施，但SCM的可用性预计会下降。在这项工作中，2023-2050年情景分析预测，欧盟常见scm的供应将下降，其中粉煤灰供应将从2025年的8.5 Mt减少到2035年的1.9-2.7 Mt和2045年的0-1.1 Mt，粒状高炉渣供应将从2025年的18 - 19 Mt减少到2035年的6.9-11.4 Mt和2045年的0-3.2 Mt。因此，即使假定2025-2045年普通硅酸盐水泥的需求显著下降，常规水泥的供应也将不足以满足需求。因此，需要努力发展替代品的生产和物流，以维持较低的熟料与水泥比。

引用次数: 0

Shining the dynamics of the Economic Complexity Index on the European Union's climate change strategy: Evidence from the novel approach of MMQR 经济复杂性指数对欧盟气候变化战略的影响：来自MMQR新方法的证据

IF 8.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100830

Ömer Faruk Kömürcüoğlu , Elif Duygu Kömürcüoğlu , Sinem Koçak , Dilek Çi̇l , Çiğdem Karış , Aykut Fatih Güven , Mohit Bajaj , Vojtech Blazek

For the European countries, the issue of combating climate change has become a matter of existence. Therefore, it is of extreme importance to present economic–based evidence for these countries' climate action. One emerging yet underexplored area is the environmental implications of the Economic Complexity Index (ECI), which reflects the knowledge intensity embedded in a country's production structure. Despite its relevance, studies examining the relationship between ECI and environmental degradation (ED) in the European context remain scarce. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating the impact of ECI on ED between 1995 and 2021, focusing on the European Union countries recognized for their environmental sustainability efforts. For this purpose, the relationship between ECI and two of the pioneer indicators of ED—ecological footprint (EFP) and carbon emissions (CO₂)—is assessed through two separate models. To address the dynamic and heterogeneous structure of the relationship, the novel Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) approach is employed. Empirical evidence suggests that ECI contributes to ED, with a stronger impact observed on CO₂ emissions than on EFP. Another key finding is that higher levels of ED limit the negative environmental effects of ECI. However, the robustness of the findings is confirmed using the Driscoll–Kraay (D–K) standard error estimator and also, the symmetric causality test of Dumitrescu–Hurlin (D–H). As global leaders in environmental initiatives, EU countries must guarantee the availability and variety of green financing sources to expedite the transition to sustainable production methods in sectors impacting the ECI index via the European Investment Bank and the EU Innovation Fund.

Policymakers can provide favorable tax incentives to industries that implement eco-friendly production methods to lower their expenses, thereby rewarding these industries and fostering acceptance of this strategy among sectors beyond this framework. Achieving higher ECI scores through the integration of renewable energy and green technologies is therefore essential for EU countries striving for a greener and more resilient future.

对于欧洲国家来说，应对气候变化问题已经成为一个存在的问题。因此，为这些国家的气候行动提供基于经济的证据是极其重要的。经济复杂性指数（ECI）对环境的影响是一个新兴但尚未得到充分开发的领域，它反映了一个国家生产结构中蕴含的知识强度。尽管具有相关性，但在欧洲背景下检查ECI与环境退化（ED）之间关系的研究仍然很少。本文旨在通过调查1995年至2021年间ECI对经济发展的影响来填补这一空白，重点关注欧盟国家在环境可持续性方面的努力。为此，ECI与生态足迹（EFP）和碳排放（CO2）的两个先锋指标之间的关系通过两个独立的模型进行评估。为了解决动态和异构结构的关系，采用了新的矩量分位数回归方法（MMQR）。经验证据表明，ECI对ED有贡献，对CO2排放的影响大于对EFP的影响。另一个重要发现是，较高水平的ED限制了ECI对环境的负面影响。然而，研究结果的稳健性是通过driscolli - kraay （D-K）标准误差估计量和dumitrescui - hurlin （D-H）的对称因果检验来证实的。作为环境倡议的全球领导者，欧盟国家必须通过欧洲投资银行和欧盟创新基金保证绿色融资来源的可用性和多样性，以加快影响ECI指数的部门向可持续生产方法的过渡。政策制定者可以为实施环保生产方法以降低成本的行业提供优惠的税收激励，从而奖励这些行业，并促进这一框架之外的部门接受这一战略。因此，通过整合可再生能源和绿色技术来获得更高的ECI分数，对于欧盟国家争取更绿色、更有弹性的未来至关重要。

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引用次数: 0