Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100334
Lei Li , Tengfei Li , Yuze Lin
Organic photovoltaic materials have been widely used in organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic photodetectors (OPDs) systems, owing to their numerous advantages such as low cost, light weight, high structural tunability, and ease of solution processing. Among these materials, near-infrared (NIR)-responsive materials, especially those with NIR II-region (1000–1700 nm) response, are crucial in the construction of tandem OSCs and semitransparent OSCs to achieve high power conversion efficiency and high light utilization efficiency, respectively. Meanwhile, OPDs with NIR II-region response show great application potential in industrial, military, and medical fields. In recent years, some progress has been made in the development of organic photovoltaic materials and devices with NIR II-region response. This review provides an overview of the design strategies for NIR organic photovoltaic materials, followed by a classification and summary of representative organic NIR II-region responsive materials and their performance in OSCs and OPDs. Lastly, we conclude with an outlook on the development of organic photovoltaic materials with NIR II-region response.
有机光伏材料具有成本低、重量轻、结构可调性高、易于溶液处理等诸多优点,已被广泛应用于有机太阳能电池(OSC)和有机光电探测器(OPD)系统中。在这些材料中,近红外(NIR)响应材料,尤其是具有近红外 II 区(1000-1700 nm)响应的材料,对于构建串联 OSC 和半透明 OSC 以实现高功率转换效率和高光利用效率至关重要。同时,具有近红外 II 区响应的 OPD 在工业、军事和医疗领域具有巨大的应用潜力。近年来,具有近红外 II 区响应的有机光伏材料和器件的开发取得了一些进展。本综述概述了近红外有机光伏材料的设计策略,随后对具有代表性的近红外 II 区响应有机材料及其在 OSC 和 OPD 中的性能进行了分类和总结。最后,我们对具有近红外 II 区响应的有机光伏材料的发展进行了展望。
{"title":"Organic photovoltaic materials with near-infrared II-region response","authors":"Lei Li , Tengfei Li , Yuze Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organic photovoltaic materials have been widely used in organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic photodetectors (OPDs) systems, owing to their numerous advantages such as low cost, light weight, high structural tunability, and ease of solution processing. Among these materials, near-infrared (NIR)-responsive materials, especially those with NIR II-region (1000–1700 nm) response, are crucial in the construction of tandem OSCs and semitransparent OSCs to achieve high power conversion efficiency and high light utilization efficiency, respectively. Meanwhile, OPDs with NIR II-region response show great application potential in industrial, military, and medical fields. In recent years, some progress has been made in the development of organic photovoltaic materials and devices with NIR II-region response. This review provides an overview of the design strategies for NIR organic photovoltaic materials, followed by a classification and summary of representative organic NIR II-region responsive materials and their performance in OSCs and OPDs. Lastly, we conclude with an outlook on the development of organic photovoltaic materials with NIR II-region response.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000985/pdfft?md5=ae9cd13c477ddfae4f6c8373b22f4b83&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000985-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100324
Wantae Kim , Dae Seok Kim , Dong Ki Yoon
Liquid crystal (LC) phases have been used in various self-assembly technologies owing to their stimuli-responsive characteristics. Especially, orientation-controlled LC structures on and in surfaces are extensively studied in physics, chemistry, and materials science because they can be used in patterning applications beyond the conventional LC display. The key idea in recent development is to control the surface anchoring condition between the substrate and LC materials. Specifically, defects in the LC phases have been introduced as an effective lithographic tool for fabricating distinguished patterns. In this review, the bulk and surface-induced structures of LC materials are overviewed to show the relationship between the surface characteristics of the substrates and the elastic properties of LC materials. The two main themes are (1) orientation control, which can be achieved by micro- and nano-confinement using solid and fluid substrates, and (2) the application of LC materials as optoelectronics and sensors. Finally, the review discusses the defect structures of LC materials fabricated on flexible substrates and their possible applications.
{"title":"Surface-induced orientation of liquid crystal phases","authors":"Wantae Kim , Dae Seok Kim , Dong Ki Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liquid crystal (LC) phases have been used in various self-assembly technologies owing to their stimuli-responsive characteristics. Especially, orientation-controlled LC structures on and in surfaces are extensively studied in physics, chemistry, and materials science because they can be used in patterning applications beyond the conventional LC display. The key idea in recent development is to control the surface anchoring condition between the substrate and LC materials. Specifically, defects in the LC phases have been introduced as an effective lithographic tool for fabricating distinguished patterns. In this review, the bulk and surface-induced structures of LC materials are overviewed to show the relationship between the surface characteristics of the substrates and the elastic properties of LC materials. The two main themes are (1) orientation control, which can be achieved by micro- and nano-confinement using solid and fluid substrates, and (2) the application of LC materials as optoelectronics and sensors. Finally, the review discusses the defect structures of LC materials fabricated on flexible substrates and their possible applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000882/pdfft?md5=b89917a62352392b92a205d3de90a5b2&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000882-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141692313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100326
Shaheen M. Sarkar , Md Lutfor Rahman
We developed a cost-effective silica gel-supported palladium nanocatalyst in a three-step reactions process. Initially, silica gel (60–120 mesh) underwent amino group functionalization using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, leading to the formation of a Schiff base through a reaction with the 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxaldehyde ligand. Subsequently, palladium nanocatalyst was introduced to the silica matrix ligand in the presence of palladium salt and hydrazine hydrate, resulting in the formation of the silica gel-supported Schiff-base palladium nanocatalyst (Si@SBPdNPs 3). Successful functionalization of the silica matrix was confirmed using various spectroscopic techniques. FT-IR spectra demonstrated the incorporation of organic moieties onto the silica surface, while SEM images revealed the modified spherical shape of the silica gel. TEM and XRD analyses confirmed the presence of palladium on the silica matrix. ICP and EDX measurements validated the anchoring of 0.55 mmol/g of palladium to the catalyst. Additionally, XPS analysis showed the complexation of Pd(0) with the organic ligand on the silica matrix, confirming the successful integration of palladium into the system. This nanocatalyst demonstrated outstanding performance in Mizoroki-Heck reactions, yielding high product outputs in the cross-coupling of various aryl halides and olefins under mild conditions. Additionally, the nanocatalyst was effectively utilized in synthesizing Ozagrel, a thromboxane A2 synthesis inhibitor used for treating noncardioembolic stroke patients. Remarkably, the catalyst demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining high productivity across five consecutive cycles, underscoring its economic and sustainable potential for industrial applications.
{"title":"Silica gel-supported Pd nanocatalyst: Efficient Mizoroki-Heck reactions and sustainable Ozagrel synthesis","authors":"Shaheen M. Sarkar , Md Lutfor Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We developed a cost-effective silica gel-supported palladium nanocatalyst in a three-step reactions process. Initially, silica gel (60–120 mesh) underwent amino group functionalization using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, leading to the formation of a Schiff base through a reaction with the 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxaldehyde ligand. Subsequently, palladium nanocatalyst was introduced to the silica matrix ligand in the presence of palladium salt and hydrazine hydrate, resulting in the formation of the silica gel-supported Schiff-base palladium nanocatalyst (<strong>Si@SBPdNPs 3</strong>). Successful functionalization of the silica matrix was confirmed using various spectroscopic techniques. FT-IR spectra demonstrated the incorporation of organic moieties onto the silica surface, while SEM images revealed the modified spherical shape of the silica gel. TEM and XRD analyses confirmed the presence of palladium on the silica matrix. ICP and EDX measurements validated the anchoring of 0.55 mmol/g of palladium to the catalyst. Additionally, XPS analysis showed the complexation of Pd<sup>(0)</sup> with the organic ligand on the silica matrix, confirming the successful integration of palladium into the system. This nanocatalyst demonstrated outstanding performance in Mizoroki-Heck reactions, yielding high product outputs in the cross-coupling of various aryl halides and olefins under mild conditions. Additionally, the nanocatalyst was effectively utilized in synthesizing Ozagrel, a thromboxane A2 synthesis inhibitor used for treating noncardioembolic stroke patients. Remarkably, the catalyst demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining high productivity across five consecutive cycles, underscoring its economic and sustainable potential for industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000900/pdfft?md5=f097ab25b6e055c7526d7c396e32c8dd&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000900-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141780836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100331
Xinzi Yu , Changyue Liu , Liqian Wang , Tianyu Li , Lingxin Yuan , Jiping Yang , Rui Xiao , Zhijian Wang
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a kind of soft actuating materials with large reversible deformation ability, which can work as the “motor” to exhibit complex deformations and drive the locomotion of soft robots. The deformation of LCEs depends on the three-dimensional (3D) shape of whole structure and alignment patterns of mesogens. Various methods have been employed to fabricate the LCE structure with desired shapes and mesogen alignments. However, conventional 3D printed LCEs require continuous thermal energy input to maintain their actuated shapes. The LCEs cannot be reprocessed and reprogrammed once cured. Herein, we introduce dynamic boronic ester bonds into the ink, with which the printed LCE structures are capable of being reprogrammed from polydomain into monodomain state and vice versa. We further explore the effects of printing parameters and content of dynamic covalent bonds on the actuation performance and reprogramming ability. The actuated shape could be well predicted with finite element method. The dynamic printable LCEs developed here offer new strategy and large design space for LCE structures.
{"title":"3D printing of reprogrammable liquid crystal elastomers with exchangeable boronic ester bonds","authors":"Xinzi Yu , Changyue Liu , Liqian Wang , Tianyu Li , Lingxin Yuan , Jiping Yang , Rui Xiao , Zhijian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a kind of soft actuating materials with large reversible deformation ability, which can work as the “motor” to exhibit complex deformations and drive the locomotion of soft robots. The deformation of LCEs depends on the three-dimensional (3D) shape of whole structure and alignment patterns of mesogens. Various methods have been employed to fabricate the LCE structure with desired shapes and mesogen alignments. However, conventional 3D printed LCEs require continuous thermal energy input to maintain their actuated shapes. The LCEs cannot be reprocessed and reprogrammed once cured. Herein, we introduce dynamic boronic ester bonds into the ink, with which the printed LCE structures are capable of being reprogrammed from polydomain into monodomain state and vice versa. We further explore the effects of printing parameters and content of dynamic covalent bonds on the actuation performance and reprogramming ability. The actuated shape could be well predicted with finite element method. The dynamic printable LCEs developed here offer new strategy and large design space for LCE structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266654252400095X/pdfft?md5=c994d94a82f2721a28403c1b16aa4d93&pid=1-s2.0-S266654252400095X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141963058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100330
Ziwei Lai , Donglei You , Wei Wei , Huiming Xiong
Single crystal growth and characterization of the lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), the most common electrolyte salt for lithium-ion batteries, have been performed and succeeded in unraveling the atomic structures of its different crystalline phases. The structures of two crystalline phases (phase I: orthorhombic, Pccn; phase II: monoclinic, P21/c) have been determined through temperature-dependent X-ray crystallography of the LiTFSI single crystal on heating, and the solid-solid phase transformation between phase I and phase II has been dictated. Interestingly, a conformational change of TFSI⁻ from transoid to cisoid has been discovered during the transition from phase I to phase II, which has been further confirmed by the temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy. The coordination of Li⁺ with the TFSI⁻ ions of different conformations has been also elucidated in the polymorphic crystalline structures. The solid-solid phase transformation of the first-order leads to the cracking of the LiTFSI crystal, probably along the lithium-ion or the fluorine-rich layer in phase II. In the molten state, the coexistence of the transoid conformation and the cisoid conformation is found in the TFSI⁻ ions, affirming the recent observation in the concentrated non-crystalline state. This work is anticipated to shed light on the (de)solvation and the transport of lithium ions in complex fluids encompassing LiTFSI electrolyte solutions from the structural aspects.
对锂离子电池最常见的电解质盐--双(三氟甲基磺酰基)亚胺锂(LiTFSI)进行了单晶生长和表征,并成功揭示了其不同晶相的原子结构。通过对 LiTFSI 单晶加热时的温度依赖性 X 射线晶体学分析,确定了两种结晶相(I 相:正交相;II 相:单斜相)的结构,并确定了 I 相和 II 相之间的固-固相转变。有趣的是,在从 I 相到 II 相的转变过程中,发现了 TFSI- 从 到 的构象变化,温度依赖性拉曼光谱进一步证实了这一点。在多晶体结构中,还阐明了不同构象的 Li⁺ 与 TFSI- 离子的配位关系。一阶固-固相变导致锂-TFSI 晶体开裂,可能是沿着锂离子层或第二阶段的富氟层开裂。在熔融状态下,TFSI- 离子中发现了构象与构象共存的现象,这肯定了最近在浓缩非晶态下的观察结果。这项工作有望从结构方面揭示锂离子在包括 LiTFSI 电解质溶液在内的复杂流体中的(去)溶解和传输。
{"title":"Conformation-assisted solid-solid phase transition of LiTFSI electrolyte salt and the lithium ion coordination","authors":"Ziwei Lai , Donglei You , Wei Wei , Huiming Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Single crystal growth and characterization of the lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), the most common electrolyte salt for lithium-ion batteries, have been performed and succeeded in unraveling the atomic structures of its different crystalline phases. The structures of two crystalline phases (phase I: orthorhombic, <em>Pccn</em>; phase II: monoclinic, <em>P2<sub>1</sub>/c</em>) have been determined through temperature-dependent X-ray crystallography of the LiTFSI single crystal on heating, and the solid-solid phase transformation between phase I and phase II has been dictated. Interestingly, a conformational change of TFSI⁻ from <em>transoid</em> to <em>cisoid</em> has been discovered during the transition from phase I to phase II, which has been further confirmed by the temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy. The coordination of Li⁺ with the TFSI⁻ ions of different conformations has been also elucidated in the polymorphic crystalline structures. The solid-solid phase transformation of the first-order leads to the cracking of the LiTFSI crystal, probably along the lithium-ion or the fluorine-rich layer in phase II. In the molten state, the coexistence of the <em>transoid</em> conformation and the <em>cisoid</em> conformation is found in the TFSI⁻ ions, affirming the recent observation in the concentrated non-crystalline state. This work is anticipated to shed light on the (de)solvation and the transport of lithium ions in complex fluids encompassing LiTFSI electrolyte solutions from the structural aspects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000948/pdfft?md5=38487c3062ce15b1a2d2224328ea7048&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000948-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100329
Yuqing Li , Changli Ma , Zehua Han , Weifeng Weng , Sicong Yang , Zepeng He , Zheqi Li , Xiaoye Su , Taisen Zuo , He Cheng
The structure of mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is still under debate, with different studies presenting varying morphological characteristics, significantly hindering their biomedical potential. A typical formulation process of mRNA LNPs involves three steps: initial rapid mixing of lipids in an ethanol phase and mRNA in an acidic aqueous phase, followed by the swift removal of ethanol, and finally adjusting the solution to a neutral environment. In this study, we utilize Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) with contrast matching to reveal the kinetic pathway-dependent of mRNA LNPs morphology. We find that the formulation process of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is controlled by a competition between aggregation and microphase separation, dictating the diverse morphologies observed in mRNA LNPs. The first step leads to the formation of polydisperse spherical droplets with an average diameter of 42±6.0 nm in an acidic ethanol aqueous solution. Ethanol removal initiates both aggregation and internal microphase separation, resulting in a polydisperse core-shell structure with an average diameter of 48±3.7 nm. Heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl) (6-oxo-6-(undecyloxy) hexyl) amino) octanoate (SM-102) binds to mRNA via electrostatic interaction to form a reverse-wormlike micelle structure inside. The 1,2-Distearoyl-sn‑glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and PEG-lipid are just in the shell and cholesterol acting as a filler throughout the core-shell structure. Upon transitioning to a neutral environment, SM-102 loses its charge and neither the periphery nor the reverse-wormlike micelle can maintain their stabilities, leading to further aggregation and microphase separation. The average diameter of core-shell structure turns to be 66±5.2 nm. In the actual formulation process of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, steps 2 and 3 occur simultaneously, and the competition between aggregation and microphase separation determines the final morphology. These findings offer crucial insights into optimizing the morphology of mRNA LNPs, thereby facilitating advancements in vaccine development and mRNA vaccine delivery technologies.
{"title":"Morphology evolution of lipid nanoparticle discovered by small angle neutron scattering","authors":"Yuqing Li , Changli Ma , Zehua Han , Weifeng Weng , Sicong Yang , Zepeng He , Zheqi Li , Xiaoye Su , Taisen Zuo , He Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The structure of mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is still under debate, with different studies presenting varying morphological characteristics, significantly hindering their biomedical potential. A typical formulation process of mRNA LNPs involves three steps: initial rapid mixing of lipids in an ethanol phase and mRNA in an acidic aqueous phase, followed by the swift removal of ethanol, and finally adjusting the solution to a neutral environment. In this study, we utilize Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) with contrast matching to reveal the kinetic pathway-dependent of mRNA LNPs morphology. We find that the formulation process of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is controlled by a competition between aggregation and microphase separation, dictating the diverse morphologies observed in mRNA LNPs. The first step leads to the formation of polydisperse spherical droplets with an average diameter of 42±6.0 nm in an acidic ethanol aqueous solution. Ethanol removal initiates both aggregation and internal microphase separation, resulting in a polydisperse core-shell structure with an average diameter of 48±3.7 nm. Heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl) (6-oxo-6-(undecyloxy) hexyl) amino) octanoate (SM-102) binds to mRNA via electrostatic interaction to form a reverse-wormlike micelle structure inside. The 1,2-Distearoyl-sn‑glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and PEG-lipid are just in the shell and cholesterol acting as a filler throughout the core-shell structure. Upon transitioning to a neutral environment, SM-102 loses its charge and neither the periphery nor the reverse-wormlike micelle can maintain their stabilities, leading to further aggregation and microphase separation. The average diameter of core-shell structure turns to be 66±5.2 nm. In the actual formulation process of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, steps 2 and 3 occur simultaneously, and the competition between aggregation and microphase separation determines the final morphology. These findings offer crucial insights into optimizing the morphology of mRNA LNPs, thereby facilitating advancements in vaccine development and mRNA vaccine delivery technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000936/pdfft?md5=b5ca034c995aa3c4bba5fc5ed5362f64&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000936-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141852624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work reports the effect of 1–5 wt% epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) addition on the thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of polybutylene succinate (PBS). ESO acts as a chain extender as well as a mild plasticizer of PBS. N-methylimidazole (NMI) is used as a catalyst to promote the reaction between PBS and ESO, and thermal, rheological, and spectroscopic analyses demonstrate increased viscoelastic properties, compatibility, crystallinity and thermal stability of the melt reacted formulations. In the presence of NMI, storage modulus (G’) values two orders of magnitude higher than that of pure PBS are achieved, confirming the completion of the chain extension reaction. A drastic refinement of the biphasic structure of the blend is observed, with the formation of a homogenous structure where ESO is well incorporated into the matrix. Finally, tensile tests reveal enhanced mechanical performance in the blends reacted in the presence of NMI. These findings pave the way for the development of a versatile family of materials which could find potential application in sustainable biodegradable packaging.
{"title":"Dual role of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as plasticizer and chain extender for biodegradable polybutylene succinate (PBS) formulations","authors":"Rosa Turco , Salvatore Mallardo , Domenico Zannini , Arash Moeini , Martino Di Serio , Riccardo Tesser , Pierfrancesco Cerruti , Gabriella Santagata","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work reports the effect of 1–5 wt% epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) addition on the thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of polybutylene succinate (PBS). ESO acts as a chain extender as well as a mild plasticizer of PBS. N-methylimidazole (NMI) is used as a catalyst to promote the reaction between PBS and ESO, and thermal, rheological, and spectroscopic analyses demonstrate increased viscoelastic properties, compatibility, crystallinity and thermal stability of the melt reacted formulations. In the presence of NMI, storage modulus (G’) values two orders of magnitude higher than that of pure PBS are achieved, confirming the completion of the chain extension reaction. A drastic refinement of the biphasic structure of the blend is observed, with the formation of a homogenous structure where ESO is well incorporated into the matrix. Finally, tensile tests reveal enhanced mechanical performance in the blends reacted in the presence of NMI. These findings pave the way for the development of a versatile family of materials which could find potential application in sustainable biodegradable packaging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000924/pdfft?md5=4ee96a58f14768c5c92a54ca66881165&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000924-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141780835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100327
Daoxing Luo , Jinbing Wu , Zhenghao Guo , Jingmin Xia , Wei Hu
Liquid crystals, as typical anisotropic building blocks, tend to self-assemble into various ordered architectures during distinct thermodynamic processes. Research on the underlying mechanisms and rules may drastically promote our understanding of complicated structures. Here, zigzag focal conic domains (ZFCDs) are generated in rapid cooling process under an antagonistic boundary condition. After several thermal cycles beneath the nematic-smectic (N-S) phase transition point, the ZFCDs are well regularized. We found that the dislocations associated with the rapid cooling play vital roles in the formation of ZFCDs. A strong interphase correlation between the zigzag ± 1/2 disclination pairs and ZFCDs is observed above the N-S phase transition point. The orientational order inheritance and topological invariance across the phase transition indicate that similar disclination pairs exist in ZFCDs. These disclination pairs facilitate the opposite tilt direction and a half-pitch lateral shift between neighboring focal conic domains (FCDs), thus forming ZFCDs. During thermal cycles, the thermal motion of molecules induces the regularization and elimination of defect cores, further resulting in the ordered ZFCDs. Via properly controlling the cooling rate, large-area ordered ZFCDs are achieved in a wide film thickness range after thermal cycles. This study enriches the knowledge on the topological defect guided architecture of liquid crystals and may pave the way for the generation and regularization of ordered self-assembled systems.
{"title":"Generation and regularization of zigzag focal conic domains guided by thermodynamic-driven topological defect evolution","authors":"Daoxing Luo , Jinbing Wu , Zhenghao Guo , Jingmin Xia , Wei Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liquid crystals, as typical anisotropic building blocks, tend to self-assemble into various ordered architectures during distinct thermodynamic processes. Research on the underlying mechanisms and rules may drastically promote our understanding of complicated structures. Here, zigzag focal conic domains (ZFCDs) are generated in rapid cooling process under an antagonistic boundary condition. After several thermal cycles beneath the nematic-smectic (N-S) phase transition point, the ZFCDs are well regularized. We found that the dislocations associated with the rapid cooling play vital roles in the formation of ZFCDs. A strong interphase correlation between the zigzag ± 1/2 disclination pairs and ZFCDs is observed above the N-S phase transition point. The orientational order inheritance and topological invariance across the phase transition indicate that similar disclination pairs exist in ZFCDs. These disclination pairs facilitate the opposite tilt direction and a half-pitch lateral shift between neighboring focal conic domains (FCDs), thus forming ZFCDs. During thermal cycles, the thermal motion of molecules induces the regularization and elimination of defect cores, further resulting in the ordered ZFCDs. Via properly controlling the cooling rate, large-area ordered ZFCDs are achieved in a wide film thickness range after thermal cycles. This study enriches the knowledge on the topological defect guided architecture of liquid crystals and may pave the way for the generation and regularization of ordered self-assembled systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000912/pdfft?md5=0b20fb9f8d1fcbb642826a0066127b45&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000912-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141695737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100325
Mingrui Pu , Chunxian Ke , Yongwen Lang , Heng Li , Xiangyu Shen , Leilei Tian , Feng He
Ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) are the feasible and efficient strategy to achieve the high-performance OSCs. It is of great significance to develop a superior third component candidate for constructing efficient ternary OSCs. In this work, we intelligently designed and synthesized a dimerized small molecule donor by connecting two asymmetric small molecule donors with the vinyl group, which is named DSMD-βV. This innovative oligomeric molecule DSMD-βV not only exhibits the complementary absorption and the cascade energy level arrangement with PM6 and BTP-eC9, but also regulates the phase separation micromorphology based on PM6:BTP-eC9. Consequently, PM6:DSMD-βV:BTP-eC9 based ternary device exhibits the improved exciton dissociation, charge transport and decreased recombination, thus achieving a superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.26 %, surpassing PM6:BTP-eC9 based binary (17.63 %). This work indicates that the dimerized small molecule donor is able to become a promising third component candidate, which also opens up a unique idea for the construction of efficient ternary organic solar cells.
{"title":"Dimerized small molecule donor enables efficient ternary organic solar cells","authors":"Mingrui Pu , Chunxian Ke , Yongwen Lang , Heng Li , Xiangyu Shen , Leilei Tian , Feng He","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) are the feasible and efficient strategy to achieve the high-performance OSCs. It is of great significance to develop a superior third component candidate for constructing efficient ternary OSCs. In this work, we intelligently designed and synthesized a dimerized small molecule donor by connecting two asymmetric small molecule donors with the vinyl group, which is named DSMD-<em>β</em>V. This innovative oligomeric molecule DSMD-<em>β</em>V not only exhibits the complementary absorption and the cascade energy level arrangement with PM6 and BTP-eC9, but also regulates the phase separation micromorphology based on PM6:BTP-eC9. Consequently, PM6:DSMD-<em>β</em>V:BTP-eC9 based ternary device exhibits the improved exciton dissociation, charge transport and decreased recombination, thus achieving a superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.26 %, surpassing PM6:BTP-eC9 based binary (17.63 %). This work indicates that the dimerized small molecule donor is able to become a promising third component candidate, which also opens up a unique idea for the construction of efficient ternary organic solar cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000894/pdfft?md5=1cedd5d49d60ba8465e1ff0d88e53dbe&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000894-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141637384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100321
Xuefan Gu , Ling Wang , Xin Guan , Yilin Wang , Yilong Cheng , Youshen Wu
Biomimetic damping materials have emerged as promising candidates for various applications due to their ability to mimic the exceptional damping properties observed in biological systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the field of biomimetic damping gel materials. The conceptual framework of biomimetic damping materials is discussed, the synthesis methods inspired by biological principles are elucidated, and key considerations in material selection are highlighted. The latest research findings on the mechanical properties, biocompatibility and practical applications of these materials are synthesized and insights into the future directions of biomimetic damping gel materials are offered.
{"title":"Advances in the design, preparation and application of biomimetic damping materials","authors":"Xuefan Gu , Ling Wang , Xin Guan , Yilin Wang , Yilong Cheng , Youshen Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biomimetic damping materials have emerged as promising candidates for various applications due to their ability to mimic the exceptional damping properties observed in biological systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the field of biomimetic damping gel materials. The conceptual framework of biomimetic damping materials is discussed, the synthesis methods inspired by biological principles are elucidated, and key considerations in material selection are highlighted. The latest research findings on the mechanical properties, biocompatibility and practical applications of these materials are synthesized and insights into the future directions of biomimetic damping gel materials are offered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542524000857/pdfft?md5=d6e30e6d393c8676e33e6a0b46a7a439&pid=1-s2.0-S2666542524000857-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141637385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}