Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2021.2006412
Oliver Nelson Gonsalves
{"title":"India’s quest for energy through oil and natural gas: Trade and investment, geopolitics, and security","authors":"Oliver Nelson Gonsalves","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2021.2006412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2021.2006412","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123097537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2021.2022287
Vo Xuan Vinh, Tran Xuan Hiep, Vo Minh Hung
ABSTRACT The South China Sea is of immense strategic significance to India from politico-diplomatic, economic and security perspectives. As a rising power, India has expanded its strategic geography and, in this context, it formulated its Look East Policy, which was rechristened as the Act East Policy in 2014. Its current interests go beyond Southeast Asia into the wider Asia-Pacific region, including the South China Sea. From an economic perspective, more than 50% of India’s trade is transported through the sea lanes of the South China Sea. India is also concerned about China’s assertiveness here, in particular its aggressive posturing and militarisation of the disputed Spratly and Paracel Islands and non-adherence to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). India has actively promoted the principles of international law and freedom of navigation and overflight in the South China Sea. Further, the Indian Navy has maintained a regular presence in the South China Sea to protect India’s economic and security interests, which includes the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation’s (ONGC) offshore oil and gas exploration project in partnership with Vietnam.
{"title":"India’s Engagement in the South China Sea","authors":"Vo Xuan Vinh, Tran Xuan Hiep, Vo Minh Hung","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2021.2022287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2021.2022287","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The South China Sea is of immense strategic significance to India from politico-diplomatic, economic and security perspectives. As a rising power, India has expanded its strategic geography and, in this context, it formulated its Look East Policy, which was rechristened as the Act East Policy in 2014. Its current interests go beyond Southeast Asia into the wider Asia-Pacific region, including the South China Sea. From an economic perspective, more than 50% of India’s trade is transported through the sea lanes of the South China Sea. India is also concerned about China’s assertiveness here, in particular its aggressive posturing and militarisation of the disputed Spratly and Paracel Islands and non-adherence to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). India has actively promoted the principles of international law and freedom of navigation and overflight in the South China Sea. Further, the Indian Navy has maintained a regular presence in the South China Sea to protect India’s economic and security interests, which includes the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation’s (ONGC) offshore oil and gas exploration project in partnership with Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126533909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2021.2022286
Mir Kamruzzaman Chowdhary
ABSTRACT When it comes to the maritime history of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), there are few available textual resources and written pieces of evidence which can help undertake a cogent reconstruction. This article attempts to retrieve some of those maritime practices that prevailed among the mariners and sailors on the basis of a few available written documents, such as travellers’ accounts, Mughal court chronicles, European factory records and other written documents. Such historical reconstruction is important since, in the past few decades, the Indian Ocean has become significant object of study in its own right. The article seeks to recover “forgotten” oceanic histories of law or practices in the western IOR, and examine how these got institutionalised as admiralty law in India. More precisely, it focuses on the process of the transformation of maritime law from tradition to admiralty law in some detail.
{"title":"From sea to the shore: Texts, traditions and the maritime practices in the western Indian Ocean, 1600–1800 AD","authors":"Mir Kamruzzaman Chowdhary","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2021.2022286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2021.2022286","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When it comes to the maritime history of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), there are few available textual resources and written pieces of evidence which can help undertake a cogent reconstruction. This article attempts to retrieve some of those maritime practices that prevailed among the mariners and sailors on the basis of a few available written documents, such as travellers’ accounts, Mughal court chronicles, European factory records and other written documents. Such historical reconstruction is important since, in the past few decades, the Indian Ocean has become significant object of study in its own right. The article seeks to recover “forgotten” oceanic histories of law or practices in the western IOR, and examine how these got institutionalised as admiralty law in India. More precisely, it focuses on the process of the transformation of maritime law from tradition to admiralty law in some detail.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129543736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2022.2026496
I. Solanki
ABSTRACT A green and sustainable mode of transport, the inland waterway transport in India will see accelerated growth with the new Inland Vessels Act, 2021. This increased traffic growth in restricted waters will lead to economic, environmental, and safety challenges. Good manoeuvrability of inland vessels is critical to resolve these concerns. The world over, inefficient manoeuvring has resulted in several incidents which have affected the safety of navigation and maritime trade. Manoeuvrability of seagoing vessels must meet the minimum standards as per International Maritime Organization (IMO) Resolution MSC.137(76) and the MEPC1/Circ850/Rev.3 guidelines. In comparison, only a few countries, river commissions, and classification societies have specified criteria for navigation tests for inland vessels, and this does not include India. Manoeuvrability criteria and results of the tests are essential to facilitate the safe movement of vessels. This article discusses the results of full-scale manoeuvrability tests of inland vessels conducted by the author on India's national waterways and the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol route. It proposes manoeuvrability criteria for inland vessels plying in the inland waterways of India, including cross-regional protocol routes. The article also recommends measures to improve the safety of navigation in inland waters.
{"title":"Manoeuvrability of vessels in inland waterways and safety of navigation","authors":"I. Solanki","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2022.2026496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2022.2026496","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A green and sustainable mode of transport, the inland waterway transport in India will see accelerated growth with the new Inland Vessels Act, 2021. This increased traffic growth in restricted waters will lead to economic, environmental, and safety challenges. Good manoeuvrability of inland vessels is critical to resolve these concerns. The world over, inefficient manoeuvring has resulted in several incidents which have affected the safety of navigation and maritime trade. Manoeuvrability of seagoing vessels must meet the minimum standards as per International Maritime Organization (IMO) Resolution MSC.137(76) and the MEPC1/Circ850/Rev.3 guidelines. In comparison, only a few countries, river commissions, and classification societies have specified criteria for navigation tests for inland vessels, and this does not include India. Manoeuvrability criteria and results of the tests are essential to facilitate the safe movement of vessels. This article discusses the results of full-scale manoeuvrability tests of inland vessels conducted by the author on India's national waterways and the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol route. It proposes manoeuvrability criteria for inland vessels plying in the inland waterways of India, including cross-regional protocol routes. The article also recommends measures to improve the safety of navigation in inland waters.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134145271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2022.2026495
A. Vijay, R. Vidya, S. Kiran Raghul Raj
ABSTRACT India’s growing role as a maritime powerhouse beckons unprecedented opportunities and challenges. The present mode of maritime governance characterised by the outdated role of generalists, particularly the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), is nothing more than an unfaded representation of a colonial stopgap arrangement with no scientific substance per se. Irrespective of an ideation that took place in 2014, the Indian Maritime Service (IMS) as a technocratic cadre for maritime administration never came to fruition. The commentary builds a rationale for IMS as a non-uniformed branch of specialists in view of the highly technical frontiers of civilian maritime domain, which is left in the hands of generalists. It concludes with the requirement of recalibrating the civil services with sub-specialist credentials to enhance the Indian maritime trajectories.
{"title":"Invoking the domain competence principle in India’s maritime governance: A case for an Indian Maritime Service","authors":"A. Vijay, R. Vidya, S. Kiran Raghul Raj","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2022.2026495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2022.2026495","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT India’s growing role as a maritime powerhouse beckons unprecedented opportunities and challenges. The present mode of maritime governance characterised by the outdated role of generalists, particularly the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), is nothing more than an unfaded representation of a colonial stopgap arrangement with no scientific substance per se. Irrespective of an ideation that took place in 2014, the Indian Maritime Service (IMS) as a technocratic cadre for maritime administration never came to fruition. The commentary builds a rationale for IMS as a non-uniformed branch of specialists in view of the highly technical frontiers of civilian maritime domain, which is left in the hands of generalists. It concludes with the requirement of recalibrating the civil services with sub-specialist credentials to enhance the Indian maritime trajectories.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129850129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2020.1857574
Jyotishman Bhagawati
ABSTRACT The article argues that India and China, in their quest for maritime supremacy in the Indian Ocean, are adopting the seminal ideas and strategies propounded by the celebrated naval strategist and historian, Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. It analyses the reasons behind India and China’s adoption of the Mahanian naval doctrine and their increasing outreach towards the Indian Ocean region. The article also delves into the implications of following aggressive naval strategies by the two states as well as the discrepancies involved in their respective naval strategies. It concludes by arguing that although the two states are unlikely to engage in a naval war with each other in the foreseeable future, occasional flare-up in hostility and confrontation, as witnessed recently on the land border region of Ladakh, cannot be ruled out as their interests begin to affect each other more in future.
{"title":"“Mahanian” dreams and geopolitical realities: Can India and China co-exist peacefully in the Indian Ocean?","authors":"Jyotishman Bhagawati","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2020.1857574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2020.1857574","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article argues that India and China, in their quest for maritime supremacy in the Indian Ocean, are adopting the seminal ideas and strategies propounded by the celebrated naval strategist and historian, Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. It analyses the reasons behind India and China’s adoption of the Mahanian naval doctrine and their increasing outreach towards the Indian Ocean region. The article also delves into the implications of following aggressive naval strategies by the two states as well as the discrepancies involved in their respective naval strategies. It concludes by arguing that although the two states are unlikely to engage in a naval war with each other in the foreseeable future, occasional flare-up in hostility and confrontation, as witnessed recently on the land border region of Ladakh, cannot be ruled out as their interests begin to affect each other more in future.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114624927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2021.1962040
A. Karambelkar
ABSTRACT France has emerged as a country with ambitions in the Indo-Pacific. It has vast territories, population and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific which necessitate a coherent national security policy towards this region. Even before the promulgation of its Indo-Pacific strategy, France has been involved in maritime Asia, primarily through defence sales. The changing balance of power has renewed European attention towards the Indo-Pacific wherein France is making its mark. This article studies the drivers of the French Indo-Pacific strategy and goes further to understand the fundamentals that have led to French attention to this region. A careful study of all major French policy articles lays out the strategic thinking in Paris. The article briefly presents bilateral and multilateral engagements of France. While traditional and non-traditional security issues and normative drive are apparent in the public discourse, it is clear that the major drivers are France's military–industrial complex and the desire to be able to influence the regional order.
{"title":"An analysis of the French strategy in the Indo-Pacific","authors":"A. Karambelkar","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2021.1962040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2021.1962040","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT France has emerged as a country with ambitions in the Indo-Pacific. It has vast territories, population and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific which necessitate a coherent national security policy towards this region. Even before the promulgation of its Indo-Pacific strategy, France has been involved in maritime Asia, primarily through defence sales. The changing balance of power has renewed European attention towards the Indo-Pacific wherein France is making its mark. This article studies the drivers of the French Indo-Pacific strategy and goes further to understand the fundamentals that have led to French attention to this region. A careful study of all major French policy articles lays out the strategic thinking in Paris. The article briefly presents bilateral and multilateral engagements of France. While traditional and non-traditional security issues and normative drive are apparent in the public discourse, it is clear that the major drivers are France's military–industrial complex and the desire to be able to influence the regional order.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128912563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2021.1939869
S. Kumar S
ABSTRACT As a landlocked country, Afghanistan has been given special privileges by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to access seaports through transit states. Pakistan, as a transit state to Afghanistan, has violated such provisions of international treaties on many counts by blocking transit routes for trade with India and by denying access to its Karachi Port. India’s Chabahar Port project in Iran acts as an alternative for Afghanistan to trade and aims to reduce its vulnerability of being dependent on Pakistan. This article attempts to highlight the India–Iran–Afghanistan trilateral understanding in Chabahar as an example of multilateral cooperation in fulfilling commitments made to international regimes, such as the UNCLOS, while bringing out the geopolitical challenges that India faces to complete the Chabahar project. In this context, the aim is to study the applicability of UNCLOS for rights of landlocked states and the importance of the Chabahar Port in protecting Afghanistan’s commercial freedom. The article also highlights India’s role in the region as it is responsible for implementing the Chabahar Port project.
{"title":"Applicability of UNCLOS for Landlocked states: The case of Chabahar port and Afghanistan","authors":"S. Kumar S","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2021.1939869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2021.1939869","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As a landlocked country, Afghanistan has been given special privileges by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to access seaports through transit states. Pakistan, as a transit state to Afghanistan, has violated such provisions of international treaties on many counts by blocking transit routes for trade with India and by denying access to its Karachi Port. India’s Chabahar Port project in Iran acts as an alternative for Afghanistan to trade and aims to reduce its vulnerability of being dependent on Pakistan. This article attempts to highlight the India–Iran–Afghanistan trilateral understanding in Chabahar as an example of multilateral cooperation in fulfilling commitments made to international regimes, such as the UNCLOS, while bringing out the geopolitical challenges that India faces to complete the Chabahar project. In this context, the aim is to study the applicability of UNCLOS for rights of landlocked states and the importance of the Chabahar Port in protecting Afghanistan’s commercial freedom. The article also highlights India’s role in the region as it is responsible for implementing the Chabahar Port project.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125539488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2021.1964160
Deekhit Bhattacharya, A. Eadon
ABSTRACT Australia published a Strategic Update in 2020 to its 2016 Defence White Paper. The update represents a portentous shift in Australia’s understanding and response to its strategic environment. China’s increasingly belligerent stance, its use of grey-zone activities and an increasingly jittery United States have pushed Australia to actively seek robust anti-access/area denial (A2AD) capabilities. In addition, Australia intends to focus on its neighbourhood while shedding its anxieties regarding the Quad. The piece aims to briefly contextualise the ramifications of the update with its motivations. It also analyses Chinese behaviour on the world stage and argues for greater synergy in defence coordination between the Quad partners.
{"title":"Oceans of churn: Australia’s 2020 defence strategic update and the Indo-Pacific","authors":"Deekhit Bhattacharya, A. Eadon","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2021.1964160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2021.1964160","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Australia published a Strategic Update in 2020 to its 2016 Defence White Paper. The update represents a portentous shift in Australia’s understanding and response to its strategic environment. China’s increasingly belligerent stance, its use of grey-zone activities and an increasingly jittery United States have pushed Australia to actively seek robust anti-access/area denial (A2AD) capabilities. In addition, Australia intends to focus on its neighbourhood while shedding its anxieties regarding the Quad. The piece aims to briefly contextualise the ramifications of the update with its motivations. It also analyses Chinese behaviour on the world stage and argues for greater synergy in defence coordination between the Quad partners.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123555930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2021.1963044
P. Panneerselvam
ABSTRACT Maritime narcotics trafficking in the Indian Ocean has increasingly become a major security concern for India and other countries in the region, with the Afghanistan–Pakistan corridor being the primary conduit facilitating illegal drug trade via the sea-route in the Western Indian Ocean. However, there is a gap in understanding the extent and manner of the criminal syndicate involvement in the maritime narcotics drug trafficking in the region. This commentary looks at the emerging maritime-bound illicit drug trafficking in the region and also analyses the modus of operandi of the criminal syndicate in Pakistan to evade detection from the law-enforcement. It also examines the role of Combined Maritime Force (CMF) and regional navies in detecting and tracking the maritime narcotics trafficking in the Western Indian Ocean.
{"title":"Maritime narcotics trafficking in the Western Indian Ocean","authors":"P. Panneerselvam","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2021.1963044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2021.1963044","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Maritime narcotics trafficking in the Indian Ocean has increasingly become a major security concern for India and other countries in the region, with the Afghanistan–Pakistan corridor being the primary conduit facilitating illegal drug trade via the sea-route in the Western Indian Ocean. However, there is a gap in understanding the extent and manner of the criminal syndicate involvement in the maritime narcotics drug trafficking in the region. This commentary looks at the emerging maritime-bound illicit drug trafficking in the region and also analyses the modus of operandi of the criminal syndicate in Pakistan to evade detection from the law-enforcement. It also examines the role of Combined Maritime Force (CMF) and regional navies in detecting and tracking the maritime narcotics trafficking in the Western Indian Ocean.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133491218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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