Since the 1980s, ethics of care scholars have interrogated the gendering of care virtues and argued for divorcing virtues from binary masculine-feminine thinking. In this paper, we draw upon two case studies that situate listening as care and use corpus linguistics to explore ways in which expectations of care, enacted through listening, continue to not only be gendered, but heavily coded as feminine responsibilities. More specifically, we investigate the ways in which mothers and expectations for listening as care provision are intertwined, as further evidenced by the “mom friend” phenomenon. We argue that lessons from ethics of care scholarship may provide opportunities to challenge the mobility of feminized expectations of care and further decouple gender from care virtues.
{"title":"Are You My Mother? Perpetuating Gender Inequality through Listening Expectations and Relational Roles","authors":"E. Parks, Kristen Barta","doi":"10.22381/jrgs8120182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs8120182","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1980s, ethics of care scholars have interrogated the gendering of care virtues and argued for divorcing virtues from binary masculine-feminine thinking. In this paper, we draw upon two case studies that situate listening as care and use corpus linguistics to explore ways in which expectations of care, enacted through listening, continue to not only be gendered, but heavily coded as feminine responsibilities. More specifically, we investigate the ways in which mothers and expectations for listening as care provision are intertwined, as further evidenced by the “mom friend” phenomenon. We argue that lessons from ethics of care scholarship may provide opportunities to challenge the mobility of feminized expectations of care and further decouple gender from care virtues.","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130556007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Algorithmic Compatibility: Love, Intimacy, and Pleasure on Geosocial Dating Apps","authors":"","doi":"10.22381/jrgs101202010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs101202010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126895521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the outcomes of an exploratory review of the current research on gender-based emotional responses to perceived seriousness and fear of infection associated with COVID-19. The data used for this study was obtained and replicated from previous research conducted by ARI, Commonwealth Fund, ICFJ, Pew Research Center, Rek et al. (2020), TCDJ/Columbia University, and UGMH. I performed analyses and made estimates regarding COVID?19?related behaviors and psychological outcomes. Data collected from 4,900 respondents are tested against the research model by using structural equation modeling.
{"title":"Gender-based Emotional Responses to Perceived Seriousness and Fear of Infection Associated with COVID-19","authors":"Kathryn Buckner","doi":"10.22381/jrgs10220203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs10220203","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the outcomes of an exploratory review of the current research on gender-based emotional responses to perceived seriousness and fear of infection associated with COVID-19. The data used for this study was obtained and replicated from previous research conducted by ARI, Commonwealth Fund, ICFJ, Pew Research Center, Rek et al. (2020), TCDJ/Columbia University, and UGMH. I performed analyses and made estimates regarding COVID?19?related behaviors and psychological outcomes. Data collected from 4,900 respondents are tested against the research model by using structural equation modeling.","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125278610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appearance-focused Social Media Use, Unrealistic Beauty Ideals, and Body Image Dissatisfaction","authors":"","doi":"10.22381/jrgs12120228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs12120228","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127356302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1.IntroductionThe material gathered in this study provides a rich and diverse context for understanding the disproportionate balance of power that permit men to establish the requirements of women's admission to the political system, the gendered and institutional underlying forces of the candidate selection mechanism, and the function of gender norms in evaluations of potential candidates. This research makes conceptual and methodological contributions to the in- stitutional ascendancy of certain kinds of masculinity, the gendered character of political parties, and the critical significance of arrangements of gendered institutions.2.The Link between Gender, Institutions and Candidate SelectionInstitutions are thoroughly permeated with gender. The performance of gendered regulations, norms, and routines impacts institutional design options and mechanisms, and it influences institutional results. Gender bias develops from a series of social norms (Anderson and Kantarelis, 2016; Flegar, 2016) instituted on established notions regarding femininity and masculinity. Such norms are typically associated with a certain sex: the former are ascribed to women, the latter to men. Both masculinity and femininity appear in plural forms, dealing with various aspects involving the specific institutional framework, and converging with other aspects, e.g. race, class, and sexuality. There are diverse types of femininity and masculinity operating, with some kinds of the latter functioning hegemonically. As social construals, gender norms do not dictate that women perform in a feminine manner or men conversely. (Chappell and Waylen, 2013)Institutions have definitely gendered cultures and are encompassed in dynamic and constant mechanisms of creating and recreating gender. Decentralized candidate selection mechanisms may have adverse consequences for women. Candidate selection is an intricate and temporally particular mechanism that occurs in numerous phases (Lindberg, 2016; Machan, 2016; Popescu Ljungholm, 2016), and formal rules on where choices regarding candidates are taken may not coincide to informal routines and effective choices taken at various levels. Formal regulations, e.g. electoral systems and electoral gender quotas, may essentially influence and change party selection routines in gendered manners. Electoral systems supply political parties with determinants that have an influence on who parties identify to be an appropriate candidate. Parties are demanded to put gender aside and conceive their selection mechanisms in such a manner that they can recognize appropriate female candidates. (Bjarnegard and Kenny, 2016)Formal characteristics of political systems incorporate the laws and institutions that officially organize political activity, possibly being an alliance of systemic entities. Proportional representation systems endorse women to the degree that their structural aspects coalesce with interests to essentially opt for more women, i.e. routines a
1.本研究收集的材料提供了一个丰富多样的背景来理解权力的不成比例的平衡，这种平衡允许男性建立女性进入政治体系的要求，候选人选择机制的性别和制度潜在力量，以及性别规范在评估潜在候选人中的作用。本研究对某些类型的男性气质的制度内优势、政党的性别特征以及性别制度安排的关键意义做出了概念和方法上的贡献。性别、机构和候选人选择之间的联系机构完全渗透着性别。性别化的规章、规范和惯例的执行影响制度设计的选择和机制，并影响制度的结果。性别偏见源于一系列社会规范(Anderson and Kantarelis, 2016;Flegar, 2016)建立了关于女性气质和男性气质的既定观念。这些规范通常与特定性别有关:前者属于女性，后者属于男性。男性气质和女性气质都以复数形式出现，涉及具体制度框架的各个方面，并与种族、阶级、性等其他方面汇合。有不同类型的女性气质和男性气质在起作用，后者的某些类型起着霸权作用。作为社会识解，性别规范并不规定女性以女性化的方式行事，或男性以相反的方式行事。(Chappell和Waylen, 2013)机构具有明确的性别文化，并包含在创造和再创造性别的动态和恒定机制中。分散的候选人选拔机制可能对妇女产生不利影响。候选人选择是一个复杂的、时间上特定的机制，发生在许多阶段(Lindberg, 2016;狩猎台,2016;Popescu Ljungholm, 2016)，关于候选人选择的正式规则可能与各级采取的非正式惯例和有效选择不一致。正式条例，例如选举制度和选举性别配额，可能从根本上影响和改变按性别划分的政党选举程序。选举制度为政党提供了决定因素，这些决定因素对政党认为谁是合适的候选人有影响。要求各党派把性别放在一边，设想其选举机制，使其能够承认适当的女性候选人。(Bjarnegard and Kenny, 2016)政治系统的形式特征包括正式组织政治活动的法律和制度，可能是系统实体的联盟。比例代表制支持妇女的程度是其结构方面与利益相结合，基本上选择更多的妇女，即支持并要求接受女性候选人的惯例和规范。而协调提案的机会是不可行的(Bauder, 2016;Lăzăroiu, 2015;Greve, 2015)，决定提名更多女性的政党可能会设立创新的惯例来实现这一目标，类似于全女性短清单，以确保在某个地区选出的候选人是女性。在政治征聘的情况下，少数人的正式和非正式惯例包括各政党用来决定其候选人的操作和标准，可能是影响关于谁是合格或必须的候选人的看法的实际机构，以及一系列可能在不同程度上有性别差异的信念。(Krook, 2010) 3。制度动力的性别特征合作是决策机制和民主代表制的关键组成部分。女立法者是经过深思熟虑的公务员，她们团结起来努力成为更成功的代表:她们面临结构性障碍，限制了她们对决策机制施加影响的能力(当妇女成为男性主导的机构的一部分时，她们面临正式和非正式的结构性障碍，阻碍她们在立法机制中发挥指导作用)。…
{"title":"FEMINIST INSTITUTIONALISM REVISITED: THE GENDERED FEATURES OF THE NORMS, RULES, AND ROUTINES OPERATING WITHIN INSTITUTIONS","authors":"D. P. Ljungholm","doi":"10.22381/jrgs7120179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs7120179","url":null,"abstract":"1.IntroductionThe material gathered in this study provides a rich and diverse context for understanding the disproportionate balance of power that permit men to establish the requirements of women's admission to the political system, the gendered and institutional underlying forces of the candidate selection mechanism, and the function of gender norms in evaluations of potential candidates. This research makes conceptual and methodological contributions to the in- stitutional ascendancy of certain kinds of masculinity, the gendered character of political parties, and the critical significance of arrangements of gendered institutions.2.The Link between Gender, Institutions and Candidate SelectionInstitutions are thoroughly permeated with gender. The performance of gendered regulations, norms, and routines impacts institutional design options and mechanisms, and it influences institutional results. Gender bias develops from a series of social norms (Anderson and Kantarelis, 2016; Flegar, 2016) instituted on established notions regarding femininity and masculinity. Such norms are typically associated with a certain sex: the former are ascribed to women, the latter to men. Both masculinity and femininity appear in plural forms, dealing with various aspects involving the specific institutional framework, and converging with other aspects, e.g. race, class, and sexuality. There are diverse types of femininity and masculinity operating, with some kinds of the latter functioning hegemonically. As social construals, gender norms do not dictate that women perform in a feminine manner or men conversely. (Chappell and Waylen, 2013)Institutions have definitely gendered cultures and are encompassed in dynamic and constant mechanisms of creating and recreating gender. Decentralized candidate selection mechanisms may have adverse consequences for women. Candidate selection is an intricate and temporally particular mechanism that occurs in numerous phases (Lindberg, 2016; Machan, 2016; Popescu Ljungholm, 2016), and formal rules on where choices regarding candidates are taken may not coincide to informal routines and effective choices taken at various levels. Formal regulations, e.g. electoral systems and electoral gender quotas, may essentially influence and change party selection routines in gendered manners. Electoral systems supply political parties with determinants that have an influence on who parties identify to be an appropriate candidate. Parties are demanded to put gender aside and conceive their selection mechanisms in such a manner that they can recognize appropriate female candidates. (Bjarnegard and Kenny, 2016)Formal characteristics of political systems incorporate the laws and institutions that officially organize political activity, possibly being an alliance of systemic entities. Proportional representation systems endorse women to the degree that their structural aspects coalesce with interests to essentially opt for more women, i.e. routines a","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132400049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gender Differences in COVID-19 Sentiments, Attitudes, Habits, and Behaviors: An Empirical Research","authors":"","doi":"10.22381/jrgs10220205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs10220205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133657903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Media Appearance Pressures, Body Image Concerns, and Harmful Self-Objectification Processes","authors":"","doi":"10.22381/jrgs12120222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs12120222","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"201 Suppl 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116646986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite laws and educational reforms in favour of gender equality, in France both training courses and professions remain highly gendered. The educational system and the labour market continue to conform to stereotypes, and both girls and boys continue to base their educational choices on what society assigns their genders as areas of competence. However, about 10% of master’s graduates make atypical study choices, in the sense that they chose an orientation standardly chosen by the opposite gender. This paper proposes an empirical analysis of these ‘atypical’ students. Our results show that these individuals do not have specific profiles, either in terms of schooling background or social origin. By estimating a logistic regression, we highlight the importance of the expected returns and of the professional project in the atypical study choice. We also underline that although the unconventional choice allows a more rapid integration on the labour market and appears as a cost-effective solution for girls, it does not erase the wage inequalities between men and women.
{"title":"WHY DO YOUNG PEOPLE MAKE ATYPICAL GENDER-RELATED STUDY CHOICES? AN ANALYSIS OF FRENCH MASTER’S GRADUATES","authors":"Magali Jaoul‐Grammare","doi":"10.22381/jrgs9120195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs9120195","url":null,"abstract":"Despite laws and educational reforms in favour of gender equality, in France both training courses and professions remain highly gendered. The educational system and the labour market continue to conform to stereotypes, and both girls and boys continue to base their educational choices on what society assigns their genders as areas of competence. However, about 10% of master’s graduates make atypical study choices, in the sense that they chose an orientation standardly chosen by the opposite gender. This paper proposes an empirical analysis of these ‘atypical’ students. Our results show that these individuals do not have specific profiles, either in terms of schooling background or social origin. By estimating a logistic regression, we highlight the importance of the expected returns and of the professional project in the atypical study choice. We also underline that although the unconventional choice allows a more rapid integration on the labour market and appears as a cost-effective solution for girls, it does not erase the wage inequalities between men and women.","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116818778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Augmented Reality Face Filters for Unrealistic Physical Appearance and Beauty Images: Contextual Visual Meanings, Negative Thoughts and Behaviors, and Social Interactions and Comparisons","authors":"","doi":"10.22381/jrgs12220227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs12220227","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123084111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Employing recent research results covering COVID-19 gender?based health worries, depressive symptoms, and extreme anxiety, and building my argument by drawing on data collected from ACHA, Ginger, GMU/CCCC, HMN, NHS, Pew Research Center, Statista, Strada Education Network, UPMC, and YPCCC, I performed analyses and made estimates regarding psychological effects and associated factors of COVID-19 perceived risk. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the collected data.
{"title":"COVID-19 Gender-based Health Worries, Depressive Symptoms, and Extreme Anxiety","authors":"Rebecca Coleman","doi":"10.22381/jrgs10220206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs10220206","url":null,"abstract":"Employing recent research results covering COVID-19 gender?based health worries, depressive symptoms, and extreme anxiety, and building my argument by drawing on data collected from ACHA, Ginger, GMU/CCCC, HMN, NHS, Pew Research Center, Statista, Strada Education Network, UPMC, and YPCCC, I performed analyses and made estimates regarding psychological effects and associated factors of COVID-19 perceived risk. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the collected data.","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124505341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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