This study investigates whether Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual (LGB) young adults are more at risk of bullying than their heterosexual peers using Next Steps, a nationally representative longitudinal dataset from England. The experiences of more than 7,200 young adults from across England who were born in 1989–90 are examined. At age 20, the young adults were asked about their sexual identity and whether they had been bullied in the previous 12 months and during secondary school. The findings show that young LGB adults had a 52 per cent chance of having been bullied in the past year at age 20, compared to a 38 per cent chance for their heterosexual peers, after taking into account other characteristics that may make someone more likely to be targeted, such as gender, ethnicity, disability, or family socioeconomic background. The situation had improved slightly since their school years. Between the ages of 14 and 16, young people who later went on to identify as LGB had a 56 per cent chance of having been bullied in the past year, compared to a 45 per cent chance for their heterosexual peers. Moreover LGB young people were at considerably greater risk of being bullied frequently – that is, once or more every fortnight – during secondary school. LGB young people were found to be more than twice as likely as their heterosexual classmates to be regularly physically bullied and excluded from social groups. This paper also examines the association between being bullied and life satisfaction: the findings show that by the time they reached age 20, young LGB adults were less likely than their heterosexual peers to report being “very satisfied” with how their lives had turned out so far. However, all young adults – regardless of sexual identity – were less likely to be very satisfied with their lives if they had been bullied. In summary, although all people are less likely to be bullied as they get older, young LGB adults remain at higher risk than their peers. These findings suggest that in order to tackle the problem, anti-bullying interventions cannot be focused only at schools and their pupils. Policymakers, employers, further education institutions and others working with young adults need to do just as much in order to challenge discrimination at all ages.
{"title":"BULLYING EXPERIENCES AMONG SEXUAL MINORITY YOUTHS IN ENGLAND: THE NATURE, PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATION WITH LIFE SATISFACTION","authors":"Morag Henderson","doi":"10.22381/jrgs6120167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs6120167","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates whether Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual (LGB) young adults are more at risk of bullying than their heterosexual peers using Next Steps, a nationally representative longitudinal dataset from England. The experiences of more than 7,200 young adults from across England who were born in 1989–90 are examined. At age 20, the young adults were asked about their sexual identity and whether they had been bullied in the previous 12 months and during secondary school. The findings show that young LGB adults had a 52 per cent chance of having been bullied in the past year at age 20, compared to a 38 per cent chance for their heterosexual peers, after taking into account other characteristics that may make someone more likely to be targeted, such as gender, ethnicity, disability, or family socioeconomic background. The situation had improved slightly since their school years. Between the ages of 14 and 16, young people who later went on to identify as LGB had a 56 per cent chance of having been bullied in the past year, compared to a 45 per cent chance for their heterosexual peers. Moreover LGB young people were at considerably greater risk of being bullied frequently – that is, once or more every fortnight – during secondary school. LGB young people were found to be more than twice as likely as their heterosexual classmates to be regularly physically bullied and excluded from social groups. This paper also examines the association between being bullied and life satisfaction: the findings show that by the time they reached age 20, young LGB adults were less likely than their heterosexual peers to report being “very satisfied” with how their lives had turned out so far. However, all young adults – regardless of sexual identity – were less likely to be very satisfied with their lives if they had been bullied. In summary, although all people are less likely to be bullied as they get older, young LGB adults remain at higher risk than their peers. These findings suggest that in order to tackle the problem, anti-bullying interventions cannot be focused only at schools and their pupils. Policymakers, employers, further education institutions and others working with young adults need to do just as much in order to challenge discrimination at all ages.","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130252399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Article argues that the Supreme Court should require that all states recognize legal same-sex marriages rather than mandate under the Fourteenth Amendment that states must issue marriage licenses to couples of the same sex. The briefing that advocates, including most amici, provided to the Supreme Court was generally abstract. The Court did not benefit from a combined answer to the two questions. It therefore did not hear a useful comparison of why a Yes to recognition, with a No to mandating authorization, might be a superior approach. If the Court were to require only recognition, it could avoid constitutionalizing marriage law; it need not decide recognition under the Fourteenth Amendment, despite its having certified the question under the Fourteenth Amendment. Rather, principles of comity draw upon the Court’s expertise in federalism and do not call for a direct intervention in state law-making about marriage. Such an approach could incentivize some states to offer their marriage licensing, and even their substantive law, to couples who do not travel to the state. Gay rights activists could help improve and modernize marriage licensing procedure by encouraging states to provide for the issuance of licenses to couples unable to travel or to be present together. They could also bring energy in the state legislatures and before state courts to the substantive evolution of marriage law that is less defined by beliefs about gender complementarity but not entirely severed from the element of gender in the moral architecture of many marriages.
{"title":"Creditable Marriage Goals and Government Interests: A Systems Approach for Handling Complexity, Apportioning Expertise, and Using Federalism (Anticipating Obergefell)","authors":"Mae Kuykendall","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2608794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2608794","url":null,"abstract":"This Article argues that the Supreme Court should require that all states recognize legal same-sex marriages rather than mandate under the Fourteenth Amendment that states must issue marriage licenses to couples of the same sex. The briefing that advocates, including most amici, provided to the Supreme Court was generally abstract. The Court did not benefit from a combined answer to the two questions. It therefore did not hear a useful comparison of why a Yes to recognition, with a No to mandating authorization, might be a superior approach. If the Court were to require only recognition, it could avoid constitutionalizing marriage law; it need not decide recognition under the Fourteenth Amendment, despite its having certified the question under the Fourteenth Amendment. Rather, principles of comity draw upon the Court’s expertise in federalism and do not call for a direct intervention in state law-making about marriage. Such an approach could incentivize some states to offer their marriage licensing, and even their substantive law, to couples who do not travel to the state. Gay rights activists could help improve and modernize marriage licensing procedure by encouraging states to provide for the issuance of licenses to couples unable to travel or to be present together. They could also bring energy in the state legislatures and before state courts to the substantive evolution of marriage law that is less defined by beliefs about gender complementarity but not entirely severed from the element of gender in the moral architecture of many marriages.","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114581029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La version francaise de cet article peut etre consultee a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2343318 Updated Version of a paper prepared for the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada as part of a professional development session on sexual orientation, gender identity and the refugee determination process. The paper reviews developments and issues specific to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and intersex refugees and the Canadian inland refugee determination process. A previous version was published as "Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and the Refugee Determination Process in Canada" (2014) 4:2 Journal of Research in Gender Studies 68-123 and is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2541430.
{"title":"Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and the Refugee Determination Process in Canada","authors":"Nicole LaViolette","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2276049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2276049","url":null,"abstract":"La version francaise de cet article peut etre consultee a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2343318 Updated Version of a paper prepared for the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada as part of a professional development session on sexual orientation, gender identity and the refugee determination process. The paper reviews developments and issues specific to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and intersex refugees and the Canadian inland refugee determination process. A previous version was published as \"Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and the Refugee Determination Process in Canada\" (2014) 4:2 Journal of Research in Gender Studies 68-123 and is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2541430.","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129019590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pythagorean Women: Their History and Writings Sarah B. Pomeroy (Hunter College & The Graduate School, CUNY) Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013, 172 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4214-0956-6Pomeroy focuses on the social history of women who were Pythagoreans. Pythagoras was the first philosopher to include women in his community. Women are equal to men, are given the same education, follow the same rules of conduct, and deserve the same respect. Pythagoras required men to stop consorting with women to whom they were not married. Pythagoras's female disciples should eschew precious jewelry and cosmetics. Pythagoras did not approve of any infidelity. Harmonia is a fundamental Pythagorean concept and has normative force, applying to the entire cosmos and everything in it (a cosmos is an ordered world system). Pythagoras emphasizes the importance of cosmic order and its normative implications for a disciplined way of life. All nature is akin, even though there are differences within nature. There is a cosmos, an orderly world system, and mathematical analysis can help us to understand this order. The Pythagorean doctrine of reincarnation allows for long-term rectification of injustice in ways that are not open to different worldviews.Pythagoras insists on simplicity of dress and manner for early Pythagorean women. The Neopythagorean women were willing to perpetuate Pythagoras's strictures on female dress. The lifestyle advocated by Pythagoras was favorable to women, but women were less likely to be noticed by historians. Pythagoras's program for men could not be successful without women's participation. Pythagoreanism offered an attractive way of life for women. Wives were obliged to make the majority of the accommodations necessary for a harmonious marriage. The Pythagorean women had to learn the unique rules governing the domestic life of Pythagoreans. Women had no say in framing the sumptuary prescriptions in Athens or in Magna Graecia. The laws of Solon curtailed women's influence and restricted their opportunities to meet with other female members of the family. By their lack of adornment and simple attire, Pythagorean women would stand out from the crowd. Women are most suited for piety. Pythagoras proposes a single standard for the sexual behavior of husband and wife, advocating strict monogamy for both. Pythagoras approves of orderly marital sexual relations, recommending that sexual intercourse take place only in the winter. Conjugal relationships should be temperate for the good of the married couple and for the benefit of the baby who might be conceived. The relationship a man enjoyed with his wife, children, siblings, and relatives should be characterized by friendship. Mothers as well as fathers deserve honor (among the gods there are both mothers and fathers). Parents of both sexes compete for the love of their children. The Neopythagoreans approve of many aspects of the Spartan system of education.Pomeroy pursues the aspects of P
{"title":"Pythagorean Women: Their History and Writings","authors":"George Lăzăroiu","doi":"10.5860/choice.51-3088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-3088","url":null,"abstract":"Pythagorean Women: Their History and Writings Sarah B. Pomeroy (Hunter College & The Graduate School, CUNY) Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013, 172 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4214-0956-6Pomeroy focuses on the social history of women who were Pythagoreans. Pythagoras was the first philosopher to include women in his community. Women are equal to men, are given the same education, follow the same rules of conduct, and deserve the same respect. Pythagoras required men to stop consorting with women to whom they were not married. Pythagoras's female disciples should eschew precious jewelry and cosmetics. Pythagoras did not approve of any infidelity. Harmonia is a fundamental Pythagorean concept and has normative force, applying to the entire cosmos and everything in it (a cosmos is an ordered world system). Pythagoras emphasizes the importance of cosmic order and its normative implications for a disciplined way of life. All nature is akin, even though there are differences within nature. There is a cosmos, an orderly world system, and mathematical analysis can help us to understand this order. The Pythagorean doctrine of reincarnation allows for long-term rectification of injustice in ways that are not open to different worldviews.Pythagoras insists on simplicity of dress and manner for early Pythagorean women. The Neopythagorean women were willing to perpetuate Pythagoras's strictures on female dress. The lifestyle advocated by Pythagoras was favorable to women, but women were less likely to be noticed by historians. Pythagoras's program for men could not be successful without women's participation. Pythagoreanism offered an attractive way of life for women. Wives were obliged to make the majority of the accommodations necessary for a harmonious marriage. The Pythagorean women had to learn the unique rules governing the domestic life of Pythagoreans. Women had no say in framing the sumptuary prescriptions in Athens or in Magna Graecia. The laws of Solon curtailed women's influence and restricted their opportunities to meet with other female members of the family. By their lack of adornment and simple attire, Pythagorean women would stand out from the crowd. Women are most suited for piety. Pythagoras proposes a single standard for the sexual behavior of husband and wife, advocating strict monogamy for both. Pythagoras approves of orderly marital sexual relations, recommending that sexual intercourse take place only in the winter. Conjugal relationships should be temperate for the good of the married couple and for the benefit of the baby who might be conceived. The relationship a man enjoyed with his wife, children, siblings, and relatives should be characterized by friendship. Mothers as well as fathers deserve honor (among the gods there are both mothers and fathers). Parents of both sexes compete for the love of their children. The Neopythagoreans approve of many aspects of the Spartan system of education.Pomeroy pursues the aspects of P","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132800806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Introduction & Literature ReviewPakistan and its Prison SystemsIn 1947 British India was partitioned along religious lines to create two independent nations: India and Pakistan. Pakistan has four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Pakhtunkhuwa. Pakistan occupies a strategic crossroads in South Asia, bordering Afghanistan, and Iran to west, China to north and India to east. Modem Pakistan has a population of approximately 180 million of which over 95% are Muslims (John Esposito, 1986). Pakistan has 82 prisons. There are 22 prisons in Sindh province, out which 4 are women prisons - in Karachi, Hyderabad, Larkana and Sukkur districts.Status of Women in PakistanPakistani society is characterized by considerable economic disparities between different sections of society, as well as by divisions of caste, tribe, clan and class. It is dominated by a feudal and tribal value system, with strong patriarchal trends. All these factors have affected the status and rights of women at every level and in all sectors, and have negatively impacted their real participation in the process of decision-making (www.capwip.org/ readingroom/pakistan). A 1985 report by the Pakistan Commission on the Status of Women, whose findings were suppressed by General Zia's administration, concluded that '...women in Pakistan are treated as possessions rather than self-reliant, self-regulating humans. They are bought, sold, beaten, mutilated and even killed with impunity and social approval...the average rural woman of Pakistan is bom in near slavery, leads a life of drudgery and dies invariably in oblivion.' (Status of Women, 1986).Women Prisoners in PakistanA 1980 study of criminal justice in Pakistan documented only 70 female convicts in the entire country (Ch. Auolakh, 1986). By 1987, the number had increased to 125 female convicts in the province of Punjab alone (Asma Jahangir 1990), and an estimated 91 in the province of Sindh (Sabiha Sumar 1988). According to some of the police records for 1983, in all provinces of Pakistan, a minimum of 1,682 women faced trial for offences solely under the Hudood Ordinances. That number increased to 1,843 in 1984 and continued to rise in subsequent years. Sociologists Khawar Mumtaz and Farida Shaheed estimated that there were a total of 4,500 women prisoners in the entire country (Khawar Mumtaz, 1989).Eighty percent of all the female prisoners in Pakistan were illiterate and nearly 90% lived on a monthly family income of less than US$40.The vast majority were poor and illiterate. A 1987 study in women prison Multan, Punjab province concluded that the majority was from rural areas, 69% lacked any formal education, 26% could only read Quran, and only a small proportion had some formal education. Seventy one percent (71%) of female prisoners came from Pakistan's lowest income bracket (Lubna Shah, 1987).According to a survey conducted in 1988, over 90% of the 90 women prisoners interviewed in two prisons of Punjab province were unaware
{"title":"Female Criminals in Pakistan: Personal and Socio-Demographic Profiles","authors":"G. M. Baloch","doi":"10.7718/IAMURE.V1I1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7718/IAMURE.V1I1.41","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction & Literature ReviewPakistan and its Prison SystemsIn 1947 British India was partitioned along religious lines to create two independent nations: India and Pakistan. Pakistan has four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Pakhtunkhuwa. Pakistan occupies a strategic crossroads in South Asia, bordering Afghanistan, and Iran to west, China to north and India to east. Modem Pakistan has a population of approximately 180 million of which over 95% are Muslims (John Esposito, 1986). Pakistan has 82 prisons. There are 22 prisons in Sindh province, out which 4 are women prisons - in Karachi, Hyderabad, Larkana and Sukkur districts.Status of Women in PakistanPakistani society is characterized by considerable economic disparities between different sections of society, as well as by divisions of caste, tribe, clan and class. It is dominated by a feudal and tribal value system, with strong patriarchal trends. All these factors have affected the status and rights of women at every level and in all sectors, and have negatively impacted their real participation in the process of decision-making (www.capwip.org/ readingroom/pakistan). A 1985 report by the Pakistan Commission on the Status of Women, whose findings were suppressed by General Zia's administration, concluded that '...women in Pakistan are treated as possessions rather than self-reliant, self-regulating humans. They are bought, sold, beaten, mutilated and even killed with impunity and social approval...the average rural woman of Pakistan is bom in near slavery, leads a life of drudgery and dies invariably in oblivion.' (Status of Women, 1986).Women Prisoners in PakistanA 1980 study of criminal justice in Pakistan documented only 70 female convicts in the entire country (Ch. Auolakh, 1986). By 1987, the number had increased to 125 female convicts in the province of Punjab alone (Asma Jahangir 1990), and an estimated 91 in the province of Sindh (Sabiha Sumar 1988). According to some of the police records for 1983, in all provinces of Pakistan, a minimum of 1,682 women faced trial for offences solely under the Hudood Ordinances. That number increased to 1,843 in 1984 and continued to rise in subsequent years. Sociologists Khawar Mumtaz and Farida Shaheed estimated that there were a total of 4,500 women prisoners in the entire country (Khawar Mumtaz, 1989).Eighty percent of all the female prisoners in Pakistan were illiterate and nearly 90% lived on a monthly family income of less than US$40.The vast majority were poor and illiterate. A 1987 study in women prison Multan, Punjab province concluded that the majority was from rural areas, 69% lacked any formal education, 26% could only read Quran, and only a small proportion had some formal education. Seventy one percent (71%) of female prisoners came from Pakistan's lowest income bracket (Lubna Shah, 1987).According to a survey conducted in 1988, over 90% of the 90 women prisoners interviewed in two prisons of Punjab province were unaware","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130219940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electoral Gender Quotas in Formal Political Power Structures: Breaching Patterns of Male Overrepresentation","authors":"D. P. Ljungholm","doi":"10.22381/jrgs81201810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs81201810","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116782103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Algorithmic Sociality, Digital Intimacies, and Gendered Hierarchies of Power on Dating and Sexual Networking Apps","authors":"Ann Clark","doi":"10.22381/jrgs10120209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs10120209","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128972233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Matching Systems, Intimate Personal Data, and Romantic Compatibility on Internet Dating Sites and Apps","authors":"Frank Howard","doi":"10.22381/jrgs10120208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs10120208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130404803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Image Editing Tools for Visually Appealing Self-Presentations: Digitally Mediated Social Presence, Body Dissatisfaction and Shame, and Ideal Beauty Standards","authors":"","doi":"10.22381/jrgs12220223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/jrgs12220223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"1 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130131092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1.IntroductionThe relevance of mentoring to support newcomers and minority groups in organizations has been underlined for decades (Allen et al., 2008; Kram, 1983). Mentoring broadly indicates a relationship where a more expert person - the mentor - provides advice to a less expert one - the mentee. Daloz (2012), referring to the character of Virgil in Dante's Divine Comedy, writes that the mentor's role would be that of "engendering trust, issuing a challenge, providing encouragement, and offering a vision for the journey" (Daloz, 2012: 30). There is an aura of mythology around mentoring: the word itself comes from "Mentor," the name of the old sage (personification of the goddess Athena) who took care of the young Telemachus while his father Odysseus was away in the Trojan War.Coming back to the present day, Megginson et al. (2006: 4) define mentoring as, "off-line help by one person to another in making significant transitions in knowledge, work or thinking." Schramm (2004: 64) underlines the developmental aspect of this relationship and adds that the mentor should "challenge the mentee to go beyond the comfort zone." The definition and its extension may appear broad, but they underline the basic features of mentoring. This is that mentoring implies an exclusive relationship in which a more experienced person provides strategic advice to facilitate the professional and personal development of another, less experienced one. When applied to organizations, mentoring should help the mentee to better understand the organizational context and career opportunities, avoid isolation, and access relevant networks. Mullen (2009) noted that the breadth of the definition might be problematic: today the word mentoring is often used interchangeably not only with advising and supervising, but, among others, with coaching, leading, teaching, and socializing, thus making comparisons difficult for scholars and practitioners in studying this process.In this paper, we provide a review of the literature on mentoring, where mentoring is considered as a process to enhance the career trajectory of women in academia and involves a relation beyond supervision, line management and probationary processes. We investigate and clarify the role of mentoring for women academics, and propose a model to guide future research.Academic mentoring is an especially interesting area for building a scholarly contribution. The first literature on mentoring originated in the 1980s, but it was more focused on private organizations than academia. Boyle and Boice (1998) underlined that universities initially showed a "laissez-faire" approach, this meaning that, compared to the private sector, they have been less proactive in promoting mentoring. This has implications on scholarly literature as well. Still nowadays, literature on academic mentoring is highly fragmented. This led Zellers et al. (2008) to argue for the need to build a consistent research agenda, better able to investigate the
1.导论几十年来，人们一直强调指导对支持组织中的新成员和少数群体的重要性(Allen et al.， 2008;Kram, 1983)。指导广义上指的是一种关系，在这种关系中，一个更专业的人——导师——向一个不那么专业的人——被指导者提供建议。达洛兹(Daloz, 2012)在提到但丁的《神曲》中维吉尔的角色时写道，导师的角色将是“产生信任，发出挑战，提供鼓励，并为旅程提供愿景”(达洛兹，2012:30)。“导师”这个词本身就带有神话色彩:这个词来自“导师”，是一位年老的圣人(雅典娜女神的化身)的名字，他在年轻的忒勒马科斯的父亲奥德修斯参加特洛伊战争时照顾他。回到今天，Megginson等人(2006:4)将指导定义为“一个人在知识、工作或思想上做出重大转变时对另一个人的离线帮助。”Schramm(2004: 64)强调了这种关系的发展方面，并补充说导师应该“挑战被指导者走出舒适区”。这个定义和它的延伸可能看起来很宽泛，但是它们强调了指导的基本特征。这就是说，指导意味着一种排他性的关系，在这种关系中，一个更有经验的人提供战略建议，以促进另一个经验较少的人的专业和个人发展。当应用于组织时，指导应该帮助被指导者更好地了解组织背景和职业机会，避免孤立，并进入相关的网络。Mullen(2009)指出，这个定义的广度可能存在问题:如今，“指导”一词不仅经常与建议和监督交替使用，而且还经常与指导、领导、教学和社交交替使用，因此，在研究这一过程时，学者和实践者很难进行比较。在本文中，我们提供了一个文献综述的指导，其中指导被认为是一个过程，以提高女性在学术界的职业轨迹，涉及超越监督，直线管理和试用过程的关系。我们调查并厘清女学者师徒关系的作用，并提出指导未来研究的模式。学术指导是建立学术贡献的一个特别有趣的领域。第一批关于师徒关系的文献起源于20世纪80年代，但它更多地关注于私人组织，而不是学术界。Boyle和Boice(1998)强调，大学最初表现出一种“自由放任”的态度，这意味着，与私营部门相比，它们在促进指导方面不那么积极主动。这对学术文献也有影响。时至今日，关于学术指导的文献仍是高度分散的。这导致Zellers等人(2008)认为需要建立一个一致的研究议程，以便更好地调查学术职业的特殊性。在大学中为女性提供指导之所以重要，主要原因是几个世纪以来，学术界一直是一个男性环境(Bagilhole和Goode, 2001):女性在更高级别和一些学科(通常是与科学、技术、数学和医学相关的领域，简称stem)中的代表性仍然不足(EC, 2016)。这意味着女性经常被排除在重要的网络之外(van den Brink和Benschop, 2014)，即使不是直接受到歧视(Savigny, 2014)。Quinlan(1999)早些时候指出(今天仍然适用)，与男性相比，学术界的女性通常从事非常不同的职业道路，她们的简历缺乏连续性，并且经历更多的压力和更大的孤立。因此，作为一种支持职业发展的工具，指导对于确保女性的职业道路更加顺畅应该特别有用。学术专业表现出的特殊性可能会挑战指导的发展和吸收。…
{"title":"Does Mentoring Make a Difference for Women Academics? Evidence from the Literature and a Guide for Future Research","authors":"Viviana Meschitti, H. Smith","doi":"10.22381/JRGS7120176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22381/JRGS7120176","url":null,"abstract":"1.IntroductionThe relevance of mentoring to support newcomers and minority groups in organizations has been underlined for decades (Allen et al., 2008; Kram, 1983). Mentoring broadly indicates a relationship where a more expert person - the mentor - provides advice to a less expert one - the mentee. Daloz (2012), referring to the character of Virgil in Dante's Divine Comedy, writes that the mentor's role would be that of \"engendering trust, issuing a challenge, providing encouragement, and offering a vision for the journey\" (Daloz, 2012: 30). There is an aura of mythology around mentoring: the word itself comes from \"Mentor,\" the name of the old sage (personification of the goddess Athena) who took care of the young Telemachus while his father Odysseus was away in the Trojan War.Coming back to the present day, Megginson et al. (2006: 4) define mentoring as, \"off-line help by one person to another in making significant transitions in knowledge, work or thinking.\" Schramm (2004: 64) underlines the developmental aspect of this relationship and adds that the mentor should \"challenge the mentee to go beyond the comfort zone.\" The definition and its extension may appear broad, but they underline the basic features of mentoring. This is that mentoring implies an exclusive relationship in which a more experienced person provides strategic advice to facilitate the professional and personal development of another, less experienced one. When applied to organizations, mentoring should help the mentee to better understand the organizational context and career opportunities, avoid isolation, and access relevant networks. Mullen (2009) noted that the breadth of the definition might be problematic: today the word mentoring is often used interchangeably not only with advising and supervising, but, among others, with coaching, leading, teaching, and socializing, thus making comparisons difficult for scholars and practitioners in studying this process.In this paper, we provide a review of the literature on mentoring, where mentoring is considered as a process to enhance the career trajectory of women in academia and involves a relation beyond supervision, line management and probationary processes. We investigate and clarify the role of mentoring for women academics, and propose a model to guide future research.Academic mentoring is an especially interesting area for building a scholarly contribution. The first literature on mentoring originated in the 1980s, but it was more focused on private organizations than academia. Boyle and Boice (1998) underlined that universities initially showed a \"laissez-faire\" approach, this meaning that, compared to the private sector, they have been less proactive in promoting mentoring. This has implications on scholarly literature as well. Still nowadays, literature on academic mentoring is highly fragmented. This led Zellers et al. (2008) to argue for the need to build a consistent research agenda, better able to investigate the ","PeriodicalId":342957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Gender Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128940791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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