Journal of Power Sources Advances最新文献

英文中文

China's hold on the lithium-ion battery supply chain: Prospects for competitive growth and sovereign control

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100173

Tim Greitemeier , Achim Kampker , Jens Tübke , Simon Lux

Battery production for electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates a supply chain capable of supporting the exploitation of a variety of raw materials. Lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt are of particular significance for the dominant lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology, primarily relying on lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes. Geographically, the global supply is heavily reliant on China with competition expected to intensify. In light of this, the questions of how global competition manifests at the company level and whether regions capture their share of the supply chain through domestic companies remain unanswered. These are addressed by analyzing the companies behind each supply chain sector and the respective raw materials. The results demonstrate that China, Europe, and the United States of America (USA) exhibit the most pronounced ownership across the supply chain, acquiring the largest foreign shares in the mining sector. Overall, China leads in a total of eleven out of the 12 investigated sectors, with its peak for LFP production at above 98 %. This preeminence, coupled with the substantial output of South Korea, Europe, and Japan in NMC production, the latter represents a viable target for mitigating supply chain vulnerabilities and attaining greater growth and sovereignty.

{"title":"China's hold on the lithium-ion battery supply chain: Prospects for competitive growth and sovereign control","authors":"Tim Greitemeier , Achim Kampker , Jens Tübke , Simon Lux","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Battery production for electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates a supply chain capable of supporting the exploitation of a variety of raw materials. Lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt are of particular significance for the dominant lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology, primarily relying on lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes. Geographically, the global supply is heavily reliant on China with competition expected to intensify. In light of this, the questions of how global competition manifests at the company level and whether regions capture their share of the supply chain through domestic companies remain unanswered. These are addressed by analyzing the companies behind each supply chain sector and the respective raw materials. The results demonstrate that China, Europe, and the United States of America (USA) exhibit the most pronounced ownership across the supply chain, acquiring the largest foreign shares in the mining sector. Overall, China leads in a total of eleven out of the 12 investigated sectors, with its peak for LFP production at above 98 %. This preeminence, coupled with the substantial output of South Korea, Europe, and Japan in NMC production, the latter represents a viable target for mitigating supply chain vulnerabilities and attaining greater growth and sovereignty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficiency Enhancement on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell system with anode off-gas recycle by evaluating entropy and exergy change

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100172

Hsin-Yi Lai , Hung-Ju Lin , Yen-Hsin Chan

The aim of this paper is to enhance the efficiency of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system through various system designs and parameters. To evaluate the effects of design configurations, the impact of high-temperature/low-temperature anode off-gas recycle (HT/LT-AGR) on system performance was investigated by calculating the entropy using the second law of thermodynamics. By analyzing the system with different AGR designs and considering the increasing entropy of heat components in the SOFC system, the efficiency calculations can be more practical and accurate.

In this study, the working efficiency of the SOFC system with HT-AGR is 56.215 %, which is 4.7 % higher than with LT-AGR. The results show that the heat exchanger (HEX) experiences the largest increasing entropy during the power generation process due to the significant temperature difference. At the end of this project, a _CO2 reformer will be used to optimize the system, decreasing the mole rate of _CO2 and CH4 while increasing the mole rate of H2. Based on the simulation results, using a _CO2 reformer can increase the mole rate of H2 by 3 %, improving the system efficiency up to 56.97 %.

{"title":"Efficiency Enhancement on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell system with anode off-gas recycle by evaluating entropy and exergy change","authors":"Hsin-Yi Lai , Hung-Ju Lin , Yen-Hsin Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this paper is to enhance the efficiency of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system through various system designs and parameters. To evaluate the effects of design configurations, the impact of high-temperature/low-temperature anode off-gas recycle (HT/LT-AGR) on system performance was investigated by calculating the entropy using the second law of thermodynamics. By analyzing the system with different AGR designs and considering the increasing entropy of heat components in the SOFC system, the efficiency calculations can be more practical and accurate.</div><div>In this study, the working efficiency of the SOFC system with HT-AGR is 56.215 %, which is 4.7 % higher than with LT-AGR. The results show that the heat exchanger (HEX) experiences the largest increasing entropy during the power generation process due to the significant temperature difference. At the end of this project, a <sub>CO2</sub> reformer will be used to optimize the system, decreasing the mole rate of <sub>CO2</sub> and CH4 while increasing the mole rate of H2. Based on the simulation results, using a <sub>CO2</sub> reformer can increase the mole rate of H2 by 3 %, improving the system efficiency up to 56.97 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143351023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cathode flow velocity and pressure gradient oscillations in impedance spectroscopy of PEM fuel cells

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100170

Andrei Kulikovsky

In electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments with PEM fuel cells, the applied AC current induces oscillations of the mass flow across the gas diffusion layer/cathode channel interface. These oscillations perturb the air flow velocity and pressure in the cathode channel. By analogy with Berman’s approach, the transient Navier–Stokes equations for air flow in a channel with a permeable wall are reduced to a single equation for the transverse profile of the streamwise flow velocity (SFV). Linearization and Fourier-transformation of this equation leads to an ODE for the SFV perturbation amplitude. The numerical solution shows that harmonic perturbation of the cell current density generates oscillations of the pressure gradient and SFV. As the frequency increases, the transverse shape of the SFV oscillations amplitude flattens in the main body of the flow, while the peaks form at the channel walls. Averaged across the channel amplitudes of pressure gradient and SFV oscillations linearly increase along the channel. Analytical formulas for incorporation of these effects into impedance models for PEM fuel/electrolysis cell are derived.

{"title":"Cathode flow velocity and pressure gradient oscillations in impedance spectroscopy of PEM fuel cells","authors":"Andrei Kulikovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments with PEM fuel cells, the applied AC current induces oscillations of the mass flow across the gas diffusion layer/cathode channel interface. These oscillations perturb the air flow velocity and pressure in the cathode channel. By analogy with Berman’s approach, the transient Navier–Stokes equations for air flow in a channel with a permeable wall are reduced to a single equation for the transverse profile of the streamwise flow velocity (SFV). Linearization and Fourier-transformation of this equation leads to an ODE for the SFV perturbation amplitude. The numerical solution shows that harmonic perturbation of the cell current density generates oscillations of the pressure gradient and SFV. As the frequency increases, the transverse shape of the SFV oscillations amplitude flattens in the main body of the flow, while the peaks form at the channel walls. Averaged across the channel amplitudes of pressure gradient and SFV oscillations linearly increase along the channel. Analytical formulas for incorporation of these effects into impedance models for PEM fuel/electrolysis cell are derived.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating PFAS emissions of light- and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100171

T. Lange , M. Dietrich , H. Schlottmann , V. Valkov , V. Mackert , I. Radev , H. Hoster

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to different adverse health effects, highlighting the need to address the examination of all potential emission sources. This also includes applications that are used in key components of the hydrogen economy using proton exchange membranes, e.g. PEM fuel cells. This study analyzes PFAS concentrations in product water from two light- and one heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), identifying two to five distinct PFAS (including 6:2 FTS, PFBuA, PFHpA, PFHxA, PFOA, HFPO-DA, and PFPeA) in each sample. However, at this juncture, it is not yet possible to make a well-founded statement as to which components (e.g., MEA or BOP) release these substances.

The PFAS concentration was found to be low overall in light-duty vehicles, while in heavy-duty vehicles, elevated levels were observed. Despite these findings, the product water from all vehicles remains within the non-critical range according to current German national PFAS guidelines. However, the results highlight the need for further research and effective strategies to mitigate PFAS emissions from PEM fuel cells in the future.

{"title":"Investigating PFAS emissions of light- and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles","authors":"T. Lange , M. Dietrich , H. Schlottmann , V. Valkov , V. Mackert , I. Radev , H. Hoster","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to different adverse health effects, highlighting the need to address the examination of all potential emission sources. This also includes applications that are used in key components of the hydrogen economy using proton exchange membranes, e.g. PEM fuel cells. This study analyzes PFAS concentrations in product water from two light- and one heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), identifying two to five distinct PFAS (including 6:2 FTS, PFBuA, PFHpA, PFHxA, PFOA, HFPO-DA, and PFPeA) in each sample. However, at this juncture, it is not yet possible to make a well-founded statement as to which components (e.g., MEA or BOP) release these substances.</div><div>The PFAS concentration was found to be low overall in light-duty vehicles, while in heavy-duty vehicles, elevated levels were observed. Despite these findings, the product water from all vehicles remains within the non-critical range according to current German national PFAS guidelines. However, the results highlight the need for further research and effective strategies to mitigate PFAS emissions from PEM fuel cells in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143319985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance comparison of a building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) module with patterned glass in Korean weather

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100169

Ji Woo Sohn , Hongjun Jang , Young-Su Kim , Donghwan Kim , Sungho Hwang , Yoonmook Kang

In the photovoltaic (PV) industry, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are promising products for zero-energy buildings that offer solutions to the issue of limited space in urban areas. BIPV modules offer not only power production but also significant visual appeal. This study aims to assess the aesthetic qualities of BIPV using patterned glass. We evaluate the energy yield of BIPV performance compared with conventional modules in a vertically oriented south-facing system under Korean weather conditions. Product characteristics such as the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum, cell-to-module (CTM) conversion ratio, and power under tilted light conditions are analyzed. Unlike previous studies that report lower energy yields in BIPV systems, this BIPV module with patterned glass exhibits only a 0.5 % reduction in energy yield because of the lower open-circuit voltage (Voc) caused by the thicker glass (5 mm) compared to the reference glass (3.2 mm). In contrast, the short-circuit current (Isc) in the field is higher, likely due to the morphology of the patterned glass and the tilted incident light under Korean summer conditions. This result suggests BIPV modules using patterned glass are viable candidates for aesthetically pleasing, south-facing, and vertical systems in zero-energy buildings.

{"title":"Performance comparison of a building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) module with patterned glass in Korean weather","authors":"Ji Woo Sohn , Hongjun Jang , Young-Su Kim , Donghwan Kim , Sungho Hwang , Yoonmook Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the photovoltaic (PV) industry, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are promising products for zero-energy buildings that offer solutions to the issue of limited space in urban areas. BIPV modules offer not only power production but also significant visual appeal. This study aims to assess the aesthetic qualities of BIPV using patterned glass. We evaluate the energy yield of BIPV performance compared with conventional modules in a vertically oriented south-facing system under Korean weather conditions. Product characteristics such as the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum, cell-to-module (CTM) conversion ratio, and power under tilted light conditions are analyzed. Unlike previous studies that report lower energy yields in BIPV systems, this BIPV module with patterned glass exhibits only a 0.5 % reduction in energy yield because of the lower open-circuit voltage (Voc) caused by the thicker glass (5 mm) compared to the reference glass (3.2 mm). In contrast, the short-circuit current (Isc) in the field is higher, likely due to the morphology of the patterned glass and the tilted incident light under Korean summer conditions. This result suggests BIPV modules using patterned glass are viable candidates for aesthetically pleasing, south-facing, and vertical systems in zero-energy buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic enhancement of pseudocapacitance behavior in supercapacitors through porous carbon and lignosulfonate integration

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2024.100165

Bingjie Zhou , Yuankai Shao , Weikang Zhu , Shuoyao Yin , Zhenguo Li , Xiaoning Ren , Anqi Dong , Xi Liu , Yatao Liu , Yaodong Hao , Bin Ren , Wei Liu

The growing energy crisis has intensified the need for efficient energy storage solutions. Biomass has emerged as a promising resource for novel energy storage devices. Lignosulfonate, a byproduct of the forestry and pulp industries, contains quinone groups and has enormous potential for electrochemical energy storage. However, due to its poor electrical conductivity, this material must be combined with conductive materials to improve the energy storage efficiency. Carbon materials, particularly porous carbon, are ideal conductive substrates because of their high electrical conductivity, affordability, and ease of fabrication. This study demonstrates the synergistic effects of lignosulfonate/nanocarbon composites (LS/NC), in which heteroatom doping, high specific surface area, and quinone groups considerably enhance their electrochemical performance. Nanocarbon (NC) provides ion diffusion channels with low internal resistance and a large double-layer reaction area, promoting efficient electrolyte ion diffusion and transport. In addition, the introduction of oxygen and sulfur heteroatoms not only increases the material's hydrophilicity but also provides polar surfaces and accessible pseudocapacitive sites. Under acidic conditions, the LS/NC composite achieved a specific capacitance of 571 F g⁻¹ at a discharge rate of 1 A g⁻¹—approximately double that of NC alone (279 F g⁻¹). These findings provide notable advancements in the development of efficient energy storage devices.

{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of pseudocapacitance behavior in supercapacitors through porous carbon and lignosulfonate integration","authors":"Bingjie Zhou , Yuankai Shao , Weikang Zhu , Shuoyao Yin , Zhenguo Li , Xiaoning Ren , Anqi Dong , Xi Liu , Yatao Liu , Yaodong Hao , Bin Ren , Wei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2024.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2024.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing energy crisis has intensified the need for efficient energy storage solutions. Biomass has emerged as a promising resource for novel energy storage devices. Lignosulfonate, a byproduct of the forestry and pulp industries, contains quinone groups and has enormous potential for electrochemical energy storage. However, due to its poor electrical conductivity, this material must be combined with conductive materials to improve the energy storage efficiency. Carbon materials, particularly porous carbon, are ideal conductive substrates because of their high electrical conductivity, affordability, and ease of fabrication. This study demonstrates the synergistic effects of lignosulfonate/nanocarbon composites (LS/NC), in which heteroatom doping, high specific surface area, and quinone groups considerably enhance their electrochemical performance. Nanocarbon (NC) provides ion diffusion channels with low internal resistance and a large double-layer reaction area, promoting efficient electrolyte ion diffusion and transport. In addition, the introduction of oxygen and sulfur heteroatoms not only increases the material's hydrophilicity but also provides polar surfaces and accessible pseudocapacitive sites. Under acidic conditions, the LS/NC composite achieved a specific capacitance of 571 F g<sup>−1</sup> at a discharge rate of 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>—approximately double that of NC alone (279 F g<sup>−1</sup>). These findings provide notable advancements in the development of efficient energy storage devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Accurate energy yield simulation of a carport system using the ray-tracing method

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2024.100164

Bumsu Kim , Inku Kang , Eunseok Jang , Huijae Jang , Sungho Hwang , Haeseok Lee , Myunghun Shin

In this study, a carport system configured with monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules was installed in South Korea, and energy production was monitored for one year through measurements and simulations. The energy yields of the installed modules were evaluated using the ray-tracing method, which accurately traces the path of sunlight entering the modules, considering shadows and reflections from the ground and cars near the carport. Loss models were developed to reduce the discrepancy between measured and simulated results, utilizing both observed weather data and Meteonorm data to increase accuracy. The energy yield showed an average monthly difference of 3.25 % for the monofacial system and 3 % for the bifacial system, indicating the high accuracy of the developed simulation models. The simulation suggested that energy production could be further increased by 15 % by adjusting the direction and tilt angle of the modules on the carport. These results demonstrate the potential of the developed method for predicting the energy yield of various PV systems, and the findings of this study provide fundamental data for the efficient design and operation of PV power systems in South Korea.

{"title":"Accurate energy yield simulation of a carport system using the ray-tracing method","authors":"Bumsu Kim , Inku Kang , Eunseok Jang , Huijae Jang , Sungho Hwang , Haeseok Lee , Myunghun Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2024.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2024.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a carport system configured with monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules was installed in South Korea, and energy production was monitored for one year through measurements and simulations. The energy yields of the installed modules were evaluated using the ray-tracing method, which accurately traces the path of sunlight entering the modules, considering shadows and reflections from the ground and cars near the carport. Loss models were developed to reduce the discrepancy between measured and simulated results, utilizing both observed weather data and Meteonorm data to increase accuracy. The energy yield showed an average monthly difference of 3.25 % for the monofacial system and 3 % for the bifacial system, indicating the high accuracy of the developed simulation models. The simulation suggested that energy production could be further increased by 15 % by adjusting the direction and tilt angle of the modules on the carport. These results demonstrate the potential of the developed method for predicting the energy yield of various PV systems, and the findings of this study provide fundamental data for the efficient design and operation of PV power systems in South Korea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recovery of LiFePO4 cathodes: Criticalities and prospect towards a long-term eco-friendly solution

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100168

B. Visone , O. Senneca , P.P. Prosini , B. Apicella

Lithium iron phosphate batteries are currently getting increasing attention due to their low cost, good cycling stability and high safety characteristics. Enhanced batteries consumption is accompanied by their subsequent discard that, if poorly managed, may cause serious environmental damage as well as severe economic losses. Numerous cathode recycling techniques have been developed, including pyro/hydrometallurgical methods and direct regeneration.

Besides providing information on the working and failing mechanism of these batteries, this review aims to present the most relevant spent cathode treatments, with an emphasis on environmental and economic implications. Moreover, it examines global regulations on lithium-ion battery recycling and identifies unresolved issues that still need to be addressed.

Our analysis revealed that using organic acids significantly enhances the economic feasibility of hydrometallurgical processes, enabling for selective lithium recovery. This approach not only simplifies the procedure but also makes it more eco-friendly. Direct regeneration techniques, on the other hand, emerge as both economical and green alternatives to produce new cathodes with excellent electrochemical properties, but are difficult to apply due to the variability of the spent materials to be treated. Lastly, it appears imperative for legislators to formulate a regulatory framework specifically tailored to the treatment of spent lithium-ion batteries.

由于磷酸铁锂电池具有成本低、循环稳定性好和安全性高等特点，目前正受到越来越多的关注。在电池消耗量增加的同时，其废弃物如果处理不当，可能会造成严重的环境破坏和经济损失。除了提供有关这些电池的工作和失效机理的信息外，本综述还旨在介绍最相关的废阴极处理方法，重点关注对环境和经济的影响。我们的分析表明，使用有机酸可显著提高湿法冶金工艺的经济可行性，从而实现选择性锂回收。这种方法不仅简化了流程，而且更加环保。另一方面，直接再生技术是一种既经济又绿色的替代方法，可用于生产具有优异电化学特性的新阴极，但由于待处理废旧材料的可变性，这种方法很难应用。最后，立法者必须制定专门针对锂离子废电池处理的监管框架。

{"title":"Recovery of LiFePO4 cathodes: Criticalities and prospect towards a long-term eco-friendly solution","authors":"B. Visone , O. Senneca , P.P. Prosini , B. Apicella","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium iron phosphate batteries are currently getting increasing attention due to their low cost, good cycling stability and high safety characteristics. Enhanced batteries consumption is accompanied by their subsequent discard that, if poorly managed, may cause serious environmental damage as well as severe economic losses. Numerous cathode recycling techniques have been developed, including pyro/hydrometallurgical methods and direct regeneration.</div><div>Besides providing information on the working and failing mechanism of these batteries, this review aims to present the most relevant spent cathode treatments, with an emphasis on environmental and economic implications. Moreover, it examines global regulations on lithium-ion battery recycling and identifies unresolved issues that still need to be addressed.</div><div>Our analysis revealed that using organic acids significantly enhances the economic feasibility of hydrometallurgical processes, enabling for selective lithium recovery. This approach not only simplifies the procedure but also makes it more eco-friendly. Direct regeneration techniques, on the other hand, emerge as both economical and green alternatives to produce new cathodes with excellent electrochemical properties, but are difficult to apply due to the variability of the spent materials to be treated. Lastly, it appears imperative for legislators to formulate a regulatory framework specifically tailored to the treatment of spent lithium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measurement of the temperature-dependent cross-plane thermal conductivity of the Li-ion battery pouch cell

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100167

Minjoo Kim , Dong-min Kim , Young-Beom Kim , Bong Jae Lee

Due to the lamella structure of Li-ion batteries, their cross-plane thermal conductivity is substantially lower than the in-plane conductivity. This leads to pronounced anisotropy, which complicates the accurate measurement of thermal conductivity, underscoring the importance of precise temperature monitoring to better understand and manage thermal behavior within the battery. This study presents an effective approach for precisely measuring the cross-plane thermal conductivity of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) pouch cell by utilizing a guarded-hot-plate (GHP) method. We minimized edge effects and promoted one-dimensional heat flow by strategically determining the size of the main and guide plates of the GHP device. Calibration experiments resulted in a measurement uncertainty of about 2%. Notably, our measurements showed that the cross-plane thermal conductivity of LFP pouch cell is strongly temperature-dependent, changing from

0.128 \pm 0.005

Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ at 21.7 °C to

0.199 \pm 0.006

Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ at 44 °C (i.e., 55% increase). It is also shown that the thermal conductivity of two LFP pouch cells, despite their identical specifications, display noticeable discrepancies, which is due to their different SOC levels of 79.6% and 87.1%. This research provides a detailed framework for evaluating the cross-plane thermal conductivity of Li-ion batteries, offering critical insights into their thermal behavior at different temperatures and contributing to developing their improved thermal management strategies.

{"title":"Measurement of the temperature-dependent cross-plane thermal conductivity of the Li-ion battery pouch cell","authors":"Minjoo Kim , Dong-min Kim , Young-Beom Kim , Bong Jae Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the lamella structure of Li-ion batteries, their cross-plane thermal conductivity is substantially lower than the in-plane conductivity. This leads to pronounced anisotropy, which complicates the accurate measurement of thermal conductivity, underscoring the importance of precise temperature monitoring to better understand and manage thermal behavior within the battery. This study presents an effective approach for precisely measuring the cross-plane thermal conductivity of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) pouch cell by utilizing a guarded-hot-plate (GHP) method. We minimized edge effects and promoted one-dimensional heat flow by strategically determining the size of the main and guide plates of the GHP device. Calibration experiments resulted in a measurement uncertainty of about 2%. Notably, our measurements showed that the cross-plane thermal conductivity of LFP pouch cell is strongly temperature-dependent, changing from <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>128</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>005</mn></mrow></math></span> Wm<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup> at 21.7 °C to <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>199</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>006</mn></mrow></math></span> Wm<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup> at 44 °C (i.e., 55% increase). It is also shown that the thermal conductivity of two LFP pouch cells, despite their identical specifications, display noticeable discrepancies, which is due to their different SOC levels of 79.6% and 87.1%. This research provides a detailed framework for evaluating the cross-plane thermal conductivity of Li-ion batteries, offering critical insights into their thermal behavior at different temperatures and contributing to developing their improved thermal management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of sidewall rupture on the propensity for thermal runaway propagation in a small lithium-ion battery module 侧壁破裂对小型锂离子电池模块热失控传播倾向的影响

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2024.100162

Elliott Read , Simon Jones , James Marco

Six thermal runaway propagation tests were performed on small modules consisting of seven 21700 lithium-ion cells in a hexagonal configuration with 3 mm spacing between adjacent cells. One cell in the centre of the module was triggered into thermal runaway using an 8 mm diameter nail penetrated through the positive terminal of the cell. For half of the tests, sidewall rupture was initiated in the trigger cell using a 35 mm penetration depth. For the other half of the tests, sidewall rupture was not initiated in the trigger cell using a 10 mm penetration depth. In all tests where the trigger cell experienced sidewall rupture, there was thermal runaway propagation to the remaining six cells in the module; in all tests where the trigger cell did not experience sidewall rupture, there was no thermal runaway propagation to any other cells in the module. These results are explained by the directionality and magnitude of heat transfer for sidewall rupture failures relative to nominal failure. These results highlight the increased propensity for thermal runaway propagation when a sidewall rupture failure occurs in a battery module and emphasise the importance of methods to mitigate this failure in battery systems.

在由七个 21700 锂离子电池组成的小型模块上进行了六次热失控传播测试，这些电池呈六边形配置，相邻电池之间的间距为 3 毫米。使用直径为 8 毫米的钉子穿透电池正极，触发模块中央的一个电池进入热失控状态。在一半的测试中，使用 35 毫米的穿透深度在触发单元中触发侧壁破裂。在另一半测试中，使用 10 毫米的穿透深度，触发电池没有发生侧壁破裂。在触发单元发生侧壁破裂的所有测试中，模块中的其余六个单元都发生了热失控传播；在触发单元没有发生侧壁破裂的所有测试中，模块中的任何其他单元都没有发生热失控传播。侧壁破裂失效的热传递方向和幅度与标称失效相比，可以解释这些结果。这些结果突出表明，当电池模块发生侧壁破裂故障时，热失控传播的倾向性会增加，并强调了在电池系统中采用方法缓解这种故障的重要性。

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