Journal of Power Sources Advances最新文献

Excessive sodiation and desodiation of commercial NFM-hard carbon sodium-ion batteries induced by low-rate cycling 商用nfm -硬碳钠离子电池低倍率循环引起的过度钠化和脱钠

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100199

Tom Rüther , Andrea Kinberger , Niklas Feistel , Matteo Bianchini , Michael A. Danzer

Experiments reveal that the electrodes of a commercial NFM

| |

hard carbon sodium-ion battery undergo excessive sodiation and desodiation at low charge and discharge rates. These effects are observed during cycling, despite operating strictly within the manufacturer’s recommended voltage limits of 1.5 V to 4.1 V. The resulting increase in charge capacity originates from an additional phase transition in the cathode active material, which manifests itself electrochemically as a voltage plateau that delays reaching the cut-off voltage during charging. The occurrence of the phase transition at high cell voltages is verified by operando X-ray diffraction measurements. During the subsequent discharge, the reverse transition takes place. Unusual deep discharge is enabled by the combination of low overpotentials and the characteristic potential profile of the cell. These phenomena are reproducibly observed across multiple test sequences. To separate the effects of the individual electrodes on this full cell behavior, harvested electrodes from a commercial cell are assembled into an experimental three-electrode setup and analyzed by differential voltage analysis. Since the high-voltage phase transition is reported to involve irreversible processes, adapting characterization and cycling protocols (especially voltage limits) may improve long-term performance and facilitate future analyses.

实验表明，商用NFM ||硬碳钠离子电池的电极在低充放电速率下会发生过度的钠化和脱钠化。尽管在制造商推荐的1.5 V至4.1 V的电压范围内严格操作，但在循环过程中观察到这些影响。由此产生的电荷容量的增加源于阴极活性材料中额外的相变，这在电化学上表现为电压平台，在充电期间延迟到达截止电压。在高电池电压下发生的相变由operando x射线衍射测量证实。在随后的放电过程中，发生反向过渡。不寻常的深度放电是由低过电位和电池的特征电位相结合而实现的。这些现象在多个测试序列中可重复观察到。为了分离单个电极对整个电池行为的影响，从商业电池中收集的电极被组装到实验三电极装置中，并通过差分电压分析进行分析。由于高压相变涉及不可逆过程，因此适应表征和循环协议（特别是电压限制）可以改善长期性能并促进未来的分析。

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引用次数: 0

Towards the production of oxalate precursors from NMC111 black mass via selective leaching of Li and Al and solvent extraction of Cu 选择性浸出Li、Al和溶剂萃取Cu制备草酸盐前驱体的研究

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2026.100201

Léa Marie Jacqueline Rouquette , Laura Altenschmidt , Camille Travert , Andrea Locati , William R. Brant , Martina Petranikova

A novel recycling route for spent lithium-ion batteries has been investigated. The end goal is to produce cathode active material (CAM) precursor directly from the recycled solution. The process begins with an oxalic acid leaching (0.6 M H₂C₂O₄, 60 °C, 120 min, and S/L = 50 g/L), where Li is selectively recovered (along with Al) which reduces downstream contamination and enhances overall material efficiency. The resulting residue, a mixture of (Co,Ni,Mn)C₂O₄ · 2H₂O, graphite, and Cu, is then leached with sulfuric acid to dissolve the metals and separate them from the graphite. This second leaching operation is investigated, and the optimum parameters are demonstrated (2 M H₂SO₄, 65 °C, 120 min, S/L = 20 g/L), yielding more than 95 % recovery of Ni, Co, and Mn and about 70 % of Cu. Lower acidity or S/L leads to the reprecipitation of a Ni oxalate phase. Solvent extraction is selected for Cu removal at a limit of 5 ppm; a 30 % v/v Acorga M5640 in ESCAID is applied for 30 min at 25 °C, with θ = 4 and 4 stages. The resulting recycled solution, containing Co, Ni, and Mn, and free from Al, Li, and Cu, represents a promising feedstock for producing NMC 111 (LiNi_0.33Mn_0.33Co_0.33O₂).

研究了一种新的废旧锂离子电池回收途径。最终目标是直接从回收的溶液中生产阴极活性材料（CAM）前驱体。该工艺以草酸浸出（0.6 M H2C2O4, 60°C， 120分钟，S/L = 50 g/L）开始，其中Li（以及Al）被选择性地回收，从而减少下游污染并提高整体材料效率。得到的残渣是（Co,Ni,Mn）C2O4·2H2O，石墨和Cu的混合物，然后用硫酸浸出以溶解金属并将其与石墨分离。对第二次浸出操作进行了研究，确定了最佳浸出参数（h2so2 M, 65℃，120 min, S/L = 20 g/L），镍、钴和锰的回收率超过95%，铜的回收率约为70%。较低的酸度或S/L导致草酸镍相的再沉淀。选择溶剂萃取法去除铜，限量为5 ppm；在ESCAID中使用30% v/v Acorga M5640，在25°C下，θ = 4和4级应用30分钟。所得的再生溶液含有Co、Ni和Mn，不含Al、Li和Cu，是生产NMC 111 （LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2）的有前途的原料。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of residuals on recovered nickel-rich LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 cathodes for direct recycling and reuse 剩余物对回收富镍LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2阴极直接回收和再利用的影响

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100200

Mehrdad Talebi , Thomas Diemant , Jae-Kwang Kim , Markus Binder , Dominic Bresser

At present, industrial-scale recycling of lithium-ion batteries typically involves rather energy-intensive processes and toxic solvents to recover, in particular, the metallic elements from the positive electrode active material. These recovered metals subsequently serve as precursors for the synthesis of new electrode materials. One approach to reduce the energy and cost needed is the direct recycling of the electrode active materials. Herein, two recovery methods, namely thermal and solvent-based recovery, are investigated for single-crystalline Ni-rich LiNi_1-x-yMn_xCo_yO₂ (NMC) high-energy cathodes. The NMC obtained via the thermal recovery method exhibits poor performance due to the generation of HF and the degradation of the material. In contrast, the NMC obtained via the solvent-based method, utilizing dimethyl sulfoxide as a non-toxic solvent, demonstrates superior performance, with a reduction in capacity of only 1.5 % compared to pristine NMC. This comparative analysis highlights the critical role of the separation procedure and, particularly, the detrimental effect of any remaining fluorinated binder.

目前，工业规模的锂离子电池回收通常涉及相当能源密集型的过程和有毒溶剂，特别是从正极活性材料中回收金属元素。这些回收的金属随后作为合成新电极材料的前体。减少能量和成本的一种方法是直接回收电极活性材料。本文研究了热回收和溶剂回收两种方法对单晶富镍LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 （NMC）高能阴极的回收。通过热回收方法获得的NMC由于HF的产生和材料的降解而表现出较差的性能。相比之下，使用二甲亚砜作为无毒溶剂，通过溶剂基方法获得的NMC表现出优异的性能，与原始NMC相比，容量仅减少1.5%。这一比较分析突出了分离程序的关键作用，特别是任何剩余的含氟粘合剂的有害影响。

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引用次数: 0

How research & innovation ramp up Li-ion Battery recycling 研究和创新如何提高锂离子电池的回收利用率

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100198

Pietro Cattaneo , Lorenzo De Vita , Camilla Zanoni , Davide Ruzza , Mariacristina Colantuono , Diana Di Cintio , Carmen Cavallo , Mark Copley , Eliana Quartarone

The rapid growth of Li-ion Batteries (LIBs), especially in the automotive sector, raises urgent concerns regarding End-of-Life (EoL) management and the secure supply of Critical Raw Materials (CRMs), including lithium, cobalt, and nickel. To mitigate risks of resource scarcity and environmental impact, sustainable collection and recycling practices are essential to support the transition toward a circular economy, enabling the recovery of both metallic and non-metallic components. A zero-waste approach to LIB recycling is therefore emerging as a key priority. Industrial innovation and academic research are deeply interconnected in this field. Industry depends on scientific discoveries to scale up efficient recycling technologies, while academia is driven by challenges arising from industrial practice and regulatory demands. This reciprocal relationship accelerates the development of advanced recycling strategies capable of addressing technical and economic barriers. This review provides an overview of LIB recycling in Europe, focusing on the evolving legislative framework designed to regulate the proper management of spent batteries and promote the recovery of CRMs. Current industrial practices are discussed with particular attention to their limitations, alongside emerging academic solutions that could redefine the efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability of LIB recycling.

锂离子电池（lib）的快速增长，特别是在汽车行业，引发了对报废（EoL）管理和关键原材料（crm）（包括锂、钴和镍）安全供应的迫切关注。为了减轻资源短缺和环境影响的风险，可持续的收集和回收实践对于支持向循环经济过渡至关重要，从而实现金属和非金属成分的回收。因此，零浪费的锂电池回收方法正在成为一个关键的优先事项。该领域的产业创新与学术研究紧密相连。工业界依靠科学发现来扩大有效的回收技术，而学术界则受到工业实践和监管要求所带来的挑战的推动。这种互惠关系加速了能够解决技术和经济障碍的先进回收战略的发展。本文综述了欧洲LIB回收的概况，重点介绍了旨在规范废旧电池的适当管理和促进crm回收的不断发展的立法框架。讨论了当前的工业实践，特别关注其局限性，以及新兴的学术解决方案，这些解决方案可以重新定义LIB回收的效率、可持续性和经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Bimetallic MIL-88B(Fe2/Ni)-NH2/rGO hybrid as an efficient Low-Pt support for enhanced ethanol electro-oxidation and its application in direct ethanol fuel cell 双金属MIL-88B(Fe2/Ni)-NH2/rGO杂化物作为高效的低铂乙醇电氧化载体及其在直接乙醇燃料电池中的应用

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100197

Somayeh Sharifi , Jalal Basiri Parsa , Robert Peter

Developing efficient and low-Pt electrocatalysts is critical for the commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC). Herein, a novel bimetallic iron-nickel metal-organic framework, MIL-88B(Fe₂/Ni)-NH₂ ((Fe₂/Ni)MOF), was synthesized using 2-aminoterephthalic acid as a linking ligand. Different loadings of reduced graphene oxide (rGO, 1–8wt%) were incorporated via solvothermal synthesis to enhance structural stability and conductivity, forming 1–8wt% rGO-(Fe₂/Ni)MOF composites. These hybrids serve as supports for Pt catalysts, producing Pt/[1–8wt% rGO-(Fe₂/Ni)MOF] electrocatalysts. The synthesized materials were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS mapping, XPS, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and direct ethanol fuel cell performance testing. Among the prepared catalysts, Pt/[5 wt% rGO-(Fe₂/Ni)MOF] exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation, achieving a current density of 50.37 mA cm⁻² at 0.86 V. In DEFC testing at 60 °C with 3M ethanol, this catalyst delivered a power density three times higher than the Pt/CC as control catalyst, with an open-circuit voltage of 0.54 V compared to 0.35 V for Pt/CC. These results demonstrate that the designed rGO-MOF hybrid is an efficient and durable Pt support, offering significant potential for DEFC applications and sustainable energy conversion.

开发高效、低铂电催化剂是直接乙醇燃料电池（DEFC）商业化的关键。本文以2-氨基对苯二甲酸为配体合成了新型双金属铁镍金属有机骨架MIL-88B(Fe2/Ni)-NH2 ((Fe2/Ni)MOF。通过溶剂热合成加入不同负载的还原氧化石墨烯（rGO, 1-8wt %），以提高结构稳定性和导电性，形成1-8wt %的还原氧化石墨烯-(Fe2/Ni)MOF复合材料。这些杂化物作为Pt催化剂的载体，生成Pt/[1-8wt % rGO-(Fe2/Ni)MOF]电催化剂。采用FT-IR、XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS作图、XPS、循环伏安法、时安培法、电化学阻抗谱和直接乙醇燃料电池性能测试对合成材料进行了表征。在制备的催化剂中，Pt/[5 wt% rGO-(Fe2/Ni)MOF]对乙醇氧化表现出最高的电催化活性，在0.86 V下电流密度达到50.37 mA cm−2。在60°C下，用3M乙醇进行DEFC测试时，该催化剂的功率密度是Pt/CC作为对照催化剂的三倍，开路电压为0.54 V，而Pt/CC为0.35 V。这些结果表明，设计的rGO-MOF混合材料是一种高效耐用的Pt支撑材料，为DEFC应用和可持续能源转换提供了巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of different lixiviants on leach residue graphite during hydrometallurgical battery recycling 湿法冶金电池回收中不同浸出剂对浸出渣石墨的影响

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100195

Yuanmin Zou, Reima Herrala, Tiia-Maria Porkola, Anna Varonen, Benjamin P. Wilson, Mari Lundström

Recycling of graphite from Li-batteries has attracted increased interest due to the substantial increase in global demand. In this work, leach residues of different battery recycling solutions were characterized as one potential secondary source for graphite. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide were studied (2 M and 4 M concentrations, T = 60 °C, S/L = 100g/L, t = 3 h, V = 500 mL) to evaluate their impact on graphite purity and characteristics. Battery waste was industrial lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide-rich (NMC) black mass. It was found that leaching with 4 M HCl achieved the highest removal of battery metals and resulted in the highest graphite purity (54 wt%) in the residue. Phosphoric acid was shown to cause in-situ precipitation of small MnPO₄·H₂O and FePO₄ particles, whereas coarser Mn-rich particles precipitated during sulfuric acid leaching. All the studied lixiviants were found to maintain the structure of graphite as there was no significant increase in the defects or changes to the degree of graphitization. These results demonstrate that a typical hydrometallurgical leaching process alone is insufficient for graphite purification but requires additional purification and processing steps to valorize graphite.

由于全球需求的大幅增长，从锂电池中回收石墨引起了越来越多的兴趣。在这项工作中，不同的电池回收溶液的浸出渣被表征为石墨的一个潜在的二次来源。研究了硫酸、盐酸、硝酸、磷酸和氢氧化钠（2 M和4 M浓度，T = 60℃，S/L = 100g/L, T = 3 h, V = 500 mL）对石墨纯度和特性的影响。电池废弃物为工业富锂镍锰钴氧化物（NMC）黑色物质。结果表明，4 M HCl浸出对电池金属的去除率最高，残渣中石墨纯度最高（54 wt%）。结果表明，在硫酸浸出过程中，细小的MnPO4·H2O和FePO4颗粒析出，而较粗的富锰颗粒析出。研究发现，所有的浸出剂都保持了石墨的结构，没有明显增加缺陷或石墨化程度的变化。这些结果表明，典型的湿法冶金浸出工艺本身不足以提纯石墨，还需要额外的提纯和处理步骤来使石墨增值。

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引用次数: 0

Protic ionic liquids as electrolytes for high voltage dual ion batteries 高压双离子电池用质子离子液体电解质

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100194

Sandesh Darlami Magar , Christof Neumann , Nicolas Demarthe , Andrey Turchanin , Andrea Balducci

Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are an interesting class of electrolyte for energy storage devices thanks to their unique properties, which stem from their protonated cations. In this study, we investigate the use of PIL-based electrolyte in dual-ion batteries (DIBs) containing graphite as both positive and negative electrode. Specifically, we considered a mixture of 1-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR_H4TFSI) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). Initially, insertion of

{TFSI}^{-}

into graphite was investigated, which showed that PIL-based electrolyte allows highly reversible intercalation/de-intercalation processes. Furthermore, kinetics of interfacial charge transfer were analyzed. In the second part of the study, a dual-ion battery containing PIL-based electrolyte was tested. The proof-of-concept graphite-based DIB utilizing this electrolyte delivered a capacity of 54 mAh g⁻¹ at 25 °C while operating in a wide potential window (

\sim

5.2 V). The results of these studies demonstrate, for the first time, that the use of PIL-based electrolyte in DIB is possible.

质子离子液体（PILs）由于其独特的特性而成为一类有趣的储能电解质，这源于它们的质子化阳离子。在这项研究中，我们研究了基于pil的电解质在双离子电池（DIBs）中使用石墨作为正极和负极。具体来说，我们考虑了1-丁基吡咯烷二（三氟甲烷磺酰基）亚胺（PYRH4TFSI）和二（三氟甲烷磺酰基）亚胺锂（LiTFSI）的混合物。最初，研究了TFSI−插入石墨，结果表明，基于pil的电解质允许高度可逆的插入/脱插入过程。进一步分析了界面电荷转移动力学。在研究的第二部分，测试了一种含有pil基电解质的双离子电池。利用这种电解质的概念验证石墨基DIB在25°C下提供54 mAh g−1的容量，同时在宽电位窗口（~ 5.2 V）下工作。这些研究的结果首次表明，在DIB中使用基于pil的电解质是可能的。

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引用次数: 0

Black mass impurities effect on re-synthesized NMC811 by carbonate coprecipitation 黑团杂质对碳酸盐共沉淀法合成NMC811的影响

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100193

Valérie Charbonneau , François Larouche , Kamyab Amouzegar , Ashok Vijh , Gervais Soucy , Jocelyn Veilleux

The rapid expansion of electromobility and renewable energy storage has increased lithium-ion battery production, emphasizing the need for efficient end-of-life management and critical material recovery. Mechanical pretreatment of spent batteries yields a black mass containing valuable oxides and metallic impurities, primarily Al, Cu, and Fe. This study investigated the impact of Al³⁺, Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺ impurities on the carbonate coprecipitation synthesis of LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ (NMC811) precursors to simplify cathode resynthesis from acid leachate. Electrochemical testing showed improved performance for NMC811 materials doped with 1–3 at% Al³⁺, 2 at% Fe²⁺, or co-doped with Al–Fe at total concentrations of 2–4 at%, compared to undoped NMC811. Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns revealed reduced Li⁺/Ni²⁺ cation mixing in these same concentrations, confirming structural stabilization. In contrast, Cu²⁺ doping beyond 1 at%, whether alone or in combination, did not yield additional benefits and instead led to increased disorder. These findings suggest that leachates containing up to these impurity levels could be used directly in resynthesis without further purification, as the resulting NMC811 retained equal or improved performance. This supports a more sustainable and resource-efficient recycling process by reducing water, reagent, and energy consumption.

电动汽车和可再生能源存储的快速发展增加了锂离子电池的产量，强调了对高效报废管理和关键材料回收的需求。废旧电池的机械预处理会产生含有有价值的氧化物和金属杂质的黑色物质，主要是铝、铜和铁。研究了Al3+、Cu2+和Fe2+杂质对碳酸盐共沉淀法合成LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 （NMC811）前驱体的影响，以简化酸性渗滤液阴极再合成。电化学测试表明，与未掺杂的NMC811相比，掺杂1-3 at% Al3+、2 at% Fe2+或共掺杂2 - 4 at% Al-Fe的NMC811材料的性能有所提高。Rietveld细化XRD图显示，在相同浓度下Li+/Ni2+阳离子混合减少，证实了结构稳定。相比之下，超过1 at%的Cu2+掺杂，无论是单独还是联合，都没有产生额外的益处，反而导致无序性增加。这些发现表明，含有这些杂质水平的渗滤液可以直接用于再合成，而无需进一步净化，因为所得的NMC811保留了相同或改进的性能。这通过减少水、试剂和能源消耗来支持更可持续和资源高效的回收过程。

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引用次数: 0

Bioleaching and bioelectrochemistry, eco-efficient technologies for the recycling of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries. A review 生物浸出和生物电化学，电动汽车锂离子电池回收的生态高效技术。回顾

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100192

Almudena González González, Juan Manuel Pérez Rodríguez

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are widely used today in many different applications. This provokes an increasing demand on critical raw materials (CRMs) which currently are difficult to obtain. This slows down the achievement of energy sovereignty. In this sense, recycling appears as a solution to avoid the over-exploitation of natural resources and to contribute to the energy self-sufficiency of the European Union. It is therefore necessary to develop efficient recycling processes as early as possible.

In this sense, bioleaching and bioelectrochemistry have been raised to be a cost-effective and sustainable technologies, which can be applied sequentially to remove and recover critical metals from spent LiBs. According to the results obtained under optimised laboratory conditions, bio-produced acids have been reported to leach 80–100 % of Ni, Mn, Co and Li and bioelectrochemistry can achieve recovery rates in excess of 95 %.

The main objective of this review is to present the recent advances in these technologies for batteries used in Electric Vehicles, which will allow the definition of the challenges that need to be addressed by research in order to achieve their implementation on an industrial scale.

锂离子电池（LiBs）如今在许多不同的应用中得到广泛应用。这引发了对目前难以获得的关键原材料（crm）的需求不断增加。这延缓了能源主权的实现。从这个意义上说，回收似乎是避免过度开发自然资源和促进欧洲联盟能源自给自足的一种解决办法。因此，有必要尽早开发有效的回收过程。从这个意义上说，生物浸出和生物电化学已经成为一种具有成本效益和可持续发展的技术，可以依次从废锂中去除和回收关键金属。根据在优化的实验室条件下获得的结果，据报道，生物产生的酸可以浸出80 - 100%的Ni， Mn， Co和Li，生物电化学可以实现超过95%的回收率。本综述的主要目的是介绍电动汽车电池技术的最新进展，这将允许定义需要通过研究来解决的挑战，以便在工业规模上实现它们的实施。

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引用次数: 0

Direct recycling of graphite from spent batteries and production scraps for the development of a circular and sustainable economy 从废电池和生产废料中直接回收石墨，发展循环和可持续经济

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100191

Ane Muguruza-Sánchez , Susan Sananes-Israel , Enrique Moliner , Edgar Contreras , Imanol Landa-Medrano , Verónica Palomares , Iratxe de Meatza

Current lithium-ion battery recycling processes are based on high-temperature calcination (pyrometallurgy) or leaching treatments (hydrometallurgy), requiring huge amounts of energy and producing considerable waste. Direct recycling protocols are based on the reconstruction and regeneration of materials, eliminating the need for further material processing. In this paper, graphite electrodes have been recycled via a direct recycling protocol based on mild leaching with H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ and calcination to eliminate the impurities and regenerate the structure. A Design of Experiments (DOE) has been proposed to determine the leaching conditions that reduce the generated waste and environmental impact, for which a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been carried out. This combination of experimental and analytical methods has been useful to determine the parameters that have the greatest impact on the environment and select the most sustainable leaching condition, which, in this case, has shown a reduction of 36 % in acidification and 14 % in water use. The established recycling route has been validated with graphite anodes from production scraps and cycled cells (End-of-Life condition, EoL, SOH%<80 %), and in both cases, the polymeric compounds used in the electrode slurry preparation have been eliminated and the graphitization degree has been restored. These results show that graphite can be recycled from LIBs to develop a direct recycling route that promotes a sustainable circular economy and diminishes material waste.

目前的锂离子电池回收工艺是基于高温煅烧（火法冶金）或浸出处理（湿法冶金），需要大量的能源和产生相当多的废物。直接回收协议是基于材料的重建和再生，消除了进一步材料处理的需要。本文采用H2SO4和H2O2温和浸出和煅烧的直接回收方案对石墨电极进行回收，以去除杂质并再生结构。提出了一种实验设计（DOE），以确定减少产生的废物和环境影响的浸出条件，并为此进行了生命周期评估（LCA）。这种实验和分析方法的结合对于确定对环境影响最大的参数和选择最可持续的浸出条件非常有用，在这种情况下，酸化减少了36%，用水量减少了14%。利用生产废料和循环电池中的石墨阳极（报废状态，EoL, SOH%< 80%）验证了所建立的回收路线，在这两种情况下，都消除了用于电极浆制备的聚合物化合物，并恢复了石墨化程度。这些结果表明，石墨可以从lib中回收，从而形成一条促进可持续循环经济并减少材料浪费的直接回收路线。

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引用次数: 0