Journal of Power Sources Advances最新文献

Modeling the interplay between aging and thermal runaway propagation in large-format lithium-ion batteries 大尺寸锂离子电池老化与热失控传播相互作用的建模

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2026.100203

Yang Yang , David Raymand , Wendi Guo , Daniel Brandell

Thermal runaway (TR) and its propagation (TRP) pose critical risks in the application of large-format lithium-ion batteries in heavy-duty electric vehicles. In this work, we apply a computational approach using a lumped heat release model. This model is calibrated with experimental data from accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) and TRP tests to investigate battery aging effects on TR and TRP. It is seen that the simulations can effectively reproduce key experimental observations, such as TR onset temperature, maximum temperature, and TRP time. Furthermore, the influence of battery aging on TR behavior is investigated, specifically solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth and electrolyte degradation. The findings reveal that aging significantly accelerates TR onset while lowering the heat release of batteries. The interplay between accelerated SEI layer growth and electrolyte degradation significantly influences TRP dynamics. Compared to new batteries, the total TRP time initially decreases during early aging, reaching 78% of the original TRP time at around 80% state of health (SOH). During late aging, TRP time slightly increases to 85% of the original time at 50% SOH. This computational approach provides crucial insights into the dynamic safety of aged batteries with regard to different combinations of electrolyte degradation and SEI thickness growth rate.

热失控及其传播是大规格锂离子电池在重型电动汽车上应用的关键问题。在这项工作中，我们采用了一种使用集中放热模型的计算方法。该模型使用加速速率量热法（ARC）和TRP测试的实验数据进行校准，以研究电池老化对TR和TRP的影响。可以看出，模拟可以有效地再现TRP开始温度、最高温度和TRP时间等关键实验观测值。此外，研究了电池老化对TR行为的影响，特别是固体电解质间相（SEI）生长和电解质降解。研究结果表明，老化显著加速了电池的TR发作，同时降低了电池的热量释放。加速SEI层生长和电解质降解之间的相互作用显著影响TRP动力学。与新电池相比，总TRP时间在早期老化期间开始减少，在80%健康状态（SOH）左右达到原始TRP时间的78%。在后期时效过程中，在50% SOH条件下，TRP时间略微增加到原始时间的85%。这种计算方法提供了关于电解质降解和SEI厚度增长率的不同组合的老化电池动态安全性的重要见解。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing sodium plating efficiency in a carbonate-based electrolyte—A mechanistic study 碳酸盐基电解液中提高镀钠效率的机理研究

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2026.100205

Tamir Assa, Hadar Shlomo, Itamar Charit, David Stark, Emanuel Peled

The instability of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) in carbonate-based electrolytes hinders the development of high-energy-density sodium batteries. This study elucidates the stabilization mechanism provided by a C65-coated aluminum electrode, representing the nucleation host in an anode-less sodium battery architecture, within a half-cell configuration against a sodium-metal counter electrode, using a carbonate-based electrolyte (1 M NaPF₆ in EC:DMC with 5% FEC). We demonstrate that the high-surface-area C65-coating homogenizes the local current density, thereby facilitating the selective reduction of FEC prior to bulk solvent decomposition, fostering the formation of a flexible, NaF-rich SEI. Conversely, the high local current density on the bare aluminum electrode drives nonselective electrolyte decomposition, resulting in a brittle, inorganic-rich SEI and severe accumulation of “dead sodium”. Consequently, the C65-coated electrode enhances the average Coulombic Efficiency to 85%, representing a significant relative improvement over the bare substrate. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the SEI composition on the bare aluminum eventually evolves to resemble the stable SEI composition on the coated electrode, yet electrochemical performance remains inferior. This underscores the long-term impact of the early-stage SEI composition on cell cyclability.

碳酸基电解质中固体电解质界面（SEI）的不稳定性阻碍了高能量密度钠电池的发展。本研究阐明了c65涂层铝电极提供的稳定机制，该电极代表了无阳极钠电池结构中的成核主体，在半电池配置中使用碳酸基电解质（1 M NaPF6 in EC:DMC与5% FEC）对抗钠-金属对电极。我们证明了高表面积的c65涂层使局部电流密度均匀化，从而促进了FEC在体溶剂分解之前的选择性还原，促进了柔性的富naf SEI的形成。相反，裸铝电极上的高局部电流密度驱动非选择性电解质分解，导致脆性、无机丰富的SEI和严重的“死钠”积累。因此，c65涂层电极将平均库仑效率提高到85%，与裸衬底相比有显著的相对提高。此外，x射线光电子能谱显示，裸铝上的SEI成分最终演变成类似于涂层电极上稳定的SEI成分，但电化学性能仍然较差。这强调了早期SEI组成对细胞循环性的长期影响。

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引用次数: 0

Battery-grade graphite from direct recycling: effect of the thermal treatment on the properties of the regenerated anode material 电池级直接回收石墨：热处理对再生负极材料性能的影响

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2026.100204

Jan Peter Martin, Marius Fabian Oneli, Peter Axmann, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Marilena Mancini

Scalable and sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling routes could be crucial for the future economic and ecological landscape of Europe. Although graphite is a critical raw material for the EU, the recycling of graphite from spent cells is currently limited to a small scale and is less developed than the recovery of cathode elements. In this study, we present a process for regenerating anode active material from spent lithium-ion cells with electrochemical performance comparable to that of commercial battery-grade graphite. The study is based on a direct recycling concept that employs green solvents and thermal treatment. The focus is on the direct impact of the applied temperature on the quality of the recycled graphite. The temperature range used for thermal treatment affects the physical and chemical properties of the particles, primarily impacting the surface functionalities, which are crucial for electrochemical performance. We demonstrate the electrochemical performance of regenerated graphite active materials by validating the short closed loop from spent cells to new anodes with high-performance.

可扩展和可持续的锂离子电池回收路线对欧洲未来的经济和生态景观至关重要。虽然石墨是欧盟的重要原材料，但从废电池中回收石墨目前仅限于小规模，并且不如阴极元素的回收发达。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种从废旧锂离子电池中再生阳极活性材料的工艺，其电化学性能与商用电池级石墨相当。这项研究是基于直接回收的概念，采用绿色溶剂和热处理。重点是应用温度对再生石墨质量的直接影响。用于热处理的温度范围会影响颗粒的物理和化学性质，主要影响表面功能，这对电化学性能至关重要。我们通过验证从废电池到新阳极的短闭环，高性能地展示了再生石墨活性材料的电化学性能。

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引用次数: 0

Dry delamination via inductive heating for direct recycling of LFP cathodes 通过感应加热干燥分层，直接回收LFP阴极

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2026.100202

Nino Christian , Andreas Flegler , Guinevere A. Giffin

Sustainable recycling of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes is essential to process battery waste, thus reducing resource depletion and lowering the carbon footprint of battery production. This study introduces a contactless delamination process using high-frequency induction heating to partially decompose the water-based carboxymethyl cellulose and styrene-butadiene rubber binders in LFP electrode production scrap within a temperature range that avoids damage to the LFP. Eddy currents induced in the aluminum current collector enable localized heating at the LFP composite–foil interface, allowing clean separation without toxic solvents or high-temperature furnaces. Variation of the process parameters showed that moderate heating (∼240 °C) weakens binder adhesion effectively while preserving the integrity of the LFP. Electrodes were fabricated from the recovered LFP composite and evaluated in lithium metal half cells. The best-performing recovered sample (240 °C with added conductive carbon) achieved ∼96 % of the discharge capacity of a recovered sample delaminated without the inductive heat treatment. These results confirm that inductive delamination, with careful temperature control, enables the recovery of high-quality LFP composite suitable for reuse. This method avoids the use of hazardous chemicals and is compatible with roll-to-roll processing, offering a scalable and environmentally-friendly route for direct cathode recycling.

可持续回收磷酸铁锂（LFP）阴极对于处理电池废物至关重要，从而减少资源消耗并降低电池生产的碳足迹。本研究介绍了一种使用高频感应加热的非接触式分层工艺，在避免损坏LFP的温度范围内，部分分解LFP电极生产废料中的水基羧甲基纤维素和丁苯橡胶粘合剂。铝集流器中产生的涡流能够在LFP复合箔界面处局部加热，无需有毒溶剂或高温炉即可实现清洁分离。工艺参数的变化表明，适度加热（~ 240°C）可以有效地减弱粘合剂的粘附，同时保持LFP的完整性。电极由回收的LFP复合材料制成，并在锂金属半电池中进行了评价。性能最好的回收样品（240°C并添加导电碳）在没有感应热处理的情况下达到回收样品分层放电容量的96%。这些结果证实，在仔细控制温度的情况下，感应分层可以回收适合重复使用的高质量LFP复合材料。这种方法避免了危险化学品的使用，并与卷对卷处理兼容，为直接阴极回收提供了可扩展和环保的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of different lixiviants on leach residue graphite during hydrometallurgical battery recycling 湿法冶金电池回收中不同浸出剂对浸出渣石墨的影响

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100195

Yuanmin Zou, Reima Herrala, Tiia-Maria Porkola, Anna Varonen, Benjamin P. Wilson, Mari Lundström

Recycling of graphite from Li-batteries has attracted increased interest due to the substantial increase in global demand. In this work, leach residues of different battery recycling solutions were characterized as one potential secondary source for graphite. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide were studied (2 M and 4 M concentrations, T = 60 °C, S/L = 100g/L, t = 3 h, V = 500 mL) to evaluate their impact on graphite purity and characteristics. Battery waste was industrial lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide-rich (NMC) black mass. It was found that leaching with 4 M HCl achieved the highest removal of battery metals and resulted in the highest graphite purity (54 wt%) in the residue. Phosphoric acid was shown to cause in-situ precipitation of small MnPO₄·H₂O and FePO₄ particles, whereas coarser Mn-rich particles precipitated during sulfuric acid leaching. All the studied lixiviants were found to maintain the structure of graphite as there was no significant increase in the defects or changes to the degree of graphitization. These results demonstrate that a typical hydrometallurgical leaching process alone is insufficient for graphite purification but requires additional purification and processing steps to valorize graphite.

由于全球需求的大幅增长，从锂电池中回收石墨引起了越来越多的兴趣。在这项工作中，不同的电池回收溶液的浸出渣被表征为石墨的一个潜在的二次来源。研究了硫酸、盐酸、硝酸、磷酸和氢氧化钠（2 M和4 M浓度，T = 60℃，S/L = 100g/L, T = 3 h, V = 500 mL）对石墨纯度和特性的影响。电池废弃物为工业富锂镍锰钴氧化物（NMC）黑色物质。结果表明，4 M HCl浸出对电池金属的去除率最高，残渣中石墨纯度最高（54 wt%）。结果表明，在硫酸浸出过程中，细小的MnPO4·H2O和FePO4颗粒析出，而较粗的富锰颗粒析出。研究发现，所有的浸出剂都保持了石墨的结构，没有明显增加缺陷或石墨化程度的变化。这些结果表明，典型的湿法冶金浸出工艺本身不足以提纯石墨，还需要额外的提纯和处理步骤来使石墨增值。

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引用次数: 0

Towards the production of oxalate precursors from NMC111 black mass via selective leaching of Li and Al and solvent extraction of Cu 选择性浸出Li、Al和溶剂萃取Cu制备草酸盐前驱体的研究

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2026.100201

Léa Marie Jacqueline Rouquette , Laura Altenschmidt , Camille Travert , Andrea Locati , William R. Brant , Martina Petranikova

A novel recycling route for spent lithium-ion batteries has been investigated. The end goal is to produce cathode active material (CAM) precursor directly from the recycled solution. The process begins with an oxalic acid leaching (0.6 M H₂C₂O₄, 60 °C, 120 min, and S/L = 50 g/L), where Li is selectively recovered (along with Al) which reduces downstream contamination and enhances overall material efficiency. The resulting residue, a mixture of (Co,Ni,Mn)C₂O₄ · 2H₂O, graphite, and Cu, is then leached with sulfuric acid to dissolve the metals and separate them from the graphite. This second leaching operation is investigated, and the optimum parameters are demonstrated (2 M H₂SO₄, 65 °C, 120 min, S/L = 20 g/L), yielding more than 95 % recovery of Ni, Co, and Mn and about 70 % of Cu. Lower acidity or S/L leads to the reprecipitation of a Ni oxalate phase. Solvent extraction is selected for Cu removal at a limit of 5 ppm; a 30 % v/v Acorga M5640 in ESCAID is applied for 30 min at 25 °C, with θ = 4 and 4 stages. The resulting recycled solution, containing Co, Ni, and Mn, and free from Al, Li, and Cu, represents a promising feedstock for producing NMC 111 (LiNi_0.33Mn_0.33Co_0.33O₂).

研究了一种新的废旧锂离子电池回收途径。最终目标是直接从回收的溶液中生产阴极活性材料（CAM）前驱体。该工艺以草酸浸出（0.6 M H2C2O4, 60°C， 120分钟，S/L = 50 g/L）开始，其中Li（以及Al）被选择性地回收，从而减少下游污染并提高整体材料效率。得到的残渣是（Co,Ni,Mn）C2O4·2H2O，石墨和Cu的混合物，然后用硫酸浸出以溶解金属并将其与石墨分离。对第二次浸出操作进行了研究，确定了最佳浸出参数（h2so2 M, 65℃，120 min, S/L = 20 g/L），镍、钴和锰的回收率超过95%，铜的回收率约为70%。较低的酸度或S/L导致草酸镍相的再沉淀。选择溶剂萃取法去除铜，限量为5 ppm；在ESCAID中使用30% v/v Acorga M5640，在25°C下，θ = 4和4级应用30分钟。所得的再生溶液含有Co、Ni和Mn，不含Al、Li和Cu，是生产NMC 111 （LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2）的有前途的原料。

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引用次数: 0

Excessive sodiation and desodiation of commercial NFM-hard carbon sodium-ion batteries induced by low-rate cycling 商用nfm -硬碳钠离子电池低倍率循环引起的过度钠化和脱钠

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100199

Tom Rüther , Andrea Kinberger , Niklas Feistel , Matteo Bianchini , Michael A. Danzer

Experiments reveal that the electrodes of a commercial NFM

| |

hard carbon sodium-ion battery undergo excessive sodiation and desodiation at low charge and discharge rates. These effects are observed during cycling, despite operating strictly within the manufacturer’s recommended voltage limits of 1.5 V to 4.1 V. The resulting increase in charge capacity originates from an additional phase transition in the cathode active material, which manifests itself electrochemically as a voltage plateau that delays reaching the cut-off voltage during charging. The occurrence of the phase transition at high cell voltages is verified by operando X-ray diffraction measurements. During the subsequent discharge, the reverse transition takes place. Unusual deep discharge is enabled by the combination of low overpotentials and the characteristic potential profile of the cell. These phenomena are reproducibly observed across multiple test sequences. To separate the effects of the individual electrodes on this full cell behavior, harvested electrodes from a commercial cell are assembled into an experimental three-electrode setup and analyzed by differential voltage analysis. Since the high-voltage phase transition is reported to involve irreversible processes, adapting characterization and cycling protocols (especially voltage limits) may improve long-term performance and facilitate future analyses.

实验表明，商用NFM ||硬碳钠离子电池的电极在低充放电速率下会发生过度的钠化和脱钠化。尽管在制造商推荐的1.5 V至4.1 V的电压范围内严格操作，但在循环过程中观察到这些影响。由此产生的电荷容量的增加源于阴极活性材料中额外的相变，这在电化学上表现为电压平台，在充电期间延迟到达截止电压。在高电池电压下发生的相变由operando x射线衍射测量证实。在随后的放电过程中，发生反向过渡。不寻常的深度放电是由低过电位和电池的特征电位相结合而实现的。这些现象在多个测试序列中可重复观察到。为了分离单个电极对整个电池行为的影响，从商业电池中收集的电极被组装到实验三电极装置中，并通过差分电压分析进行分析。由于高压相变涉及不可逆过程，因此适应表征和循环协议（特别是电压限制）可以改善长期性能并促进未来的分析。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of residuals on recovered nickel-rich LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 cathodes for direct recycling and reuse 剩余物对回收富镍LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2阴极直接回收和再利用的影响

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100200

Mehrdad Talebi , Thomas Diemant , Jae-Kwang Kim , Markus Binder , Dominic Bresser

At present, industrial-scale recycling of lithium-ion batteries typically involves rather energy-intensive processes and toxic solvents to recover, in particular, the metallic elements from the positive electrode active material. These recovered metals subsequently serve as precursors for the synthesis of new electrode materials. One approach to reduce the energy and cost needed is the direct recycling of the electrode active materials. Herein, two recovery methods, namely thermal and solvent-based recovery, are investigated for single-crystalline Ni-rich LiNi_1-x-yMn_xCo_yO₂ (NMC) high-energy cathodes. The NMC obtained via the thermal recovery method exhibits poor performance due to the generation of HF and the degradation of the material. In contrast, the NMC obtained via the solvent-based method, utilizing dimethyl sulfoxide as a non-toxic solvent, demonstrates superior performance, with a reduction in capacity of only 1.5 % compared to pristine NMC. This comparative analysis highlights the critical role of the separation procedure and, particularly, the detrimental effect of any remaining fluorinated binder.

目前，工业规模的锂离子电池回收通常涉及相当能源密集型的过程和有毒溶剂，特别是从正极活性材料中回收金属元素。这些回收的金属随后作为合成新电极材料的前体。减少能量和成本的一种方法是直接回收电极活性材料。本文研究了热回收和溶剂回收两种方法对单晶富镍LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 （NMC）高能阴极的回收。通过热回收方法获得的NMC由于HF的产生和材料的降解而表现出较差的性能。相比之下，使用二甲亚砜作为无毒溶剂，通过溶剂基方法获得的NMC表现出优异的性能，与原始NMC相比，容量仅减少1.5%。这一比较分析突出了分离程序的关键作用，特别是任何剩余的含氟粘合剂的有害影响。

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引用次数: 0

Bimetallic MIL-88B(Fe2/Ni)-NH2/rGO hybrid as an efficient Low-Pt support for enhanced ethanol electro-oxidation and its application in direct ethanol fuel cell 双金属MIL-88B(Fe2/Ni)-NH2/rGO杂化物作为高效的低铂乙醇电氧化载体及其在直接乙醇燃料电池中的应用

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100197

Somayeh Sharifi , Jalal Basiri Parsa , Robert Peter

Developing efficient and low-Pt electrocatalysts is critical for the commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC). Herein, a novel bimetallic iron-nickel metal-organic framework, MIL-88B(Fe₂/Ni)-NH₂ ((Fe₂/Ni)MOF), was synthesized using 2-aminoterephthalic acid as a linking ligand. Different loadings of reduced graphene oxide (rGO, 1–8wt%) were incorporated via solvothermal synthesis to enhance structural stability and conductivity, forming 1–8wt% rGO-(Fe₂/Ni)MOF composites. These hybrids serve as supports for Pt catalysts, producing Pt/[1–8wt% rGO-(Fe₂/Ni)MOF] electrocatalysts. The synthesized materials were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS mapping, XPS, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and direct ethanol fuel cell performance testing. Among the prepared catalysts, Pt/[5 wt% rGO-(Fe₂/Ni)MOF] exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation, achieving a current density of 50.37 mA cm⁻² at 0.86 V. In DEFC testing at 60 °C with 3M ethanol, this catalyst delivered a power density three times higher than the Pt/CC as control catalyst, with an open-circuit voltage of 0.54 V compared to 0.35 V for Pt/CC. These results demonstrate that the designed rGO-MOF hybrid is an efficient and durable Pt support, offering significant potential for DEFC applications and sustainable energy conversion.

开发高效、低铂电催化剂是直接乙醇燃料电池（DEFC）商业化的关键。本文以2-氨基对苯二甲酸为配体合成了新型双金属铁镍金属有机骨架MIL-88B(Fe2/Ni)-NH2 ((Fe2/Ni)MOF。通过溶剂热合成加入不同负载的还原氧化石墨烯（rGO, 1-8wt %），以提高结构稳定性和导电性，形成1-8wt %的还原氧化石墨烯-(Fe2/Ni)MOF复合材料。这些杂化物作为Pt催化剂的载体，生成Pt/[1-8wt % rGO-(Fe2/Ni)MOF]电催化剂。采用FT-IR、XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS作图、XPS、循环伏安法、时安培法、电化学阻抗谱和直接乙醇燃料电池性能测试对合成材料进行了表征。在制备的催化剂中，Pt/[5 wt% rGO-(Fe2/Ni)MOF]对乙醇氧化表现出最高的电催化活性，在0.86 V下电流密度达到50.37 mA cm−2。在60°C下，用3M乙醇进行DEFC测试时，该催化剂的功率密度是Pt/CC作为对照催化剂的三倍，开路电压为0.54 V，而Pt/CC为0.35 V。这些结果表明，设计的rGO-MOF混合材料是一种高效耐用的Pt支撑材料，为DEFC应用和可持续能源转换提供了巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

How research & innovation ramp up Li-ion Battery recycling 研究和创新如何提高锂离子电池的回收利用率

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100198

Pietro Cattaneo , Lorenzo De Vita , Camilla Zanoni , Davide Ruzza , Mariacristina Colantuono , Diana Di Cintio , Carmen Cavallo , Mark Copley , Eliana Quartarone

The rapid growth of Li-ion Batteries (LIBs), especially in the automotive sector, raises urgent concerns regarding End-of-Life (EoL) management and the secure supply of Critical Raw Materials (CRMs), including lithium, cobalt, and nickel. To mitigate risks of resource scarcity and environmental impact, sustainable collection and recycling practices are essential to support the transition toward a circular economy, enabling the recovery of both metallic and non-metallic components. A zero-waste approach to LIB recycling is therefore emerging as a key priority. Industrial innovation and academic research are deeply interconnected in this field. Industry depends on scientific discoveries to scale up efficient recycling technologies, while academia is driven by challenges arising from industrial practice and regulatory demands. This reciprocal relationship accelerates the development of advanced recycling strategies capable of addressing technical and economic barriers. This review provides an overview of LIB recycling in Europe, focusing on the evolving legislative framework designed to regulate the proper management of spent batteries and promote the recovery of CRMs. Current industrial practices are discussed with particular attention to their limitations, alongside emerging academic solutions that could redefine the efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability of LIB recycling.

锂离子电池（lib）的快速增长，特别是在汽车行业，引发了对报废（EoL）管理和关键原材料（crm）（包括锂、钴和镍）安全供应的迫切关注。为了减轻资源短缺和环境影响的风险，可持续的收集和回收实践对于支持向循环经济过渡至关重要，从而实现金属和非金属成分的回收。因此，零浪费的锂电池回收方法正在成为一个关键的优先事项。该领域的产业创新与学术研究紧密相连。工业界依靠科学发现来扩大有效的回收技术，而学术界则受到工业实践和监管要求所带来的挑战的推动。这种互惠关系加速了能够解决技术和经济障碍的先进回收战略的发展。本文综述了欧洲LIB回收的概况，重点介绍了旨在规范废旧电池的适当管理和促进crm回收的不断发展的立法框架。讨论了当前的工业实践，特别关注其局限性，以及新兴的学术解决方案，这些解决方案可以重新定义LIB回收的效率、可持续性和经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0