Journal of Power Sources Advances最新文献_第4页

China's hold on the lithium-ion battery supply chain: Prospects for competitive growth and sovereign control 中国对锂离子电池供应链的控制：竞争性增长和主权控制的前景

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100173

Tim Greitemeier , Achim Kampker , Jens Tübke , Simon Lux

Battery production for electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates a supply chain capable of supporting the exploitation of a variety of raw materials. Lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt are of particular significance for the dominant lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology, primarily relying on lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes. Geographically, the global supply is heavily reliant on China with competition expected to intensify. In light of this, the questions of how global competition manifests at the company level and whether regions capture their share of the supply chain through domestic companies remain unanswered. These are addressed by analyzing the companies behind each supply chain sector and the respective raw materials. The results demonstrate that China, Europe, and the United States of America (USA) exhibit the most pronounced ownership across the supply chain, acquiring the largest foreign shares in the mining sector. Overall, China leads in a total of eleven out of the 12 investigated sectors, with its peak for LFP production at above 98 %. This preeminence, coupled with the substantial output of South Korea, Europe, and Japan in NMC production, the latter represents a viable target for mitigating supply chain vulnerabilities and attaining greater growth and sovereignty.

电动汽车的电池生产需要一个能够支持各种原材料开采的供应链。锂、镍、锰和钴对于主导的锂离子电池（LIB）技术具有特别重要的意义，主要依赖于磷酸铁锂（LFP）和锂镍锰钴氧化物（NMC）阴极。从地理上看，全球供应严重依赖中国，预计竞争将加剧。有鉴于此，全球竞争如何体现在公司层面，以及各地区是否通过国内公司在供应链中占据了自己的份额，这些问题仍未得到解答。通过分析每个供应链部门背后的公司和各自的原材料，可以解决这些问题。结果表明，中国、欧洲和美利坚合众国（USA）在整个供应链中表现出最明显的所有权，在采矿业中获得了最大的外国股份。总体而言，在12个被调查的行业中，中国在11个行业中处于领先地位，其LFP产量的峰值超过98%。这种优势，加上韩国、欧洲和日本在NMC生产方面的大量产出，后者代表了减轻供应链脆弱性、实现更大增长和主权的可行目标。

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引用次数: 0

Efficiency Enhancement on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell system with anode off-gas recycle by evaluating entropy and exergy change 基于熵和火用变化的阳极废气循环固体氧化物燃料电池系统效率提高研究

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100172

Hsin-Yi Lai , Hung-Ju Lin , Yen-Hsin Chan

The aim of this paper is to enhance the efficiency of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system through various system designs and parameters. To evaluate the effects of design configurations, the impact of high-temperature/low-temperature anode off-gas recycle (HT/LT-AGR) on system performance was investigated by calculating the entropy using the second law of thermodynamics. By analyzing the system with different AGR designs and considering the increasing entropy of heat components in the SOFC system, the efficiency calculations can be more practical and accurate.

In this study, the working efficiency of the SOFC system with HT-AGR is 56.215 %, which is 4.7 % higher than with LT-AGR. The results show that the heat exchanger (HEX) experiences the largest increasing entropy during the power generation process due to the significant temperature difference. At the end of this project, a _CO2 reformer will be used to optimize the system, decreasing the mole rate of _CO2 and CH4 while increasing the mole rate of H2. Based on the simulation results, using a _CO2 reformer can increase the mole rate of H2 by 3 %, improving the system efficiency up to 56.97 %.

本文的目的是通过各种系统设计和参数来提高固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）系统的效率。为了评估设计配置的影响，利用热力学第二定律计算熵，研究了高温/低温阳极废气回收（HT/LT-AGR）对系统性能的影响。通过对不同AGR设计的系统进行分析，并考虑SOFC系统中热组分熵的增加，使效率计算更加实用和准确。在本研究中，HT-AGR的SOFC系统的工作效率为56.215%，比LT-AGR的工作效率高4.7%。结果表明：在发电过程中，由于温差较大，换热器（HEX）的熵增量最大；在本项目结束时，将使用CO2重整器对系统进行优化，降低CO2和CH4的摩尔率，同时提高H2的摩尔率。模拟结果表明，采用CO2重整器可使H2的摩尔率提高3%，使系统效率提高56.97%。

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引用次数: 0

Cathode flow velocity and pressure gradient oscillations in impedance spectroscopy of PEM fuel cells PEM燃料电池阻抗谱中的阴极流速和压力梯度振荡

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100170

Andrei Kulikovsky

In electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments with PEM fuel cells, the applied AC current induces oscillations of the mass flow across the gas diffusion layer/cathode channel interface. These oscillations perturb the air flow velocity and pressure in the cathode channel. By analogy with Berman’s approach, the transient Navier–Stokes equations for air flow in a channel with a permeable wall are reduced to a single equation for the transverse profile of the streamwise flow velocity (SFV). Linearization and Fourier-transformation of this equation leads to an ODE for the SFV perturbation amplitude. The numerical solution shows that harmonic perturbation of the cell current density generates oscillations of the pressure gradient and SFV. As the frequency increases, the transverse shape of the SFV oscillations amplitude flattens in the main body of the flow, while the peaks form at the channel walls. Averaged across the channel amplitudes of pressure gradient and SFV oscillations linearly increase along the channel. Analytical formulas for incorporation of these effects into impedance models for PEM fuel/electrolysis cell are derived.

在PEM燃料电池的电化学阻抗谱实验中，施加的交流电引起了气体扩散层/阴极通道界面上质量流的振荡。这些振荡扰动了阴极通道内的气流速度和压力。通过与Berman方法的类比，将具有透水壁面的通道中空气流动的瞬态Navier-Stokes方程简化为一个单一的顺流速度（SFV）横向剖面方程。对该方程进行线性化和傅里叶变换，得到SFV扰动幅度的ODE。数值解表明，电池电流密度的谐波扰动会产生压力梯度和SFV的振荡。随着频率的增加，流动主体内SFV振荡振幅的横向形状趋于平缓，而通道壁面处则形成峰值。平均压力梯度振幅和SFV振荡沿通道线性增加。导出了将这些效应纳入PEM燃料/电解电池阻抗模型的解析公式。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating PFAS emissions of light- and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles 调查轻型和重型燃料电池电动汽车的PFAS排放

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100171

T. Lange , M. Dietrich , H. Schlottmann , V. Valkov , V. Mackert , I. Radev , H. Hoster

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to different adverse health effects, highlighting the need to address the examination of all potential emission sources. This also includes applications that are used in key components of the hydrogen economy using proton exchange membranes, e.g. PEM fuel cells. This study analyzes PFAS concentrations in product water from two light- and one heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), identifying two to five distinct PFAS (including 6:2 FTS, PFBuA, PFHpA, PFHxA, PFOA, HFPO-DA, and PFPeA) in each sample. However, at this juncture, it is not yet possible to make a well-founded statement as to which components (e.g., MEA or BOP) release these substances.

The PFAS concentration was found to be low overall in light-duty vehicles, while in heavy-duty vehicles, elevated levels were observed. Despite these findings, the product water from all vehicles remains within the non-critical range according to current German national PFAS guidelines. However, the results highlight the need for further research and effective strategies to mitigate PFAS emissions from PEM fuel cells in the future.

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质与不同的有害健康影响有关，突出表明有必要审查所有潜在的排放源。这也包括在氢经济的关键部件中使用质子交换膜的应用，例如PEM燃料电池。本研究分析了两辆轻型和一辆重型燃料电池电动汽车（FCEV）产品水中的PFAS浓度，在每个样品中鉴定出两到五种不同的PFAS（包括6:2 FTS、PFBuA、PFHpA、PFHxA、PFOA、hfpos - da和PFPeA）。然而，在这个关键时刻，还不可能对哪些组件（例如，MEA或BOP）释放这些物质作出有充分根据的声明。研究发现，轻型车辆的PFAS浓度总体较低，而重型车辆的PFAS浓度则升高。尽管有这些发现，但根据目前德国国家PFAS指南，所有车辆的产品水仍处于非临界范围内。然而，研究结果强调，未来需要进一步的研究和有效的策略来减少PEM燃料电池的PFAS排放。

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引用次数: 0

Performance comparison of a building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) module with patterned glass in Korean weather 韩国天气下带有图案玻璃的建筑集成光伏（BIPV）模块的性能比较

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100169

Ji Woo Sohn , Hongjun Jang , Young-Su Kim , Donghwan Kim , Sungho Hwang , Yoonmook Kang

In the photovoltaic (PV) industry, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are promising products for zero-energy buildings that offer solutions to the issue of limited space in urban areas. BIPV modules offer not only power production but also significant visual appeal. This study aims to assess the aesthetic qualities of BIPV using patterned glass. We evaluate the energy yield of BIPV performance compared with conventional modules in a vertically oriented south-facing system under Korean weather conditions. Product characteristics such as the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum, cell-to-module (CTM) conversion ratio, and power under tilted light conditions are analyzed. Unlike previous studies that report lower energy yields in BIPV systems, this BIPV module with patterned glass exhibits only a 0.5 % reduction in energy yield because of the lower open-circuit voltage (Voc) caused by the thicker glass (5 mm) compared to the reference glass (3.2 mm). In contrast, the short-circuit current (Isc) in the field is higher, likely due to the morphology of the patterned glass and the tilted incident light under Korean summer conditions. This result suggests BIPV modules using patterned glass are viable candidates for aesthetically pleasing, south-facing, and vertical systems in zero-energy buildings.

在光伏（PV）行业，建筑集成光伏（BIPV）是零能耗建筑的有前途的产品，它为城市地区有限的空间问题提供了解决方案。BIPV模块不仅提供电力生产，而且具有显著的视觉吸引力。本研究旨在评估使用图案玻璃的BIPV的美学品质。在韩国天气条件下，我们评估了BIPV性能与传统模块在垂直朝南系统中的发电量。分析了产品特性，如外量子效率（EQE）光谱、电池-模块（CTM）转换率和倾斜光条件下的功率。与之前报道BIPV系统能量产量较低的研究不同，这种带有图案玻璃的BIPV模块的能量产量仅降低0.5%，因为与参考玻璃（3.2 mm）相比，较厚的玻璃（5 mm）产生了较低的开路电压（Voc）。相比之下，该领域的短路电流（Isc）更高，可能是由于图案玻璃的形态和韩国夏季条件下倾斜的入射光。这一结果表明，使用图案玻璃的BIPV模块是零能耗建筑中美观、朝南和垂直系统的可行候选者。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic enhancement of pseudocapacitance behavior in supercapacitors through porous carbon and lignosulfonate integration 通过多孔碳和木质素磺酸盐集成协同增强超级电容器的假电容行为

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2024.100165

Bingjie Zhou , Yuankai Shao , Weikang Zhu , Shuoyao Yin , Zhenguo Li , Xiaoning Ren , Anqi Dong , Xi Liu , Yatao Liu , Yaodong Hao , Bin Ren , Wei Liu

The growing energy crisis has intensified the need for efficient energy storage solutions. Biomass has emerged as a promising resource for novel energy storage devices. Lignosulfonate, a byproduct of the forestry and pulp industries, contains quinone groups and has enormous potential for electrochemical energy storage. However, due to its poor electrical conductivity, this material must be combined with conductive materials to improve the energy storage efficiency. Carbon materials, particularly porous carbon, are ideal conductive substrates because of their high electrical conductivity, affordability, and ease of fabrication. This study demonstrates the synergistic effects of lignosulfonate/nanocarbon composites (LS/NC), in which heteroatom doping, high specific surface area, and quinone groups considerably enhance their electrochemical performance. Nanocarbon (NC) provides ion diffusion channels with low internal resistance and a large double-layer reaction area, promoting efficient electrolyte ion diffusion and transport. In addition, the introduction of oxygen and sulfur heteroatoms not only increases the material's hydrophilicity but also provides polar surfaces and accessible pseudocapacitive sites. Under acidic conditions, the LS/NC composite achieved a specific capacitance of 571 F g⁻¹ at a discharge rate of 1 A g⁻¹—approximately double that of NC alone (279 F g⁻¹). These findings provide notable advancements in the development of efficient energy storage devices.

日益严重的能源危机加剧了对高效储能解决方案的需求。生物质已成为一种有前途的新型储能设备。木质素磺酸盐是林业和纸浆工业的副产品，含有醌基团，具有巨大的电化学储能潜力。但由于其导电性差，必须与导电材料结合才能提高储能效率。碳材料，特别是多孔碳，是理想的导电基板，因为它们具有高导电性、可负担性和易于制造。本研究证明了木素磺酸盐/纳米碳复合材料（LS/NC）的协同效应，杂原子掺杂、高比表面积和醌基团显著提高了其电化学性能。纳米碳（NC）提供了具有低内阻和大双层反应面积的离子扩散通道，促进了电解质离子的高效扩散和传输。此外，氧和硫杂原子的引入不仅增加了材料的亲水性，而且提供了极性表面和可接近的假电容位点。在酸性条件下，LS/NC复合材料在放电速率为1 a g−1时的比电容达到571 F g−1，约为NC单独（279 F g−1）的两倍。这些发现为高效储能装置的开发提供了显著的进步。

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引用次数: 0

Accurate energy yield simulation of a carport system using the ray-tracing method 用光线追踪法精确模拟机库系统的能量输出

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2024.100164

Bumsu Kim , Inku Kang , Eunseok Jang , Huijae Jang , Sungho Hwang , Haeseok Lee , Myunghun Shin

In this study, a carport system configured with monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules was installed in South Korea, and energy production was monitored for one year through measurements and simulations. The energy yields of the installed modules were evaluated using the ray-tracing method, which accurately traces the path of sunlight entering the modules, considering shadows and reflections from the ground and cars near the carport. Loss models were developed to reduce the discrepancy between measured and simulated results, utilizing both observed weather data and Meteonorm data to increase accuracy. The energy yield showed an average monthly difference of 3.25 % for the monofacial system and 3 % for the bifacial system, indicating the high accuracy of the developed simulation models. The simulation suggested that energy production could be further increased by 15 % by adjusting the direction and tilt angle of the modules on the carport. These results demonstrate the potential of the developed method for predicting the energy yield of various PV systems, and the findings of this study provide fundamental data for the efficient design and operation of PV power systems in South Korea.

在这项研究中，在韩国安装了一个由单面和双面光伏（PV）模块配置的车棚系统，并通过测量和模拟监测了一年的能源生产。安装的模块的能量产出使用光线追踪方法进行评估，该方法精确地追踪进入模块的阳光路径，考虑到地面和机场附近汽车的阴影和反射。开发损失模型是为了减少测量结果和模拟结果之间的差异，同时利用观测天气数据和Meteonorm数据来提高准确性。单面系统的月平均产能差为3.25%，双面系统的月平均产能差为3%，表明所建立的模拟模型具有较高的精度。模拟表明，通过调整车棚上模块的方向和倾斜角度，能源产量可以进一步增加15%。这些结果证明了所开发方法预测各种光伏系统发电量的潜力，本研究的发现为韩国光伏发电系统的高效设计和运行提供了基础数据。

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引用次数: 0

Recovery of LiFePO4 cathodes: Criticalities and prospect towards a long-term eco-friendly solution LiFePO4阴极的回收：关键和对长期生态友好解决方案的展望

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100168

B. Visone , O. Senneca , P.P. Prosini , B. Apicella

Lithium iron phosphate batteries are currently getting increasing attention due to their low cost, good cycling stability and high safety characteristics. Enhanced batteries consumption is accompanied by their subsequent discard that, if poorly managed, may cause serious environmental damage as well as severe economic losses. Numerous cathode recycling techniques have been developed, including pyro/hydrometallurgical methods and direct regeneration.

Besides providing information on the working and failing mechanism of these batteries, this review aims to present the most relevant spent cathode treatments, with an emphasis on environmental and economic implications. Moreover, it examines global regulations on lithium-ion battery recycling and identifies unresolved issues that still need to be addressed.

Our analysis revealed that using organic acids significantly enhances the economic feasibility of hydrometallurgical processes, enabling for selective lithium recovery. This approach not only simplifies the procedure but also makes it more eco-friendly. Direct regeneration techniques, on the other hand, emerge as both economical and green alternatives to produce new cathodes with excellent electrochemical properties, but are difficult to apply due to the variability of the spent materials to be treated. Lastly, it appears imperative for legislators to formulate a regulatory framework specifically tailored to the treatment of spent lithium-ion batteries.

由于磷酸铁锂电池具有成本低、循环稳定性好和安全性高等特点，目前正受到越来越多的关注。在电池消耗量增加的同时，其废弃物如果处理不当，可能会造成严重的环境破坏和经济损失。除了提供有关这些电池的工作和失效机理的信息外，本综述还旨在介绍最相关的废阴极处理方法，重点关注对环境和经济的影响。我们的分析表明，使用有机酸可显著提高湿法冶金工艺的经济可行性，从而实现选择性锂回收。这种方法不仅简化了流程，而且更加环保。另一方面，直接再生技术是一种既经济又绿色的替代方法，可用于生产具有优异电化学特性的新阴极，但由于待处理废旧材料的可变性，这种方法很难应用。最后，立法者必须制定专门针对锂离子废电池处理的监管框架。

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引用次数: 0

Measurement of the temperature-dependent cross-plane thermal conductivity of the Li-ion battery pouch cell 锂离子电池袋状电芯随温度变化的平面导热系数的测量

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100167

Minjoo Kim , Dong-min Kim , Young-Beom Kim , Bong Jae Lee

Due to the lamella structure of Li-ion batteries, their cross-plane thermal conductivity is substantially lower than the in-plane conductivity. This leads to pronounced anisotropy, which complicates the accurate measurement of thermal conductivity, underscoring the importance of precise temperature monitoring to better understand and manage thermal behavior within the battery. This study presents an effective approach for precisely measuring the cross-plane thermal conductivity of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) pouch cell by utilizing a guarded-hot-plate (GHP) method. We minimized edge effects and promoted one-dimensional heat flow by strategically determining the size of the main and guide plates of the GHP device. Calibration experiments resulted in a measurement uncertainty of about 2%. Notably, our measurements showed that the cross-plane thermal conductivity of LFP pouch cell is strongly temperature-dependent, changing from

0.128 \pm 0.005

Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ at 21.7 °C to

0.199 \pm 0.006

Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ at 44 °C (i.e., 55% increase). It is also shown that the thermal conductivity of two LFP pouch cells, despite their identical specifications, display noticeable discrepancies, which is due to their different SOC levels of 79.6% and 87.1%. This research provides a detailed framework for evaluating the cross-plane thermal conductivity of Li-ion batteries, offering critical insights into their thermal behavior at different temperatures and contributing to developing their improved thermal management strategies.

由于锂离子电池的片层结构，其平面间导热系数远低于平面内导热系数。这导致了明显的各向异性，这使得导热系数的精确测量变得复杂，强调了精确温度监测的重要性，以便更好地了解和管理电池内部的热行为。本研究提出了一种利用保护热板（GHP）方法精确测量磷酸铁锂（LFP）袋状电池跨平面导热系数的有效方法。我们通过战略性地确定GHP装置的主板和导板的尺寸来最小化边缘效应并促进一维热流。校准实验的测量不确定度约为2%。值得注意的是，我们的测量表明，LFP袋状电池的平面导热系数与温度密切相关，从21.7°C时的0.128±0.005 Wm−1K−1变化到44°C时的0.199±0.006 Wm−1K−1（即增加55%）。两种LFP袋状电池的热导率虽然规格相同，但由于其SOC含量（79.6%和87.1%）不同而存在显著差异。这项研究为评估锂离子电池的平面导热性提供了一个详细的框架，为不同温度下锂离子电池的热行为提供了重要的见解，并有助于开发改进的热管理策略。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of sidewall rupture on the propensity for thermal runaway propagation in a small lithium-ion battery module 侧壁破裂对小型锂离子电池模块热失控传播倾向的影响

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2024.100162

Elliott Read , Simon Jones , James Marco

Six thermal runaway propagation tests were performed on small modules consisting of seven 21700 lithium-ion cells in a hexagonal configuration with 3 mm spacing between adjacent cells. One cell in the centre of the module was triggered into thermal runaway using an 8 mm diameter nail penetrated through the positive terminal of the cell. For half of the tests, sidewall rupture was initiated in the trigger cell using a 35 mm penetration depth. For the other half of the tests, sidewall rupture was not initiated in the trigger cell using a 10 mm penetration depth. In all tests where the trigger cell experienced sidewall rupture, there was thermal runaway propagation to the remaining six cells in the module; in all tests where the trigger cell did not experience sidewall rupture, there was no thermal runaway propagation to any other cells in the module. These results are explained by the directionality and magnitude of heat transfer for sidewall rupture failures relative to nominal failure. These results highlight the increased propensity for thermal runaway propagation when a sidewall rupture failure occurs in a battery module and emphasise the importance of methods to mitigate this failure in battery systems.

在由七个 21700 锂离子电池组成的小型模块上进行了六次热失控传播测试，这些电池呈六边形配置，相邻电池之间的间距为 3 毫米。使用直径为 8 毫米的钉子穿透电池正极，触发模块中央的一个电池进入热失控状态。在一半的测试中，使用 35 毫米的穿透深度在触发单元中触发侧壁破裂。在另一半测试中，使用 10 毫米的穿透深度，触发电池没有发生侧壁破裂。在触发单元发生侧壁破裂的所有测试中，模块中的其余六个单元都发生了热失控传播；在触发单元没有发生侧壁破裂的所有测试中，模块中的任何其他单元都没有发生热失控传播。侧壁破裂失效的热传递方向和幅度与标称失效相比，可以解释这些结果。这些结果突出表明，当电池模块发生侧壁破裂故障时，热失控传播的倾向性会增加，并强调了在电池系统中采用方法缓解这种故障的重要性。

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引用次数: 0