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A novel method for alleviating numerical stiffness in Li-ion thermal abuse models 一种减轻锂离子热滥用模型数值刚度的新方法
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2023.100123
Jason Ostanek , Mohammad Parhizi , Judith Jeevarajan

Numerical modeling of thermal runaway in Lithium-ion batteries has become a critical tool for designing safer battery systems. Significant progress has been made in developing kinetic mechanisms for decomposition reactions and including additional physics such as venting and combustion. However, the governing heat conduction equation and decomposition reaction equations become numerically stiff during thermal runaway, which limits the utility of thermal abuse models to low-dimensional formulations. The present work introduces a new solution strategy, which switches from the full, 3D transient heat conduction formulation to an adiabatic, 0D lumped body formulation only during the stiff portion of the simulation, i.e., only during thermal runaway. To test the new solver, a 3D thermal abuse model was configured to simulate an oven test of an 18650-format cell. The new solver was exercised for scenarios of varying degrees of stiffness, and the results were compared with a baseline solver using typical integration methods. For an extremely stiff scenario, computation speed was increased by a factor of 183x relative to the baseline solver, with little impact on solution accuracy, thus effectively alleviating the numerical stiffness issue. The new solution strategy addresses the poor scalability of high-dimensional models, such as 3D-CFD-based thermal abuse models, and improves their practicality for industrial use.

锂离子电池热失控的数值模拟已成为设计更安全电池系统的重要工具。在发展分解反应的动力学机制和包括额外的物理,如排气和燃烧方面取得了重大进展。然而,在热失控过程中,控制热传导方程和分解反应方程在数值上变得僵硬,这限制了热滥用模型在低维公式中的应用。本工作引入了一种新的解决策略,该策略仅在模拟的僵硬部分(即仅在热失控期间)从完整的3D瞬态热传导公式转换为绝热的0D集总体公式。为了测试新的求解器,配置了一个3D热滥用模型来模拟18650格式电池的烤箱测试。对不同刚度情况下的新求解器进行了仿真,并与采用典型积分方法的基准求解器进行了比较。对于极刚性场景,计算速度相对于基准求解器提高了183倍,且对求解精度影响很小,有效缓解了数值刚度问题。新的解决方案策略解决了高维模型(如基于3d - cfd的热滥用模型)的可扩展性差的问题,并提高了它们在工业应用中的实用性。
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引用次数: 0
Measurement of liquid water distribution in GDL under cross-flow-inducing parallel flow field using operando synchrotron X-ray radiography 横流诱导平行流场下GDL内液态水分布的operando同步辐射x射线测量
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2023.100119
Takahisa Suzuki , Akihiko Kato , Satoshi Yamaguchi , Yasutaka Nagai , Daisuke Hayashi , Satoru Kato

Baffles in flow field channels for air in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell are known to enhance the performance by inducing convective flow through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) with smaller pressure loss than interdigitated flow fields. This work experimentally correlates performance enhancement with the amount of liquid water in a GDL. A parallel flow field (PFF) that has different inlet and outlet opening sizes is applied to induce cross-flow in the GDL under the rib between adjacent air channels. Operando synchrotron X-ray radiography experiments are conducted to compare the amount of water in the GDL with that for a PFF having the same inlet and outlet sizes. The performance enhancement by application of different opening sizes increases with decreasing relative humidity and increasing air flow rate. A significant performance enhancement is observed when the amount of water in the GDL substrate under the rib becomes almost zero. No performance enhancement is observed under over-humidified conditions, although a decrease in the amount of water in the GDL is still observed, which suggests that the performance becomes insensitive to the difference in the liquid water saturation as the saturation increases.

已知聚合物电解质燃料电池中用于空气的流场通道中的挡板通过诱导对流通过气体扩散层(GDL)来增强性能,该对流具有比叉指状流场更小的压力损失。这项工作通过实验将性能增强与GDL中液态水的量联系起来。应用具有不同入口和出口开口尺寸的平行流场(PFF),以在相邻空气通道之间的肋下的GDL中诱导交叉流动。进行了操作同步加速器X射线照相实验,以比较GDL中的水量与具有相同入口和出口尺寸的PFF中的水量。通过应用不同开口尺寸的性能增强随着相对湿度的降低和空气流速的增加而增加。当肋下的GDL基板中的水量几乎为零时,观察到显著的性能增强。在过度加湿的条件下没有观察到性能增强,尽管仍然观察到GDL中水量的减少,这表明随着饱和度的增加,性能对液态水饱和度的差异变得不敏感。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical simulations of all-solid-state batteries using specific contact area diameters for active materials determined by X-ray computed tomography 使用X射线计算机断层扫描确定的活性材料比接触面积直径的全固态电池的数值模拟
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2023.100120
S. Iwamoto , M. Kodama , K. Yanagi , Y. Haniu , Y. Fujii , N. Masuda , H. Higuchi , Y. Suetsugu , S. Hirai

At present, it would be desirable to improve the C-rate values of bulk-type all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries by optimizing the electrode structures. Although simulations are an effective means of determining optimal structures, a high degree of accuracy is required. The present study demonstrates a pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) method of simulating cathodes providing improved accuracy along with low computational cost and based on actual three-dimensional electrode structures. This method incorporates the volume fraction and tortuosity of the solid electrolyte (SE) and active material (AM), both of which are widely used in conventional simulations, and takes into account the specific contact area diameter (DSCA) of the AM. The latter parameter reflects the extent of AM particle aggregation and is obtained from the analysis of three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography images. The validity of these P2D simulations is confirmed by comparison with experimental results for three electrodes having different SE particle sizes. The experimental result shows that battery capacity is increased with decreases in the SE particle sizes. This effect is not predicted using conventional P2D simulations employing only volume fraction and tortuosity but is reproduced by P2D simulations in which DSCA values are used to model AM particle aggregation and Li diffusion within AM particles.

目前,通过优化电极结构来提高块状全固态锂离子电池的c倍率值是很有希望的。虽然模拟是确定最佳结构的有效手段,但需要高度的精度。本研究展示了一种基于实际三维电极结构的伪二维(P2D)模拟阴极的方法,该方法可以提高精度并降低计算成本。该方法结合了传统模拟中广泛使用的固体电解质(SE)和活性材料(AM)的体积分数和弯曲度,并考虑了AM的比接触面积直径(DSCA)。后一个参数反映了AM粒子聚集的程度,并从三维x射线计算机断层图像的分析中获得。通过与三种不同SE粒径电极的实验结果对比,验证了P2D模拟的有效性。实验结果表明,电池容量随SE粒径的减小而增大。使用仅采用体积分数和弯曲度的传统P2D模拟无法预测这种效应,但通过P2D模拟可以再现这种效应,其中DSCA值用于模拟AM颗粒聚集和Li在AM颗粒内的扩散。
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引用次数: 1
The effect of addition of the redox mediator dimethylphenazine on the oxygen reaction in porous carbon electrodes for Li/O2 batteries 氧化还原介质二甲非那嗪的加入对锂/氧电池多孔碳电极氧反应的影响
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2023.100113
Matthias Augustin , Per Erik Vullum , Fride Vullum-Bruer , Ann Mari Svensson

Secondary Li–O2 batteries are promising due to their potentially high theoretical energy density. However, both the discharge (oxygen reduction reaction, ORR) and the recharge reaction (oxygen evolution reaction, OER) are associated with high irreversible losses, and multiple side reactions, depending on the electrolyte of choice. Addition of redox mediators is currently considered a promising route to combat the challenges of the highly irreversible ORR/OER. In this work, the effect of addition of the redox mediator 5,10-dimethylphenazine (DMPZ) on the capacity and reversibility of the oxygen reaction is investigated in porous carbon electrodes. The electrolytes are based on tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) as solvent, and either Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as salt, or a combination of LiTFSI and LiNO3 salt, alternatively dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent, with LiTFSI salt. The addition of DMPZ results in a significant improvement of the reversibility of the ORR/OER reactions for electrolytes based on LiTFSI in DMSO, and LITFSI + LiNO3 in TEGDME. This is attributed to a depression of the side reactions limiting the recharge reaction in these electrolytes. Post mortem analyses by XRD, SEM, as well as FIB-SEM investigations of cross sections, are used to characterize the products from the side reactions.

二次锂氧电池由于其潜在的高理论能量密度而前景广阔。然而,放电(氧还原反应,ORR)和充电反应(析氧反应,OER)都伴随着高不可逆损失和多种副反应,这取决于所选择的电解质。添加氧化还原介质目前被认为是对抗高度不可逆的ORR/OER挑战的有希望的途径。本文研究了在多孔碳电极中添加氧化还原介质5,10-二甲基吩嗪(DMPZ)对氧反应容量和可逆性的影响。电解质以四乙二醇二甲醚(TEGDME)为溶剂,锂二(三氟甲烷磺酰)亚胺(LiTFSI)为盐,或LiTFSI和LiNO3盐的组合,或二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,与LiTFSI盐。DMPZ的加入显著提高了基于LiTFSI的电解质在DMSO中的ORR/OER反应的可逆性,以及基于LiTFSI + LiNO3的TEGDME中的可逆性。这是由于副反应的抑制限制了这些电解质中的充电反应。采用XRD、SEM和FIB-SEM对反应产物进行了表征。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning for optimal electrode wettability in lithium ion batteries 基于机器学习的锂离子电池电极润湿性优化
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2023.100114
Amina El Malki , Mark Asch , Oier Arcelus , Abbos Shodiev , Jia Yu , Alejandro A. Franco

Electrode wetting is a critical step in the Lithium-Ion Battery manufacturing process. The injection of electrolyte in the electrodes’ porosity requires the application of pressure-vacuum pumping strategies without warranty that the full porosity will be fully occupied with electrolyte at the end of this process step. The electrode wettability strongly depends on the contact angle between the electrolyte and the electrode, the electrode microstructure characterized by its porosity, pore network and tortuosity factor, the electrolyte viscosity and density. Computational fluid dynamics approaches such as the Lattice Boltzmann Method can provide relevant information of the filling process, yet these approaches come with significant computational cost. The use of machine learning techniques can provide surrogate models for the optimization of this multi-parameter process that depends on both chemical and physical properties. Within this context, we propose a general workflow for realizing this objective and provide detailed simulation-based experiments. These physics-informed surrogate models open the path to tractable, rapid solutions of parameter identification and design optimization problems. They also provide a general workflow for applications on other optimal battery material design problems.

电极润湿是锂离子电池制造过程中的关键步骤。在电极孔隙中注入电解质需要采用压力-真空抽吸策略,但不能保证在该工艺步骤结束时,整个孔隙将被电解质完全占据。电极的润湿性在很大程度上取决于电解质与电极之间的接触角、以电极的孔隙度、孔网和弯曲系数为特征的电极微观结构、电解质的粘度和密度。晶格玻尔兹曼方法等计算流体动力学方法可以提供填充过程的相关信息,但这些方法的计算成本很高。机器学习技术的使用可以为这种依赖于化学和物理性质的多参数过程的优化提供替代模型。在此背景下,我们提出了实现这一目标的一般工作流程,并提供了详细的基于模拟的实验。这些物理信息代理模型为参数识别和设计优化问题的易于处理,快速解决方案开辟了道路。它们还为其他最佳电池材料设计问题的应用提供了一个通用的工作流程。
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引用次数: 2
One year operation of an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer utilizing Aemion+® membrane: Minimal degradation, low H2 crossover and high efficiency 使用Aemion+®膜的阴离子交换膜水电解槽运行一年:最小降解、低H2交叉和高效
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2023.100109
Marta Moreno-González , Peter Mardle , Shan Zhu , Bobak Gholamkhass , Scot Jones , Nathan Chen , Benjamin Britton , Steven Holdcroft

Using a highly ion conductive, chemically stable, mechanically robust, reinforced anion exchange membrane (AEM) of nominal thickness 85 μm, we report an AEM water electrolyzer operating for longer than one year at 70 °C with 1 M KOH electrolyte, with H2 crossover below industrial limits. The minimal degradation observed is due to the membrane-electrode-assembly and not due to the membrane, which exhibits negligible change in its ionic conductivity after >1 yr operation. A minimal hydrogen crossover from cathode to anode of <0.4% was also measured for a second cell running for 5000 h (>7 months). This study shows that future research towards zero gap alkaline water electrolyzers should be directed to the development of active and stable catalysts and the formation and integration of stable catalyst layers tailored to AEM water electrolyzers.

我们使用一种标称厚度为85 μm的高离子导电性、化学稳定性、机械强度高的增强阴离子交换膜(AEM),报道了一种AEM水电解槽,在70°C、1 M KOH电解质下运行超过一年,H2交叉低于工业极限。观察到的最小降解是由于膜-电极组装,而不是由于膜,在运行1年后,其离子电导率的变化可以忽略不计。在第二个电池运行5000小时(7个月)时,从阴极到阳极的最小氢交叉量为0.4%。该研究表明,未来零间隙碱性水电解槽的研究方向应是开发活性稳定的催化剂,以及为AEM水电解槽量身定制的稳定催化剂层的形成和集成。
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引用次数: 11
X-ray absorption spectromicroscopy gives access to Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3 (LAGP) local degradation at the anode-electrolyte interface x射线吸收光谱显微镜可以在阳极-电解质界面处获得Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3 (LAGP)的局部降解
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2022.100106
Majid Kazemian , Maya Kiskinova , Benedetto Bozzini

Batteries with inorganic solid-state electrolytes (ISSE) are attracting notable interest for next-generation systems implementing Lithium (Li) metal anodes, in view of achieving higher energy densities combined with superior safety. Notwithstanding extensive research and development work, this technology is not yet ready for industrial implementation, one of the key challenges being the stability of ISSEs, chiefly at the anodic interface. This work attacks this issue for the specific case of the LAGP/Li (Lithium Aluminium Germanium Phosphate/Lithium) interface with a micro-spectroscopic approach centred on post mortem Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) of intact LMO/LAGP/Li thin-film batteries, microfabricated in discharged state. Pristine and cycled cells were mapped to pinpoint morphochemical changes, induced by electrochemical ageing. The evidenced shape changes, corresponding to mechanical damaging of the solid/solid electrodic interfaces correlate with LAGP decomposition at the anode, leading to reduction of Ge, whereas the chemical state at the cathodic interface is preserved. Thanks to its submicron spacial resolution, the STXM at the Ge L-edge and O K-edge spectra allowed to assess the highly localized nature of the chemical transformation of LAGP and its correlation with the formation of Li outgrowth features.

无机固态电解质(ISSE)电池在下一代锂(Li)金属阳极系统中引起了人们的极大兴趣,因为它可以实现更高的能量密度和更高的安全性。尽管进行了大量的研究和开发工作,但该技术尚未为工业应用做好准备,其中一个关键挑战是isse的稳定性,主要是在阳极界面。这项工作针对LAGP/Li(磷酸锂铝锗/锂)界面的具体情况,采用微光谱方法,集中于完整的LMO/LAGP/Li薄膜电池的死后扫描透射x射线显微镜(STXM),在放电状态下进行微加工。原始细胞和循环细胞被定位,以查明由电化学老化引起的形态化学变化。所证实的形状变化,对应于固体/固体电界面的机械损伤,与阳极的LAGP分解相关,导致Ge的减少,而阴极界面的化学状态保持不变。由于其亚微米的空间分辨率,STXM在Ge l边和O k边光谱上可以评估LAGP化学转化的高度局域性及其与Li生长特征形成的相关性。
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引用次数: 1
A calorimetric approach to fast entropy-variations extraction for lithium-ion batteries using optimized galvanostatic intermittent titration technique 基于优化恒流间歇滴定技术的锂离子电池熵变快速提取热法研究
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2022.100097
Abdul Muiz Ahmad, Guillaume Thenaisie, Sang-Gug Lee

A fast entropy-variations (ΔS) extraction method has been proposed based on calorimetry, which determines the heat associated with ΔS by analyzing the electro-thermal response of a battery to a sequence of constant current pulses, i.e., the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The rest times in GITT are reduced by only considering limited relaxation of the ionic concentration gradients inside the battery after the current interruptions while completely ignoring the thermal equilibrium conditions inside the calorimeter. The resulting thermal signal of the battery is analyzed using an algorithm that adopts exponential regression to characterize the generated heat energy corresponding to each current pulse. Additionally, the polarization heat inside the battery is investigated by taking into account the initial presence of the concentration gradients when a current pulse is applied. Thus, the optimized rest times between the successive current pulses can reduce the measurement time manyfold compared to the previously reported methods, which require the battery to reach both electrochemical and thermal equilibriums. This work shows that the ΔS profiles of a 1 Ah NMC811/graphite pouch cell with 2.5% state of charge (SOC) resolution can be extracted at least three times faster than the method with unoptimized rest times, in a highly repeatable manner.

提出了一种基于量热法的快速熵变(ΔS)提取方法,该方法通过分析电池对一系列恒流脉冲的电热响应来确定与ΔS相关的热量,即恒流间歇滴定技术(git)。通过只考虑电流中断后电池内部离子浓度梯度的有限松弛,而完全忽略量热计内部的热平衡条件,可以减少GITT的休息时间。利用指数回归的算法对电池产生的热信号进行分析,以表征每个电流脉冲对应的产生的热能。此外,考虑到电流脉冲时浓度梯度的初始存在,对电池内部的极化热进行了研究。因此,与之前报道的需要电池达到电化学和热平衡的方法相比,连续电流脉冲之间的优化休息时间可以将测量时间减少许多倍。这项工作表明,具有2.5%荷电状态(SOC)分辨率的1 Ah NMC811/石墨袋电池的ΔS轮廓可以比未优化休息时间的方法提取至少快3倍,并且具有高度可重复性。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of reliable resistance values for electrical double-layer capacitors 双层电容器可靠电阻值的测定
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2022.100098
Lukas Köps , Pietro Zaccagnini , Candido Fabrizio Pirri , Andrea Balducci

The power capabilities of supercapacitors are strongly influenced by their passive elements. Within this study, we investigate methods to address resistive components out of galvanostatic measurements and we compared literature methods with the aim to provide a guide to correctly exploit the resistance of supercapacitors. The impact of the sampling conditions of galvanostatic measurements is analyzed and related to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Further, a novel method based on the instantaneous power analysis is provided to get real-time information concerning the actual cell resistance during the measurement without altering the galvanostatic experiment. Measurements show that literature methods can provide values close to the series resistance, while the newly proposed power method results in a good estimate of the actual dissipative value.

超级电容器的功率性能受其无源元件的影响很大。在本研究中,我们研究了解决恒流测量中电阻成分的方法,并比较了文献方法,目的是为正确利用超级电容器的电阻提供指导。分析了恒流测量中采样条件的影响,并将其与电化学阻抗谱联系起来。此外,提出了一种基于瞬时功率分析的新方法,在不改变恒流实验的情况下,在测量过程中获得有关实际电池电阻的实时信息。测量结果表明,文献方法可以提供接近串联电阻的值,而新提出的功率法可以很好地估计实际耗散值。
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引用次数: 0
Acceleration of through-plane water removal in polymer electrolyte fuel cell by channel hydrophilization and electrode perforation 通道亲水性和电极穿孔加速聚合物电解质燃料电池的通平面除水
IF 4.5 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2022.100102
Kosuke Nishida , Yudai Kono , Ryoichi Funaoka , Tatsuki Furukawa

To alleviate water flooding in cathode electrodes of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), it is essential to design the optimum channel/electrode structure for rapid water removal. This study presented a novel hybrid structure with the channel hydrophilization and electrode perforation for accelerating the through-plane water discharge and demonstrated the effect of its structure on the water transports in the cathode channel and gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a working PEFC with optical and X-ray imaging. The results revealed that the hydrophilization of the channel walls encourages the through-plane water suction form the GDL to the channel. Furthermore, the electrode perforation promotes the in-plane water discharge from the fine porous media to the large penetration grooves and holes. The synergistic effect of these two water transports in the hybrid structure effectively alleviates the flooding in the porous layers and enhances the oxygen diffusibility, resulting in significant improvement of the cell performance.

为了缓解聚合物电解质燃料电池(PEFCs)阴极的水淹现象,必须设计最佳的通道/电极结构以实现快速除水。本研究提出了一种具有通道亲水性和电极穿孔的新型混合结构,以加速通过平面的水排放,并通过光学和x射线成像证明了其结构对PEFC阴极通道和气体扩散层(GDL)中的水输送的影响。结果表明,通道壁面的亲水性促进了从GDL到通道的通平面吸水性。此外,电极穿孔促进了细孔介质的平面内水排放到大的渗透槽和孔中。在杂化结构中,这两种水输运的协同作用有效地缓解了多孔层中的水淹现象,增强了氧的扩散性,从而显著提高了电池的性能。
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Power Sources Advances
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