Journal of Power Sources Advances最新文献_第2页

Direct recycling of graphite from spent batteries and production scraps for the development of a circular and sustainable economy 从废电池和生产废料中直接回收石墨，发展循环和可持续经济

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100191

Ane Muguruza-Sánchez , Susan Sananes-Israel , Enrique Moliner , Edgar Contreras , Imanol Landa-Medrano , Verónica Palomares , Iratxe de Meatza

Current lithium-ion battery recycling processes are based on high-temperature calcination (pyrometallurgy) or leaching treatments (hydrometallurgy), requiring huge amounts of energy and producing considerable waste. Direct recycling protocols are based on the reconstruction and regeneration of materials, eliminating the need for further material processing. In this paper, graphite electrodes have been recycled via a direct recycling protocol based on mild leaching with H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ and calcination to eliminate the impurities and regenerate the structure. A Design of Experiments (DOE) has been proposed to determine the leaching conditions that reduce the generated waste and environmental impact, for which a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been carried out. This combination of experimental and analytical methods has been useful to determine the parameters that have the greatest impact on the environment and select the most sustainable leaching condition, which, in this case, has shown a reduction of 36 % in acidification and 14 % in water use. The established recycling route has been validated with graphite anodes from production scraps and cycled cells (End-of-Life condition, EoL, SOH%<80 %), and in both cases, the polymeric compounds used in the electrode slurry preparation have been eliminated and the graphitization degree has been restored. These results show that graphite can be recycled from LIBs to develop a direct recycling route that promotes a sustainable circular economy and diminishes material waste.

目前的锂离子电池回收工艺是基于高温煅烧（火法冶金）或浸出处理（湿法冶金），需要大量的能源和产生相当多的废物。直接回收协议是基于材料的重建和再生，消除了进一步材料处理的需要。本文采用H2SO4和H2O2温和浸出和煅烧的直接回收方案对石墨电极进行回收，以去除杂质并再生结构。提出了一种实验设计（DOE），以确定减少产生的废物和环境影响的浸出条件，并为此进行了生命周期评估（LCA）。这种实验和分析方法的结合对于确定对环境影响最大的参数和选择最可持续的浸出条件非常有用，在这种情况下，酸化减少了36%，用水量减少了14%。利用生产废料和循环电池中的石墨阳极（报废状态，EoL, SOH%< 80%）验证了所建立的回收路线，在这两种情况下，都消除了用于电极浆制备的聚合物化合物，并恢复了石墨化程度。这些结果表明，石墨可以从lib中回收，从而形成一条促进可持续循环经济并减少材料浪费的直接回收路线。

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引用次数: 0

Analyzing material and production costs for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries using process-based cost modeling - CellEst 3.0 使用基于过程的成本模型CellEst 3.0分析锂离子和钠离子电池的材料和生产成本

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100190

Janik Ruppert , Philipp Voß , Lukas Ihlbrock , Jakob Palm , Simon Lux , Jens Leker

In the face of rising demand for efficient and reliable energy storage, this study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries across pouch, prismatic, and cylindrical cell formats. Introducing CellEst 3.0, an open-source, Excel-based model offering detailed insights into material and production costs for various battery chemistries and formats, including post-lithium technologies such as sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Our analysis shows that NMC 811 lithium-ion cells offer the highest energy density but have higher material costs due to expensive cathode active material. In contrast, the affordable LFP cathode active material provides cost advantages over NMC. SIBs, particularly those based on NaNFM 111, are the most cost-effective at $54-$62 per kWh, primarily due to cheaper anode active material and aluminum current collector foils. Prismatic cells are identified as the cost leader, supporting the industry's shift towards this format despite other technological factors. Scenario analysis suggests that SIBs withstand volatile market conditions better due to lower material price dependency. While production cost savings correlate closely with cell energy, cylindrical cells are an exception due to their manufacturing processes. This study underlines the value of detailed cost modeling in battery development and demonstrates the economic potential of sodium-ion batteries in sustainable energy storage.

面对日益增长的高效可靠的能源存储需求，本研究评估了锂离子和钠离子电池在袋状、棱柱状和圆柱形电池格式下的成本效益。介绍CellEst 3.0，这是一个基于excel的开源模型，可以详细了解各种电池化学成分和形式的材料和生产成本，包括钠离子电池（sib）等后锂技术。我们的分析表明，NMC 811锂离子电池提供最高的能量密度，但由于昂贵的正极活性材料，材料成本更高。相比之下，价格合理的LFP阴极活性材料比NMC具有成本优势。sib，特别是基于NaNFM 111的sib，成本效益最高，为每千瓦时54- 62美元，主要是由于更便宜的阳极活性材料和铝集流箔。尽管存在其他技术因素，棱镜电池仍被认为是成本领先的，支持行业向这种形式的转变。情景分析表明，由于材料价格依赖性较低，sib能够更好地承受波动的市场条件。虽然生产成本节约与电池能量密切相关，但由于其制造工艺，圆柱形电池是一个例外。这项研究强调了电池开发中详细成本建模的价值，并展示了钠离子电池在可持续能源存储中的经济潜力。

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引用次数: 0

High-speed synchrotron radiography of nail penetration-induced thermal runaway: Understanding the explosive behavior of commercial sodium-ion batteries with NFM cathode 钉子穿透热失控的高速同步辐射成像：了解含NFM阴极的商用钠离子电池的爆炸行为

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100188

Jonas Pfaff , Sebastian Schopferer , Henning Markötter , Alexander Rack , Giovanni Bruno , Anita Schmidt , Tim Tichter , Nils Böttcher

The dynamics of mechanically initiated thermal runaway (TR) events in cylindrical 18650 cells with NFM (Na(Ni_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂), LFP (LiFePO₄), and NMC532 (LiNi_1/2Mn_1/3Co_1/5O₂) cathode chemistries were investigated using high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. Structural similarity index measures (SSIM) were employed to identify and track rapid structural changes. In this manner, thermal decompositions and internal propagation dynamics, influencing the safety mechanisms of the cells, were studied. This lead to two major findings: (I) Among NFM, LFP, and NMC532 cells, the TR-characteristics differ significantly in temperature and internal propagation speed. Internal safety mechanisms appear, however, visually similar. Among all samples, LFP cells exhibit higher safety performance concerning the initiation of TR by nail penetration and the progression of TR. (II) The NFM cells used in this study displayed an almost explosive TR. This finding appears counterintuitive on a first glance, since sodium-ion batteries are usually considered safe. High-speed imaging revealed that the explosive TR is not necessarily caused by the thermochemical decomposition reactions, but rather by a failure of the venting mechanism. This results in a significant pressure buildup within the cell upon TR initiation and eventually a severely violent TR. These results underline that battery safety depends on many factors and not solely on optimized cell chemistries or materials.

采用高速同步x射线成像技术研究了具有NFM （Na(Ni1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3)O2）、LFP （LiFePO4）和NMC532 （LiNi1/2Mn1/3Co1/5O2）阴极化学反应的圆柱18650电池中机械引发热失控（TR）事件的动力学过程。结构相似指数测量（SSIM）用于识别和跟踪快速的结构变化。通过这种方式，研究了影响细胞安全机制的热分解和内部繁殖动力学。结果表明：(1)NFM、LFP和NMC532细胞的tr -特性在温度和内部繁殖速度上存在显著差异。然而，内部安全机制看起来是相似的。在所有样品中，LFP细胞在指甲穿透引发TR和TR进展方面表现出更高的安全性能。（II）本研究中使用的NFM细胞显示出几乎爆炸性的TR。这一发现乍一看似乎与直觉相反，因为钠离子电池通常被认为是安全的。高速成像显示，爆炸TR不一定是由热化学分解反应引起的，而是由排气机制失效引起的。这将导致电池内部在TR启动时产生巨大的压力，并最终导致严重的TR。这些结果强调，电池的安全性取决于许多因素，而不仅仅取决于优化的电池化学物质或材料。

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引用次数: 0

From mine to manufacturer: Assessing transport impacts in the battery supply chain 从矿山到制造商：评估电池供应链中的运输影响

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100187

Jesper Frost Thomsen , Simon Lux

Behind battery manufacturing lies a global supply chain that spans multiple continents. This study aims to examine the implications of the global battery supply chain from a transport perspective. A supply chain and market analysis serve as the foundation for simulating transportation within the supply chain, offering insights into the impact of transport on emissions and costs associated with battery cell manufacturing in Europe and China across various scenarios. The results indicate that (1) for Chinese and European cells, similar transport impacts are calculated if a final EV production facility in Europe is modelled; (2) transport-related emissions account for up to 5.2% of total supply chain emissions; (3) optimizing the supply chain to target the lowest transport-related emissions can result in savings of over 40% and 50% for transport-related emissions and costs respectively. The findings provide insight into the significance of transportation in designing and analyzing the battery supply chain.

电池制造业的背后是一条跨越多个大洲的全球供应链。本研究旨在从运输角度研究全球电池供应链的影响。供应链和市场分析是模拟供应链运输的基础，为欧洲和中国在各种情况下运输对排放和电池制造相关成本的影响提供见解。结果表明：(1)对于中国和欧洲的电池，如果对欧洲的最终电动汽车生产设施进行建模，则可以计算出相似的运输影响；(2)运输相关排放占供应链总排放量的5.2%；(3)以运输相关排放最低为目标优化供应链，可分别节省40%以上的运输相关排放和50%以上的运输相关成本。这些发现为运输在设计和分析电池供应链中的重要性提供了见解。

引用次数: 0

Ex-ante environmental impact analysis of reactivation methods in the direct recycling of cathode active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries 废旧锂离子电池正极活性材料直接回收再利用方法的事前环境影响分析

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100189

Leonard Kurz , Simon Glöser-Chahoud , Ralf Wörner , Frederik Reichert

Recycling is crucial for resilient value chains for lithium (Li)-ion batteries, as is ecological impact analysis, to ensure the sustainability of battery-recycling technologies. Early ecological assessments lead to greater potential for optimization and easier adaptations for the reduction of environmental impacts. In this study, we present an ex-ante life cycle assessment (LCA) of reactivation strategies for separated cathode active materials from end-of-life Li-ion batteries for direct battery recycling. Reactivation includes impurity removal, compensation for Li deficiency by relithiation, and subsequent recrystallization. In this LCA, we focus on the relithiation process as it is decisive for the variance in the reactivation procedure. Our results show that hydrothermal reactivation is associated with the lowest global warming potential across all cathode chemistries. In terms of the abiotic resource depletion (of elements) and human toxicity, solid-state reactivation has the least impacts, followed by hydrothermal relithiation. To better evaluate the ecological relevance of reactivation, we conducted a life cycle impact assessment for the entire direct recycling process chain using two different separation technologies to recover the end-of-life cathode active material. The first separation process is based on semi-automated disassembly, dismantling, and subsequent waterjet delamination of the active material from the collector foil. In the second process, the battery (modules) is mechanically shredded in an atmosphere of inert gas and subsequently fractionated. This enabled us to identify relithiation as a hotspot in the direct recycling process. On average, relithiation is responsible for 40–43 % of the global warming potential. The early ecological analysis proves to be extremely useful in this context, as the greenhouse potential in the overall process chain of strategy.

回收对于锂离子电池的弹性价值链至关重要，生态影响分析也是如此，以确保电池回收技术的可持续性。早期的生态评估可以带来更大的优化潜力和更容易的适应，以减少环境影响。在这项研究中，我们提出了从报废锂离子电池中分离的正极活性材料用于电池直接回收的事前生命周期评估（LCA）再激活策略。再活化包括杂质去除，再还原补偿缺锂，以及随后的再结晶。在本LCA中，我们将重点关注再激活过程，因为它对再激活过程中的差异具有决定性作用。我们的研究结果表明，在所有阴极化学反应中，热液再活化与最低的全球变暖潜势有关。在非生物资源耗竭（元素）和人体毒性方面，固态活化的影响最小，其次是水热还原。为了更好地评估再激活的生态相关性，我们使用两种不同的分离技术对整个直接回收过程链进行了生命周期影响评估，以回收寿命终止的阴极活性物质。第一个分离过程是基于半自动化的拆卸、拆解和随后的水射流对收集器箔上的活性物质进行分层。在第二个过程中，电池（模块）在惰性气体的气氛中被机械粉碎，随后被分馏。这使我们确定了在直接回收过程中，再生是一个热点。平均而言，气候变化对全球变暖潜势的40 - 43%负有责任。在这种情况下，早期的生态分析被证明是非常有用的，因为温室效应潜力在整个战略过程链中。

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引用次数: 0

Novel dopamine-containing gel polymer electrolytes for Li-organic batteries 有机锂电池用新型含多巴胺凝胶聚合物电解质

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100186

Öykü Simsek , Alessandro Innocenti , Isaac Álvarez Moisés , Philip Zimmer , Ziyuan Lyu , Simon Muench , Jean-François Gohy , Dominic Bresser , Ulrich S. Schubert

We present a new gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on a dopamine-containing comonomer for lithium-organic battery cells. First, several liquid electrolyte solutions composed of an ionic liquid and a lithium salt were prepared and tested in Li-organic cells with poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) as the positive electrode active material to evaluate the compatibility. Among them, ionic liquid electrolyte (ILE) (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIMFSI):lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), 0.8:0.2, mol:mol) was found to lead to the highest specific capacity (63.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 1C). The polymer matrix composed of benzyl methacrylate (BnMA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (mPEGMA), and dopamine methacrylamide (DMAAm) was synthesized by UV-polymerization. A literature-known polymer system without DMAAm was prepared for comparison. Samples from both polymer films were immersed in the ILE to obtain GPEs. It was found that the addition of DMAAm increased the electrolyte uptake significantly. GPEs comprising DMAAm reveal high ionic conductivity (2.3 mS cm⁻¹ at 20 °C) and improved galvanostatic cycling performance in Li//PTMA cells compared to the GPEs without DMAAm.

我们提出了一种基于含多巴胺单体的新型有机锂电池凝胶聚合物电解质（GPE）。首先，制备了几种由离子液体和锂盐组成的液体电解质溶液，并在以聚（2,2,6,6-四甲基-1-胡椒酰氧基-4-甲基丙烯酸酯）（PTMA）为正极活性材料的锂有机电池中进行了测试，以评价其相容性。其中，离子液体电解质（ILE）（1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑双（氟磺酰基）亚胺（EMIMFSI）：锂双（氟磺酰基）亚胺（LiFSI）， 0.8:0.2, mol:mol）的比容量最高（1C时为63.5 mAh g−1）。采用紫外聚合法制备了由甲基丙烯酸苄酯（BnMA）、聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸甲醚（mPEGMA）和多巴胺甲基丙烯酸酰胺（DMAAm）组成的聚合物基体。制备了一种文献已知的不含DMAAm的聚合物体系进行比较。将两种聚合物薄膜的样品浸泡在ILE中以获得GPEs。结果表明，DMAAm的加入显著增加了电解质的摄取。与不含DMAAm的gpe相比，含有DMAAm的gpe在Li//PTMA电池中具有较高的离子电导率（20°C时为2.3 mS cm−1）和更好的恒流循环性能。

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引用次数: 0

Catalyst layer at the junction of a forward bias bipolar membrane for CO2 electrolysis 二氧化碳电解用正向偏压双极膜连接处的催化剂层

IF 4.6 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100185

Matthieu Dessiex , Vincent Plouzennec , Sophia Haussener , Felix N. Büchi

CO₂ reduction in an electrolysis cell with a forward bias bipolar membrane (BPM) ensures good selectivity and CO₂ utilization, but still suffers from large overvoltages. Recent studies have shown that integrating metal-oxide catalysts at the BPM junction in reverse bias significantly enhances the performance of water electrolyzers. It remains unclear if this method has the same positive effect on CO₂ electrolysis. We studied the performance of a specially designed zero-gap BPM CO₂ electrolyzer operating in forward bias mode, incorporating metal-oxide nanoparticles at the BPM interface. For TiO₂ catalyst, the optimal loading at the BPM junction was between 10 and 30 μg cm^-2, resulting in a 75% higher current density for the same iR-free overpotential. Physical characterization using scanning electron microscopy of the catalyst layers revealed that the optimum performance of the CO₂ electrolyzer correlates with a complete coverage. SiO₂ and IrO₂ metal-oxides were also tested at the BPM junction. SiO₂ showed comparable performance to TiO₂, whereas IrO₂ improved the current density by approximately 100% at an iR-free overpotential of 0.7 V compared to the pristine BPM.

采用正向偏置双极膜（BPM）的电解池中CO2的减少确保了良好的选择性和CO2利用率，但仍然受到大过电压的影响。最近的研究表明，在反偏置的BPM结处集成金属氧化物催化剂可以显著提高水电解槽的性能。目前尚不清楚这种方法是否对二氧化碳电解有同样的积极影响。我们研究了一种特殊设计的零间隙BPM CO2电解槽的性能，该电解槽在BPM界面处加入金属氧化物纳米粒子，工作在正偏压模式下。对于TiO2催化剂，在BPM连接处的最佳负载为10 ~ 30 μg cm-2，在相同的无ir过电位下，电流密度提高了75%。利用扫描电子显微镜对催化剂层进行的物理表征表明，CO2电解槽的最佳性能与完全覆盖有关。在BPM连接处也测试了SiO2和IrO2金属氧化物。SiO2表现出与TiO2相当的性能，而IrO2在无ir过电位为0.7 V时，与原始BPM相比，电流密度提高了约100%。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of carbon-binder domain morphology and correlation to effective ion transport properties 碳结合剂结构域形态分析及其与有效离子传输特性的关系

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100183

Mrudula Prasad , Benedikt Prifling , Matthias Neumann , Simon Hein , Rares Scurtu , Alice Hoffmann , André Hilger , Markus Osenberg , Ingo Manke , Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens , Volker Schmidt , Arnulf Latz , Timo Danner

The conductive additive and binder domain (CBD) is an essential component of lithium-ion battery electrodes. It enhances the electrical connectivity and mechanical stability within the solid electrode matrix. The CBD aggregate exhibits inner porosity that significantly impacts ion transport within the electrode. Thus, the spatial distribution of CBD and its morphology play a critical role for ion transport pathways within the electrode. In order to quantify the extent of this influence, we employ high-resolution focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) imaging and isolate regions with just solid CBD and pore. This enables us to quantitatively correlate the CBD morphology with physical transport parameters and present a function that describes the relationship between CBD porosity and its ionic conductivity. Through our work, we provide insights into the CBD microstructure for use in future continuum-scale models.

导电添加剂和粘结剂域（CBD）是锂离子电池电极的重要组成部分。它增强了固体电极基体内的电连通性和机械稳定性。CBD聚集体表现出内部孔隙，显著影响离子在电极内的传输。因此，CBD的空间分布及其形态对电极内离子传输途径起着至关重要的作用。为了量化这种影响的程度，我们采用高分辨率聚焦离子束/扫描电子显微镜（FIB-SEM）成像并分离只有固体CBD和孔隙的区域。这使我们能够定量地将CBD的形态与物理运输参数联系起来，并提出一个描述CBD孔隙率与其离子电导率之间关系的函数。通过我们的工作，我们提供了对CBD微观结构的见解，用于未来的连续尺度模型。

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引用次数: 0

Novel conductive and binding fibers for ultra-thick lithium-ion battery electrodes 用于超厚锂离子电池电极的新型导电和粘结纤维

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100182

Ayaka Yonaga, Shigehiro Kawauchi, Takuro Matsunaga

Using ultra-thick electrodes could be a promising strategy to increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, thickening electrodes leads to higher resistance for electron/ion transportation within the electrodes, resulting in a decrease in capacity and power. In addition, binder migration, which is a problem in the slurry coating process, becomes more pronounced. In this paper, we propose a novel fibrous conductive additive, conductive and binding fibers (CBFs), which are simply fabricated by combining two cost-effective materials—acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride—using electrospinning. We also report techniques to prepare CBF-based electrodes (CBFEs) using a solvent-free dry process. Morphological and electrochemical evaluations of the CBFEs (mass loading: 100 mg cm⁻²) reveal that the unique electrode structure formed by CBFs leads to high battery performance. The continuous efficient conductive networks formed by CBFs prevent electrical isolation of the active material particles. In addition, the CBFs serve as frameworks in electrodes because of their adhesion, forming larger pores (∼1 μm) and enhancing ion transport. Consequently, CBFEs achieve a discharge capacity of 91.9 mA h g_AM⁻¹ at 0.2C—a 1.6-fold improvement over conventional electrodes. The features of CBFs, which combine both conductivity and binding properties, enable the realization of a low-cost and high-performance electrode.

使用超厚电极可能是提高锂离子电池能量密度的一种很有前途的策略。然而，增厚的电极会导致电极内电子/离子传输的更高电阻，从而导致容量和功率的下降。此外，粘结剂迁移，这是一个问题，在浆料涂层过程中，变得更加明显。本文提出了一种新型的纤维导电添加剂——导电结合纤维（CBFs），该纤维是由两种具有成本效益的材料乙炔黑和聚偏氟乙烯静电纺丝合成的。我们还报告了使用无溶剂干燥工艺制备cbf基电极（CBFEs）的技术。对CBFs（质量负载为100 mg cm−2）的形态学和电化学评价表明，CBFs形成的独特电极结构导致了高性能的电池。由CBFs形成的连续高效导电网络防止了活性物质颗粒的电隔离。此外，由于CBFs具有粘附性，因此可以在电极中充当框架，形成更大的孔（~ 1 μm）并增强离子传输。因此，CBFEs在0.2℃下的放电容量为91.9 mA h gAM−1，比传统电极提高了1.6倍。CBFs结合了导电性和结合性的特点，使其能够实现低成本和高性能的电极。

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引用次数: 0

A sustainable delamination approach for simultaneous separation and leaching of cathodes from end-of-life Li ion batteries 从寿命终止的锂离子电池中同时分离和浸出阴极的可持续分层方法

IF 5.4 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources Advances

Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100181

Pietro Cattaneo , Daniele Callegari , Fiorenza D'Aprile , Eliana Quartarone

The increasing demand for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in several applications has led to a substantial rise in their production, posing risks in the supply of critical raw materials (CRM, e.g.: Li, Ni, Co). Additionally, improper disposal of end-of-life batteries can lead to environmental pollution and loss of technological value stressing the necessity for sustainable recycling. Current methods involve shredding batteries into a black mass, further processed via pyrometallurgy (energy-intensive) and/or hydrometallurgy with inorganic acids (environmentally hazardous) to recover CRMs. A more refined approach to LIBs recycling includes the dismantling and the sorting of their components, allowing for a targeted extraction.

The spent cathodes recycling process here presented involves the simultaneous delamination from the current collector and the leaching (>95 %) of the cathode active material (CAM) in a citric acid solution, enabling also the recovery of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and Carbon filler as unleached residues, which can be used as a composite binder for new electrodes manufacturing. Lastly, metals are recovered with high yields (>85 %) as precursors, used to resynthesise fresh CAM and close the recycling loop. To validate the proposed strategy, the recycled CAM was used in a new cathode manufacturing followed by its functional characterization in a half-cell configuration, achieving high coulombic efficiencies (>99.2 %) and satisfying specific capacities upon cycling (initial capacity: 115 mAh g⁻¹).

锂离子电池（lib）在一些应用领域的需求不断增加，导致其产量大幅增加，对关键原材料（CRM，例如：Li， Ni, Co）的供应构成风险。此外，对报废电池的不当处理会导致环境污染和技术价值的丧失，这强调了可持续回收的必要性。目前的方法包括将电池粉碎成黑色块，通过火法冶金（能源密集型）和/或无机酸湿法冶金（对环境有害）进一步处理，以回收crm。一种更精细的lib回收方法包括拆卸和分类其成分，允许有针对性的提取。本文介绍的废阴极回收过程包括从集流器中同时分层和在柠檬酸溶液中浸出阴极活性物质（CAM）（> 95%），还可以回收聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）和碳填料作为未脱出的残留物，它们可以用作制造新电极的复合粘合剂。最后，金属以高收率（> 85%）作为前体回收，用于重新合成新鲜CAM并关闭循环。为了验证所提出的策略，将回收的CAM用于新的阴极制造，然后在半电池配置中对其进行功能表征，获得了高库仑效率（> 99.2%）和循环时满足的特定容量（初始容量：115 mAh g−1）。

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引用次数: 0