Pub Date : 2019-05-30DOI: 10.31907/2617-121x.2019.03.01.2
Wayne W. L. Chan
The legal authorities, particularly the police force, have been increasingly facing challenges given the popularity of social media [1, 2]. However, we know very little about how public perceptions of the police are being shaped by social media. In this context, this study attempted to investigate the impact of social media on young people’s perceptions of the police in Hong Kong. The focus of this study was placed on Facebook since it was one of the most popular social media platforms in the city. Facebook was not only conceptualized as a communication medium but also a social networking arena. In this connection, qualitative individual interviews were conducted to explore the online social networking on Facebook and its relation to the perceptions of police force. It was found that the Facebook users who were more likely to stay closely connected with other users with similar views would tend to form the politicized perception of police force. On the other hand, the Facebook users who were to be networked with some other users or real persons with dissimilar views would hold more neutral perceptions of the police. This study was the first of its kind to investigate the role of online social networking in the perceptions of the police, thus filling an important gap in our knowledge of the increasing impact of social media. Therefore, the results of current study were expected to contribute to society by avoiding the disproportionate public discourse about law and order. Keywords: Social Media, Online Social Networking, Public Perception, Police Force.
{"title":"A Pilot Study on the Impact of Facebook on Perceptions of Police Force","authors":"Wayne W. L. Chan","doi":"10.31907/2617-121x.2019.03.01.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31907/2617-121x.2019.03.01.2","url":null,"abstract":"The legal authorities, particularly the police force, have been increasingly facing challenges given the popularity of social media [1, 2]. However, we know very little about how public perceptions of the police are being shaped by social media. In this context, this study attempted to investigate the impact of social media on young people’s perceptions of the police in Hong Kong. The focus of this study was placed on Facebook since it was one of the most popular social media platforms in the city. Facebook was not only conceptualized as a communication medium but also a social networking arena. In this connection, qualitative individual interviews were conducted to explore the online social networking on Facebook and its relation to the perceptions of police force. It was found that the Facebook users who were more likely to stay closely connected with other users with similar views would tend to form the politicized perception of police force. On the other hand, the Facebook users who were to be networked with some other users or real persons with dissimilar views would hold more neutral perceptions of the police. This study was the first of its kind to investigate the role of online social networking in the perceptions of the police, thus filling an important gap in our knowledge of the increasing impact of social media. Therefore, the results of current study were expected to contribute to society by avoiding the disproportionate public discourse about law and order. Keywords: Social Media, Online Social Networking, Public Perception, Police Force.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90086868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposed a definition of perceived crisis severity and created a valid and reliable scale to measure the construct following Churchill’s scale development procedure. The proposed scale, after rigorous pilot testing and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, contains 3 factors with 12 items. This study discusses potential applications of the developed measures and provides future research directions.
{"title":"A Measure of Perceived Severity in Organizational Crises: A Multidimensional Scale Development and Validation","authors":"Ziyuan Zhou, Eyun‐Jung Ki, Kenon A. Brown","doi":"10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposed a definition of perceived crisis severity and created a valid and reliable scale to measure the construct following Churchill’s scale development procedure. The proposed scale, after rigorous pilot testing and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, contains 3 factors with 12 items. This study discusses potential applications of the developed measures and provides future research directions.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47005847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hoaxes have long been a reputational threat to organizations. For example, false claims that syringes had been found in bottles of Pepsi-Cola products, that a portion of a fi nger had been found in Wendy’s chili, and that Domino’s employees had intentionally served contaminated food to customers have topped the media’s agenda. More recently, the hoax phenomenon has been tactically reversed. Heavily trafficked Internet sites and controversial television personalities frequently argue that well-documented crises themselves are hoaxes. The potential for claims of crisis as hoax to disrupt the discourse of crisis renewal is examined through an analysis of three cases. We argue that overcoming such disruptions requires corporate social responsibility, a focus on the issues rather than the hoaxers, and continued eff orts to improve media literacy for all audiences.
{"title":"From Hoax as Crisis to Crisis as Hoax: Fake News and Information Disorder as Disruptions to the Discourse of Renewal","authors":"T. Sellnow, Adam Parrish, Lauren Semenas","doi":"10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Hoaxes have long been a reputational threat to organizations. For example, false claims that syringes had been found in bottles of Pepsi-Cola products, that a portion of a fi nger had been found in Wendy’s chili, and that Domino’s employees had intentionally served contaminated food to customers have topped the media’s agenda. More recently, the hoax phenomenon has been tactically reversed. Heavily trafficked Internet sites and controversial television personalities frequently argue that well-documented crises themselves are hoaxes. The potential for claims of crisis as hoax to disrupt the discourse of crisis renewal is examined through an analysis of three cases. We argue that overcoming such disruptions requires corporate social responsibility, a focus on the issues rather than the hoaxers, and continued eff orts to improve media literacy for all audiences.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43909886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As Zika emerged as a major global health threat, public information officers (PIOs) at local public health departments across the United States prepared for outbreaks of the virus amid great uncertainty. Using the crisis and risk emergency communication (CERC) model to inform this study, PIOs (n = 226) at public health departments were surveyed to assess how community size, perceived control over health agenda, and other considerations such as resources and federal influences affected their satisfaction with Zika preparedness in their departments. These contextual, indirect factors may moderate planning efforts for Zika and other health emergencies and thus should be considered in crisis management and planning models such as CERC.
{"title":"The Effects of Community Size, Control Over Agenda, and Contextual Variables on Zika Virus Preparation of Public Information Officers at Local Public Health Departments","authors":"Elizabeth Avery","doi":"10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"As Zika emerged as a major global health threat, public information officers (PIOs) at local public health departments across the United States prepared for outbreaks of the virus amid great uncertainty. Using the crisis and risk emergency communication (CERC) model to inform this study, PIOs (n = 226) at public health departments were surveyed to assess how community size, perceived control over health agenda, and other considerations such as resources and federal influences affected their satisfaction with Zika preparedness in their departments. These contextual, indirect factors may moderate planning efforts for Zika and other health emergencies and thus should be considered in crisis management and planning models such as CERC.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41305558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk and crisis communication are growing areas of scholarship ripe for multidisciplinary contributions. In this essay, the Volume 2 editor reflects on the primary purpose of the Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research and the areas of scholarship the journal promotes. The editor offers advice for researchers and professionals interested in publishing in the journal. Additionally, the editor calls for the community to continue to submit their best research and to support the development of the next generation of risk and crisis communication scholars.
{"title":"Editor's Essay: The Critical Need for Crisis and Risk Communication Research","authors":"B. Liu","doi":"10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Risk and crisis communication are growing areas of scholarship ripe for multidisciplinary contributions. In this essay, the Volume 2 editor reflects on the primary purpose of the Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research and the areas of scholarship the journal promotes. The editor offers advice for researchers and professionals interested in publishing in the journal. Additionally, the editor calls for the community to continue to submit their best research and to support the development of the next generation of risk and crisis communication scholars.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41312665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Novak, Ashleigh M. Day, P. Sopory, Lee Wilkins, D. Padgett, Stine Eckert, J. Noyes, T. Allen, Nyka Alexander, Marsha L. Vanderford, G. Gamhewage
The World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned systematic reviews to assist with the development of new emergency risk communication guidelines that will impact responses and distribution of resources at all levels. This mixed-method evidence synthesis, guided by Cochrane principles and methods, examined the extant research in countries throughout the world, published from 2003 to 2016, related to the best practices to engage communities in preparing for and responding to emergency events with public health implications. Although few studies directly examined which strategies or tactics effectively engage public participation, many studies reinforced the importance of community participation. The findings support the perspective that emergency events are communicatively understood by all publics and that they benefit from emergency risk communication before, during, and after such events, especially when grounded in local contexts. Although the importance of local context limits the generalizability of risk communication, it is important to continue studying strategies and tactics to cultivate participation among all stakeholders.
{"title":"Engaging Communities in Emergency Risk and Crisis Communication: Mixed-Method Systematic Review and Evidence Synthesis","authors":"J. Novak, Ashleigh M. Day, P. Sopory, Lee Wilkins, D. Padgett, Stine Eckert, J. Noyes, T. Allen, Nyka Alexander, Marsha L. Vanderford, G. Gamhewage","doi":"10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned systematic reviews to assist with the development of new emergency risk communication guidelines that will impact responses and distribution of resources at all levels. This mixed-method evidence synthesis, guided by Cochrane principles and methods, examined the extant research in countries throughout the world, published from 2003 to 2016, related to the best practices to engage communities in preparing for and responding to emergency events with public health implications. Although few studies directly examined which strategies or tactics effectively engage public participation, many studies reinforced the importance of community participation. The findings support the perspective that emergency events are communicatively understood by all publics and that they benefit from emergency risk communication before, during, and after such events, especially when grounded in local contexts. Although the importance of local context limits the generalizability of risk communication, it is important to continue studying strategies and tactics to cultivate participation among all stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47062419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study first refines the conceptual framework of publics’ communicative behavior in social mediated health crises. Then two multiple-item scales for measuring publics’ health crisis information seeking and sharing (CISS) are developed and tested by employing online survey data sets from a random national sample of 279 adults and 280 adults in the United States, respectively. Results indicate seven types of crisis information seeking behavior and 17 types of crisis information sharing behavior crossing over platforms, channels, and information sources. The CISS scales provide a valid and reliable tool for crisis communication researchers and practitioners to measure publics’ information seeking and sharing activities in social-mediated public health crisis communication.
{"title":"Crisis Information Seeking and Sharing (CISS): Scale Development for Measuring Publics’ Communicative Behavior in Social-Mediated Public Health Crises","authors":"Yin-I Lee, Yan Jin","doi":"10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30658/JICRCR.2.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study first refines the conceptual framework of publics’ communicative behavior in social mediated health crises. Then two multiple-item scales for measuring publics’ health crisis information seeking and sharing (CISS) are developed and tested by employing online survey data sets from a random national sample of 279 adults and 280 adults in the United States, respectively. Results indicate seven types of crisis information seeking behavior and 17 types of crisis information sharing behavior crossing over platforms, channels, and information sources. The CISS scales provide a valid and reliable tool for crisis communication researchers and practitioners to measure publics’ information seeking and sharing activities in social-mediated public health crisis communication.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48038207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The peer review process can be challenging. In this essay, the journal’s editor and editorial assistant present a summary of reviewers’ comments to authors from the past year. In presenting themes across 79 reviews, this essay arms authors with knowledge about reviewers’ expectations for manuscripts submitted to the journal. A secondary aim of this essay is to encourage reviewers to continue providing supportive and helpful feedback. As the journal heads into its third year of publishing, we are well on our way to creating the fi rst home for high-quality risk and crisis communication research from around the globe.
{"title":"What Do Reviewers Want? Reflections on Editing the Journal for the Past Year","authors":"B. Liu, S. Stanley","doi":"10.30658/jicrcr.2.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.2.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"The peer review process can be challenging. In this essay, the journal’s editor and editorial assistant present a summary of reviewers’ comments to authors from the past year. In presenting themes across 79 reviews, this essay arms authors with knowledge about reviewers’ expectations for manuscripts submitted to the journal. A secondary aim of this essay is to encourage reviewers to continue providing supportive and helpful feedback. As the journal heads into its third year of publishing, we are well on our way to creating the fi rst home for high-quality risk and crisis communication research from around the globe.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69533722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Petridou, Erna Danielsson, A. Olofsson, Minna Lundgren, C. Große
How do European Union (EU) member states communicate risks to their citizens? In this study, we define risk communication as the information provided by different levels of government to citizens regarding possible future crises to which the general public might be subjected. We seek to answer the following questions: Are there any patterns in the risk communication strategies among EU member states in terms of the sender of information, the message conveyed, the method used, and the intended audience? Finally, to what extent is the state involved in ensuring the safety of its citizens? To tackle these questions, we examine the risk communication strategy of eight countries: Sweden, Finland, Germany, England, France, Estonia, Greece, and Cyprus. Our data consist of governmental web sites, publications, campaigns, and other modes of communication, such as videos posted on YouTube, with questions centering on institutional actors, methods of delivery, content, and effectiveness. We find that the institutional architecture of risk communication aligns with the broad administrative system of each member state. Countries tend to focus on risks that are specific to their context, with Sweden and, to a lesser extent, Germany having a special focus on consequences and providing guidelines to the public on how to survive for a certain period of time in the absence of the state. Especially in Sweden, though the state is a salient actor in risk communication through the dissemination of information at the agency level, the state retreats while urging the resilient citizen to take control of his or her own crisis management.
{"title":"If Crisis or War Comes: A Study of Risk Communication of Eight European Union Member States","authors":"E. Petridou, Erna Danielsson, A. Olofsson, Minna Lundgren, C. Große","doi":"10.30658/jicrcr.2.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.2.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"How do European Union (EU) member states communicate risks to their citizens? In this study, we define risk communication as the information provided by different levels of government to citizens regarding possible future crises to which the general public might be subjected. We seek to answer the following questions: Are there any patterns in the risk communication strategies among EU member states in terms of the sender of information, the message conveyed, the method used, and the intended audience? Finally, to what extent is the state involved in ensuring the safety of its citizens? To tackle these questions, we examine the risk communication strategy of eight countries: Sweden, Finland, Germany, England, France, Estonia, Greece, and Cyprus. Our data consist of governmental web sites, publications, campaigns, and other modes of communication, such as videos posted on YouTube, with questions centering on institutional actors, methods of delivery, content, and effectiveness. We find that the institutional architecture of risk communication aligns with the broad administrative system of each member state. Countries tend to focus on risks that are specific to their context, with Sweden and, to a lesser extent, Germany having a special focus on consequences and providing guidelines to the public on how to survive for a certain period of time in the absence of the state. Especially in Sweden, though the state is a salient actor in risk communication through the dissemination of information at the agency level, the state retreats while urging the resilient citizen to take control of his or her own crisis management.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69533623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.31907/2617-121x.2019.03.01.1
Geumchan Hwang
The purpose of the study was to examine how sport fans differently perceive on-field scandals and off-field scandals. To examine sport fans’ perceptions toward four types of on-field scandals (doping, match-fixing, embezzlement, and misuse of inside information) and four types of off-field scandals (sexual misconduct, violence/criminal charge, alcoholism/drug abuse, and illegal gambling), 128 samples were collected from sport management students in Midwest areas in the United States using online survey. The results of the study revealed participants perceived violence/criminal charge and sexual misconduct as the most deteriorate scandals. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the fan perceptions toward on-field scandals and off-field scandals. Finally, there was a significant mean difference of fan perceptions toward scandals between on-field scandals and off-field scandals. That is, fans’ negative perceptions toward on-field scandals were higher than those of off-field scandals. This study contributes to understanding how sport fans negatively perceive sport celebrity scandals and why sport organizations should consider developing an effective communication strategy. Keywords: Crisis, scandals, fan perception, on-field, off-field.
{"title":"Crisis in Sport: A Sport Fan’s Perception Toward Sport Celebrity Scandals","authors":"Geumchan Hwang","doi":"10.31907/2617-121x.2019.03.01.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31907/2617-121x.2019.03.01.1","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to examine how sport fans differently perceive on-field scandals and off-field scandals. To examine sport fans’ perceptions toward four types of on-field scandals (doping, match-fixing, embezzlement, and misuse of inside information) and four types of off-field scandals (sexual misconduct, violence/criminal charge, alcoholism/drug abuse, and illegal gambling), 128 samples were collected from sport management students in Midwest areas in the United States using online survey. The results of the study revealed participants perceived violence/criminal charge and sexual misconduct as the most deteriorate scandals. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the fan perceptions toward on-field scandals and off-field scandals. Finally, there was a significant mean difference of fan perceptions toward scandals between on-field scandals and off-field scandals. That is, fans’ negative perceptions toward on-field scandals were higher than those of off-field scandals. This study contributes to understanding how sport fans negatively perceive sport celebrity scandals and why sport organizations should consider developing an effective communication strategy. Keywords: Crisis, scandals, fan perception, on-field, off-field.","PeriodicalId":34327,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78331007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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