Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362392
Nada Elloumi, A. Masmoudi, M. Bortolozzi, A. Tessarolo
The paper is aimed at an analytical prediction of the air gap flux density distribution of a spoke type interior permanent magnet machine, based on its magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) incorporating the rotor position. The study is initiated by an elaboration of the machine MEC in two particular rotor positions corresponding to the maximum and null magnetic coupling between the stator and rotor which enable the prediction of the direct and quadrature components of the air gap flux density, respectively. The decomposition of the armature magnetic reaction into direct and quadrature components enables the generalization of the prediction of the air gap flux density waveform for any rotor position. The accuracy of the proposed approach is improved taking into account the stator and rotor slotting effects that are analytically incorporated considering complex permeance functions.
{"title":"MEC-based prediction of the air gap flux density distribution of spoke-type IPM machines","authors":"Nada Elloumi, A. Masmoudi, M. Bortolozzi, A. Tessarolo","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362392","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is aimed at an analytical prediction of the air gap flux density distribution of a spoke type interior permanent magnet machine, based on its magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) incorporating the rotor position. The study is initiated by an elaboration of the machine MEC in two particular rotor positions corresponding to the maximum and null magnetic coupling between the stator and rotor which enable the prediction of the direct and quadrature components of the air gap flux density, respectively. The decomposition of the armature magnetic reaction into direct and quadrature components enables the generalization of the prediction of the air gap flux density waveform for any rotor position. The accuracy of the proposed approach is improved taking into account the stator and rotor slotting effects that are analytically incorporated considering complex permeance functions.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"234 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121087893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362377
Taha Lahlou, I. Bolvashenkov, H. Herzog, A. Viatkin
This paper presents a comparative reliability analysis of two three-phase modular inverter topologies, one of which was introduced recently. The objective of the work is to demonstrate the relative prospective reliabilities of compared power electronic architectures. The reliability of the multilevel inverters is analyzed at system level, firstly, by calculating failure rate for each component, in accordance with part-count method used in MIL-HDBK-217F and secondly, by examining the failure behavior of the converters under different fault modes simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. The latter has revealed a potential reliability advantage of newer multilevel inverter structure, for a given number of levels to be generated and amount of energy to be converted.
{"title":"Comparative reliability analysis of a three phase five level cascaded H-bridge and H-bridge with level doubling network inverter topologies","authors":"Taha Lahlou, I. Bolvashenkov, H. Herzog, A. Viatkin","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362377","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comparative reliability analysis of two three-phase modular inverter topologies, one of which was introduced recently. The objective of the work is to demonstrate the relative prospective reliabilities of compared power electronic architectures. The reliability of the multilevel inverters is analyzed at system level, firstly, by calculating failure rate for each component, in accordance with part-count method used in MIL-HDBK-217F and secondly, by examining the failure behavior of the converters under different fault modes simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. The latter has revealed a potential reliability advantage of newer multilevel inverter structure, for a given number of levels to be generated and amount of energy to be converted.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130617484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362366
Oliver Deisser, Gerhard Kopp, A. Fridrich, J. Neubeck
By the electrification of the drive train, new degrees of freedom also result for the design of new suspension concepts. Especially through the combination of mechanical and electrical components, potentials for future mobility can be raised. These new opportunities offer the potential for electric lightweight suspensions, include integrating drive units into the chassis, creating space through new packaging variations, reducing unsprung mass and incorporating individual wheel drives to apply new driving strategies. However, the processes, methods and process models involved in the development of electric vehicles, drive trains and chassis must be systematically supplemented during the development and applied in the product development process. A possible development approach, which ranges from concept development through optimization of vehicle dynamics and mechanical design to the prototype validation of a concept, was developed within the framework of the project “Lightweight, Energy-efficient Integrative Chassis with Hub-motor Technology” [1, 2, 3, 4]. In particular, the paper presents the development process, the software tools used to develop the mechatronic suspension concept and the prototypical realization and detailing.
{"title":"Development and realization of an in-wheel suspension concept with an integrated electric drive","authors":"Oliver Deisser, Gerhard Kopp, A. Fridrich, J. Neubeck","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362366","url":null,"abstract":"By the electrification of the drive train, new degrees of freedom also result for the design of new suspension concepts. Especially through the combination of mechanical and electrical components, potentials for future mobility can be raised. These new opportunities offer the potential for electric lightweight suspensions, include integrating drive units into the chassis, creating space through new packaging variations, reducing unsprung mass and incorporating individual wheel drives to apply new driving strategies. However, the processes, methods and process models involved in the development of electric vehicles, drive trains and chassis must be systematically supplemented during the development and applied in the product development process. A possible development approach, which ranges from concept development through optimization of vehicle dynamics and mechanical design to the prototype validation of a concept, was developed within the framework of the project “Lightweight, Energy-efficient Integrative Chassis with Hub-motor Technology” [1, 2, 3, 4]. In particular, the paper presents the development process, the software tools used to develop the mechatronic suspension concept and the prototypical realization and detailing.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133401645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362365
Gerd Spinner, Frank Dahinten, Sebastian Dauscher, Stefan Munz
Increasing demands to fulfil future emissions legislation in the passenger car sector needs a continuous increase of efficiency of the internal combustion engine. Also a cut in raw emissions is a major challenge. An important step toward local emission free vehicles are hybrid vehicles with many variants of the degree of electrification. BorgWarner takes this challenge by continuously adapting the product portfolio in regards to mechatronic and pure electrical products.
{"title":"Electrified boosting systems in today's and future automotive applications","authors":"Gerd Spinner, Frank Dahinten, Sebastian Dauscher, Stefan Munz","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362365","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing demands to fulfil future emissions legislation in the passenger car sector needs a continuous increase of efficiency of the internal combustion engine. Also a cut in raw emissions is a major challenge. An important step toward local emission free vehicles are hybrid vehicles with many variants of the degree of electrification. BorgWarner takes this challenge by continuously adapting the product portfolio in regards to mechatronic and pure electrical products.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"2 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113965645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362400
Sengthavy Phommixay, M. Doumbia, D. St-Pierre
This paper presents an optimal power sharing for a hybrid energy system (HES), which is composed of a wind turbine (WT), a pump-hydro turbine, and a diesel unit (DU). The water storage reservoir is indispensable to ensure the reliability and to improve the system's overall efficiency. The aim of this study is to find the lowest operating cost of generation sources by taking into account the startup/shutdown cost, the maintenance cost, and the fuel cost. As wind and water are the sources of free energy, the maximum use of available energy from WT and hydro turbine (HT) is necessary. The DU is decided to be ON/OFF based on binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) to minimize the fuel consumption and to improve the energy reliability. In order to compare the cost-effectiveness, the simulation stage has been conducted for three scenarios of DU operation during 24h. In the first scenario, the DU is continuously operated at its maximum efficiency point, without using an optimization technique, if the power produced by a WT and HT is unmet the load demand. The second scenario deals with employing the DU with its optimal power determined by particle swarm optimization (PSO). The third scenario demonstrates how the DU is controlled to be ON/OFF using BPSO, by considering technical and economic constraints. The simulation results clearly indicate the appropriateness of the proposed method for achieving the best operation of the DU.
{"title":"Optimal economic operation strategy of wind turbine-diesel unit with pumped hydro energy storage","authors":"Sengthavy Phommixay, M. Doumbia, D. St-Pierre","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362400","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an optimal power sharing for a hybrid energy system (HES), which is composed of a wind turbine (WT), a pump-hydro turbine, and a diesel unit (DU). The water storage reservoir is indispensable to ensure the reliability and to improve the system's overall efficiency. The aim of this study is to find the lowest operating cost of generation sources by taking into account the startup/shutdown cost, the maintenance cost, and the fuel cost. As wind and water are the sources of free energy, the maximum use of available energy from WT and hydro turbine (HT) is necessary. The DU is decided to be ON/OFF based on binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) to minimize the fuel consumption and to improve the energy reliability. In order to compare the cost-effectiveness, the simulation stage has been conducted for three scenarios of DU operation during 24h. In the first scenario, the DU is continuously operated at its maximum efficiency point, without using an optimization technique, if the power produced by a WT and HT is unmet the load demand. The second scenario deals with employing the DU with its optimal power determined by particle swarm optimization (PSO). The third scenario demonstrates how the DU is controlled to be ON/OFF using BPSO, by considering technical and economic constraints. The simulation results clearly indicate the appropriateness of the proposed method for achieving the best operation of the DU.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133095301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362408
Giovanni De Nunzio, A. Sciarretta, A. Steiner, Alexander Mladek
One of the biggest barriers towards large scale adoption of electric and plug-in hybrid cars is still range limitation due to limited storage capacity of electric batteries. The air conditioning system for passenger comfort and the thermal conditioning system (battery and powertrain) are critical auxiliary consumers in electric vehicles with respect to energy consumption. Therefore, the Horizon 2020 project “OPTEMUS” proposes to tackle this bottleneck by leveraging heat pump technology and a holistic thermal system optimization approach. This paper presents the optimization strategy used for energy-efficient cabin conditioning in cold weather condition and simulation results of the air conditioning system including a heat pump. This system is capable of using the ambient air or a preconditioned battery as heat source, thus significantly reducing overall energy consumption.
{"title":"Thermal management optimization of a heat-pump-based HVAC system for cabin conditioning in electric vehicles","authors":"Giovanni De Nunzio, A. Sciarretta, A. Steiner, Alexander Mladek","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362408","url":null,"abstract":"One of the biggest barriers towards large scale adoption of electric and plug-in hybrid cars is still range limitation due to limited storage capacity of electric batteries. The air conditioning system for passenger comfort and the thermal conditioning system (battery and powertrain) are critical auxiliary consumers in electric vehicles with respect to energy consumption. Therefore, the Horizon 2020 project “OPTEMUS” proposes to tackle this bottleneck by leveraging heat pump technology and a holistic thermal system optimization approach. This paper presents the optimization strategy used for energy-efficient cabin conditioning in cold weather condition and simulation results of the air conditioning system including a heat pump. This system is capable of using the ambient air or a preconditioned battery as heat source, thus significantly reducing overall energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122100851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362376
B. Bouzidi, R. Mars, B. E. Badsi
This paper proposes a novel Bus-Clamping DTC strategy (BC-DTC strategy) dedicated to two-level three-phase inverter fed induction motor (IM) drives. This strategy consists in the synthesis of the vector selection table, suitably arranged considering the 60-Degree (60°) bus-clamping technique. Different from other 60-Degree Bus-Clamping based DTC (60° BC-DTC) strategies, the approach adopted in the selection of the clamped phase of the proposed strategy depends on the revolving reference stator current vector Is instead of the stator flux vector Φs. A comparison study between the classical DTC strategy and the proposed BC-DTC one is achieved. Simulation results have proven that the proposed BC-DTC strategy exhibits better performance during both transient and steady-state operations than the first one. Therefore, a reduction of the electromagnetic torque ripple amplitudes is gained. Extending the comparison to the converter operation, and through various comparison criteria, we have found that the considered 60° BC-DTC strategy offers the lowest average commutation frequency and the lowest average switching losses and the highest quality factor.
{"title":"Performance analysis of an advanced bus-clamping DTC strategy for IM drives","authors":"B. Bouzidi, R. Mars, B. E. Badsi","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362376","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel Bus-Clamping DTC strategy (BC-DTC strategy) dedicated to two-level three-phase inverter fed induction motor (IM) drives. This strategy consists in the synthesis of the vector selection table, suitably arranged considering the 60-Degree (60°) bus-clamping technique. Different from other 60-Degree Bus-Clamping based DTC (60° BC-DTC) strategies, the approach adopted in the selection of the clamped phase of the proposed strategy depends on the revolving reference stator current vector Is instead of the stator flux vector Φs. A comparison study between the classical DTC strategy and the proposed BC-DTC one is achieved. Simulation results have proven that the proposed BC-DTC strategy exhibits better performance during both transient and steady-state operations than the first one. Therefore, a reduction of the electromagnetic torque ripple amplitudes is gained. Extending the comparison to the converter operation, and through various comparison criteria, we have found that the considered 60° BC-DTC strategy offers the lowest average commutation frequency and the lowest average switching losses and the highest quality factor.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125831679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362358
S. Kohler, B. Wagner
A method for the control of the excitation current of an externally excited synchronous machine supplied by an inductive energy transfer system is presented. The input-output linearization and the trajectory planning enable an exact match of planned and real signals in the absence of disturbances.
{"title":"Control of the excitation current of an externally excited synchronous machine supplied by an inductive energy transfer system","authors":"S. Kohler, B. Wagner","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362358","url":null,"abstract":"A method for the control of the excitation current of an externally excited synchronous machine supplied by an inductive energy transfer system is presented. The input-output linearization and the trajectory planning enable an exact match of planned and real signals in the absence of disturbances.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121768630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362404
J. S. Artal-Sevil, R. Dufo, J. Dominguez, J. Bernal-Agustín
This paper presents the implementation and validation of a small wind turbine model. The document has studied the feasibility of using small electrical machines (e.g. automotive alternator, induction motors of domestic applications or electrical motors of some industrial application) as low cost generator for small wind turbine; their transformation in permanent magnet synchronous generator PMSG is not difficult. Claw pole automotive alternators can provide low cost alternative to permanent magnet generators for small wind turbine application. The analysis was performed using FEMM-2D simulation software, which is based on finite element method. Similarly a control system of a wind turbine has been proposed. Small wind power systems are very attractive to support the energy demand for rural areas or developing countries where the electrical microgrid infrastructure is limited. The objective is the integration of hybrid energy conversion systems (wind and hydro turbines) in microgrids and development of small standalone systems in rural environment. Autonomous systems in agricultural and livestock environments can also be considered.
{"title":"Small wind turbines in smart grids. Transformation of electrical machines in permanent magnet synchronous generators","authors":"J. S. Artal-Sevil, R. Dufo, J. Dominguez, J. Bernal-Agustín","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362404","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the implementation and validation of a small wind turbine model. The document has studied the feasibility of using small electrical machines (e.g. automotive alternator, induction motors of domestic applications or electrical motors of some industrial application) as low cost generator for small wind turbine; their transformation in permanent magnet synchronous generator PMSG is not difficult. Claw pole automotive alternators can provide low cost alternative to permanent magnet generators for small wind turbine application. The analysis was performed using FEMM-2D simulation software, which is based on finite element method. Similarly a control system of a wind turbine has been proposed. Small wind power systems are very attractive to support the energy demand for rural areas or developing countries where the electrical microgrid infrastructure is limited. The objective is the integration of hybrid energy conversion systems (wind and hydro turbines) in microgrids and development of small standalone systems in rural environment. Autonomous systems in agricultural and livestock environments can also be considered.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124759846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362411
Abdoulaye Koita, A. Payman, M. Camara, B. Dakyo, D. Hissel
Energy storage is necessary to ensure the quality and stability of the electricity grid and the availability of energy when solar or wind renewable energy generation farms are integrated. But, their implementation leads to difficult technical and economic choices for electrical engineering, because a multidisciplinary approach is required. This paper presents a study of the issue of specific energy storage for an offshore wind farm. The study is focused on the potentials of the hydrogen vector which can be used to increase energy services that an offshore wind farm can provide.
{"title":"Hydrogen vector in the exploitation of a wind farm","authors":"Abdoulaye Koita, A. Payman, M. Camara, B. Dakyo, D. Hissel","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2018.8362411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362411","url":null,"abstract":"Energy storage is necessary to ensure the quality and stability of the electricity grid and the availability of energy when solar or wind renewable energy generation farms are integrated. But, their implementation leads to difficult technical and economic choices for electrical engineering, because a multidisciplinary approach is required. This paper presents a study of the issue of specific energy storage for an offshore wind farm. The study is focused on the potentials of the hydrogen vector which can be used to increase energy services that an offshore wind farm can provide.","PeriodicalId":344175,"journal":{"name":"2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129523247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：