Elham Kazemirad, Hossien Reisi Nafchi, A. Latifi, R. Raoofian, M. Mohebali, H. Hajjaran
Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenberg, Gothenberg, Sweden; Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research center for Zoonoses, Parasitic and Microbial Diseases, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
{"title":"Comparison of Cysteine Protease B Gene Expression between Clinical Isolates of Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum","authors":"Elham Kazemirad, Hossien Reisi Nafchi, A. Latifi, R. Raoofian, M. Mohebali, H. Hajjaran","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.3.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.3.72","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenberg, Gothenberg, Sweden; Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research center for Zoonoses, Parasitic and Microbial Diseases, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86356234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
*Correspondence Email: hanjanif@yahoo.com Tel: +98 71 32319049 Fax: +98 71 32319049 A 79-year-old male presented with an ulcerated lesion on the glans penis. Histopathological evaluation of the biopsy from the lesion revealed the presence of Leishmania amastigotes and confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The patient was treated with several sessions of cryotherapy; the lesion healed and left no scar.
{"title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis on the Glans Penis: A Case Report","authors":"F. Handjani, K. Taghipour, A. Miri","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.3.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.3.87","url":null,"abstract":"*Correspondence Email: hanjanif@yahoo.com Tel: +98 71 32319049 Fax: +98 71 32319049 A 79-year-old male presented with an ulcerated lesion on the glans penis. Histopathological evaluation of the biopsy from the lesion revealed the presence of Leishmania amastigotes and confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The patient was treated with several sessions of cryotherapy; the lesion healed and left no scar.","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"153 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74882905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Eddaikra, A. Boudjelal, Mohamed Amine Sbabdji, A. Eddaikra, A. Boudrissa, M. Bouhenna, S. Chemat, Z. Harrat
*Correspondence Email: neddaikra@yahoo.fr Tel: +213 552178227 Fax: +213 552178227 Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a severe disease that presents a real public health problem worldwide. Antileishmanial therapy remains expensive with intolerable side effects; therefore, it is essential to develop tolerable antileishmanial medications with a selective efficacy. Methods: In this study, the leishmanicidal activities of seven Algerian plant extracts, selected based on either ethnobotanical or chemotaxonomical data, were screened for their antileishmanial activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of cutaneous leishmaniasis agent Leishmania major (MON 25), and visceral leishmaniasis agent Leishmania infantum (MON 1). The cytotoxic activity against human monocytes THP1 was also determined. Results: In both species, amastigotes showed more sensitivity to the extracts than promastigotes. Erica arborea flower (IC50=43,98 μg/mL), Marrubium vulgare leaves (IC50=45,84 μg/mL) and Artemisia herba-alba Asso aerial parts (IC50=55,21 μg/mL) had an almost similar inhibitory effect on L. major promastigote. Marrubium vulgare leaves (IC50=35,63 μg/mL) was most effective against L. infantum promastigotes. Besides, these extracts exhibited low selectivity indices. The best results were obtained with M. vulgare on both L. major and L. infantum promastigotes (IC50s of 45,84 μg/ml and 35,63 μg/ml), and amastigotes (IC50s of 32,15 μg/ml and 18,64 μg/ml). The selectivity index was above two (2.34 for L. major and 3.01 for L. infantum), calculated based on the acceptable cytotoxic effect of M. vulgare on human macrophage cell line (CC50=107,45 μg/ml). Conclusion: Out of the seven methanol extracts tested against promastigotes of L. major and L. infantum, three showed promising activity with potent leishmanicidal effect and acceptable selectivity indices on L. major and L. Infantum.
{"title":"Leishmanicidal and Cytotoxic Activity of Algerian Medicinal Plants on Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum","authors":"N. Eddaikra, A. Boudjelal, Mohamed Amine Sbabdji, A. Eddaikra, A. Boudrissa, M. Bouhenna, S. Chemat, Z. Harrat","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.3.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.3.66","url":null,"abstract":"*Correspondence Email: neddaikra@yahoo.fr Tel: +213 552178227 Fax: +213 552178227 Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a severe disease that presents a real public health problem worldwide. Antileishmanial therapy remains expensive with intolerable side effects; therefore, it is essential to develop tolerable antileishmanial medications with a selective efficacy. Methods: In this study, the leishmanicidal activities of seven Algerian plant extracts, selected based on either ethnobotanical or chemotaxonomical data, were screened for their antileishmanial activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of cutaneous leishmaniasis agent Leishmania major (MON 25), and visceral leishmaniasis agent Leishmania infantum (MON 1). The cytotoxic activity against human monocytes THP1 was also determined. Results: In both species, amastigotes showed more sensitivity to the extracts than promastigotes. Erica arborea flower (IC50=43,98 μg/mL), Marrubium vulgare leaves (IC50=45,84 μg/mL) and Artemisia herba-alba Asso aerial parts (IC50=55,21 μg/mL) had an almost similar inhibitory effect on L. major promastigote. Marrubium vulgare leaves (IC50=35,63 μg/mL) was most effective against L. infantum promastigotes. Besides, these extracts exhibited low selectivity indices. The best results were obtained with M. vulgare on both L. major and L. infantum promastigotes (IC50s of 45,84 μg/ml and 35,63 μg/ml), and amastigotes (IC50s of 32,15 μg/ml and 18,64 μg/ml). The selectivity index was above two (2.34 for L. major and 3.01 for L. infantum), calculated based on the acceptable cytotoxic effect of M. vulgare on human macrophage cell line (CC50=107,45 μg/ml). Conclusion: Out of the seven methanol extracts tested against promastigotes of L. major and L. infantum, three showed promising activity with potent leishmanicidal effect and acceptable selectivity indices on L. major and L. Infantum.","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90759814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-10DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.12
Farideh Pidaei, A. Sharifan, Ramona Masoud
Red meat, due to high protein content and the balanced combination of vital nutrients such as essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, plays a significant role in the human diet. One of the characteristics of sheep meat is the high content of fat (6%), which makes it more palatable [1]. Minced meat, compared to non-minced meat, is much more vulnerable to microbial contamination. When the microbial contamination level in minced meat reaches to 10 10 CFU per gram, the organoleptic changes would appear [2].
{"title":"The effect of Cold Plasma (Combined Argon/Helium Gases) on Microbial Contamination and Physicochemical Properties of Minced Sheep Meat","authors":"Farideh Pidaei, A. Sharifan, Ramona Masoud","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Red meat, due to high protein content and the balanced combination of vital nutrients such as essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, plays a significant role in the human diet. One of the characteristics of sheep meat is the high content of fat (6%), which makes it more palatable [1]. Minced meat, compared to non-minced meat, is much more vulnerable to microbial contamination. When the microbial contamination level in minced meat reaches to 10 10 CFU per gram, the organoleptic changes would appear [2].","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75724482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-10DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.37
Saba Davoodi, A. Bolhassani, S. M. Sadat, S. Irani
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the leading cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome worldwide. Since the AIDS epidemics in the early 1980s, nearly 70 million people have been infected with the virus, resulting in the deaths of about 30 million people [1]. Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the life expectancy in people infected with HIV [2]. Despite the efforts, no effective vaccine is available yet. HIV encodes three primary genes, including gag, pol and env, and five accessory genes including vpr, vpu, vif, nef, rev and tat [3]. The Nef is a 27-34 kDa cell membrane-associated protein [4]. HIV infection progression in humans and animals has shown to be related to this protein [5]. Nef has a role in T cell signaling pathway activation [6]. On the other hand, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides which can transfer their cargoes into the cells [7]. CPPs contain a large number of positive amino acids, especially lysine and arginine, which increase cell penetration [8]. Size and polarity are two essential factors that determine the mechanism for entering peptides and other molecules into the cells. Small non-polar molecules usually penetrate the cell membrane through passive diffusion [9]. Larger molecules enter the cell using two mechanisms of direct translocation and endocytosis [10]. MPG is one of the cellpenetrating peptides used to deliver DNA cargoes into the cells. Peptides such as MPG, penetratin, and CADY containing both polar and nonpolar domains, are defined as amphipathic peptides. Some of the primary amphipathic CPPs are chimeric peptides which bind to the nuclear localization sequences (NLS) via covalent bonds for effective penetration through the cell membranes. MPG is based on the NLS sequence of SV40 and HIV gp41 protein. In MPG, the hydrophobic region is separated from NLS with a linker [11]. Recently, a new cysteine-rich cationic CPP, called CyLoP-1, has been developed for the delivery of peptide and protein cargoes. CyLoP-1 was derived from the nuclear localization sequence of a snake toxin, called crotamine [12]. The presence of cysteine and tryptophan amino acids is necessary to maintain its function. Besides, the cysteine oxidation status plays an essential role in the uptake efficiency of CyLoP-1, and the disulfide-containing form plays a more active role in the CyLoP-1 uptake efficiency [13]. Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef regulatory protein is known as a candidate for the design of therapeutic HIV DNA and protein vaccines. One of the limitations of these vaccines is the inability of DNA and protein to pass through the cell membrane. Various delivery systems have been developed to transfer DNA and protein into cells. Cell penetrating systems such as MPG and CyloP-1 are among delivery systems, which can deliver DNA and protein cargoes into the cells, respectively. Methods: In this study, we produced the recombinant Nef protein in Escherichia
{"title":"Enhancing HIV-1 Nef Penetration into Mammalian Cells as an Antigen Candidate","authors":"Saba Davoodi, A. Bolhassani, S. M. Sadat, S. Irani","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.37","url":null,"abstract":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the leading cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome worldwide. Since the AIDS epidemics in the early 1980s, nearly 70 million people have been infected with the virus, resulting in the deaths of about 30 million people [1]. Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the life expectancy in people infected with HIV [2]. Despite the efforts, no effective vaccine is available yet. HIV encodes three primary genes, including gag, pol and env, and five accessory genes including vpr, vpu, vif, nef, rev and tat [3]. The Nef is a 27-34 kDa cell membrane-associated protein [4]. HIV infection progression in humans and animals has shown to be related to this protein [5]. Nef has a role in T cell signaling pathway activation [6]. On the other hand, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides which can transfer their cargoes into the cells [7]. CPPs contain a large number of positive amino acids, especially lysine and arginine, which increase cell penetration [8]. Size and polarity are two essential factors that determine the mechanism for entering peptides and other molecules into the cells. Small non-polar molecules usually penetrate the cell membrane through passive diffusion [9]. Larger molecules enter the cell using two mechanisms of direct translocation and endocytosis [10]. MPG is one of the cellpenetrating peptides used to deliver DNA cargoes into the cells. Peptides such as MPG, penetratin, and CADY containing both polar and nonpolar domains, are defined as amphipathic peptides. Some of the primary amphipathic CPPs are chimeric peptides which bind to the nuclear localization sequences (NLS) via covalent bonds for effective penetration through the cell membranes. MPG is based on the NLS sequence of SV40 and HIV gp41 protein. In MPG, the hydrophobic region is separated from NLS with a linker [11]. Recently, a new cysteine-rich cationic CPP, called CyLoP-1, has been developed for the delivery of peptide and protein cargoes. CyLoP-1 was derived from the nuclear localization sequence of a snake toxin, called crotamine [12]. The presence of cysteine and tryptophan amino acids is necessary to maintain its function. Besides, the cysteine oxidation status plays an essential role in the uptake efficiency of CyLoP-1, and the disulfide-containing form plays a more active role in the CyLoP-1 uptake efficiency [13]. Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef regulatory protein is known as a candidate for the design of therapeutic HIV DNA and protein vaccines. One of the limitations of these vaccines is the inability of DNA and protein to pass through the cell membrane. Various delivery systems have been developed to transfer DNA and protein into cells. Cell penetrating systems such as MPG and CyloP-1 are among delivery systems, which can deliver DNA and protein cargoes into the cells, respectively. Methods: In this study, we produced the recombinant Nef protein in Escherichia","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83635149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.32
N. Mazhari, P. Moosavi, E. Mostafavi, B. Esfandiari, I. Mobedi, B. Esboei, G. Mowlavi
Some rodent species, referred to as commensal rats, thrive near humans. This proximity makes quick access to their vital needs, such as food and habitat [1, 2]. Many rodents are known as the primary reservoir of some lifethreatening pathogens, and along with the arthropods that infest the animals, e.g., fleas, lice, play a critical role in spreading pathogenic agents [2]. Some species of rodents harbor parasite of public health importance such as leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, babesiosis, and hymenolepiasis [3, 4], among which some zoonoses such as leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis are regarded as the most harmful parasites to humans especially in immunocompromised individuals [5]. Human infection with some parasites like Hymenolepis nana occurs through accidental ingestion of foods and drinking water contaminated with rodent droppings containing the parasite eggs [6-8]. The diversity of parasite fauna in rodents species and infection rates depend on the environmental and geographical conditions [9-12]. In commensal species like Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, human behaviors and their leftovers are critical factors. Caspian Sea littoral in the north of Iran with temperate weather and dense vegetations has provided suitable habitats for commensal rodents such as rats [13,14]. This area is also endemic for leptospirosis [15]. An investigation of rodent reservoir host of leptospirosis in Caspian Sea littoral provided us the opportunity to investigate the helminthic infections among these animals in this area.
{"title":"Intestinal Parasitic Helminths of Rattus spp. in Caspian Sea Littoral, Iran","authors":"N. Mazhari, P. Moosavi, E. Mostafavi, B. Esfandiari, I. Mobedi, B. Esboei, G. Mowlavi","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.32","url":null,"abstract":"Some rodent species, referred to as commensal rats, thrive near humans. This proximity makes quick access to their vital needs, such as food and habitat [1, 2]. Many rodents are known as the primary reservoir of some lifethreatening pathogens, and along with the arthropods that infest the animals, e.g., fleas, lice, play a critical role in spreading pathogenic agents [2]. Some species of rodents harbor parasite of public health importance such as leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, babesiosis, and hymenolepiasis [3, 4], among which some zoonoses such as leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis are regarded as the most harmful parasites to humans especially in immunocompromised individuals [5]. Human infection with some parasites like Hymenolepis nana occurs through accidental ingestion of foods and drinking water contaminated with rodent droppings containing the parasite eggs [6-8]. The diversity of parasite fauna in rodents species and infection rates depend on the environmental and geographical conditions [9-12]. In commensal species like Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, human behaviors and their leftovers are critical factors. Caspian Sea littoral in the north of Iran with temperate weather and dense vegetations has provided suitable habitats for commensal rodents such as rats [13,14]. This area is also endemic for leptospirosis [15]. An investigation of rodent reservoir host of leptospirosis in Caspian Sea littoral provided us the opportunity to investigate the helminthic infections among these animals in this area.","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"308 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77376645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), endemic to Asia, Africa, and southern Europe, is a tick-borne disease caused by the CCHF virus (Orthonairovirus in Nairoviridae family). The main route of transmission is tick bite, and close contact with virus-infected blood/tissues of humans or animals may also transmit the infection. CCHF is considered a significant public health problem with case fatality rate (CFR) of 5.4-80% [1].
{"title":"Acute Complicated Brucellosis Mimicking Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) and Vice Versa","authors":"A. Heydari","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), endemic to Asia, Africa, and southern Europe, is a tick-borne disease caused by the CCHF virus (Orthonairovirus in Nairoviridae family). The main route of transmission is tick bite, and close contact with virus-infected blood/tissues of humans or animals may also transmit the infection. CCHF is considered a significant public health problem with case fatality rate (CFR) of 5.4-80% [1].","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74820108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.44
M. Paknejadi, M. Bayat, V. Razavilar
Vaginitis is one of the most prevalent reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among sexually active women. Annually, about 340 million cases of curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) occur worldwide, mostly in developing countries [1, 2]. After bacterial infections, vulvovaginal candidiasis is believed to be responsible for approximately one-third of vaginitis cases [3, 4]. However, some studies indicate a higher prevalence of Candida infection compared to bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis [5, 6, 7]. About %75 of healthy women within the age range of 2550 years have experienced non-recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) at least once in their lifetime, but 5% to 20% are prone to recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) at least four times during a year [7-9].
{"title":"Investigating the Frequency of Candida glabrata in Diabetic Women of Tehran with Recurrent and Non-recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Using PCR-RFLP Assay","authors":"M. Paknejadi, M. Bayat, V. Razavilar","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.44","url":null,"abstract":"Vaginitis is one of the most prevalent reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among sexually active women. Annually, about 340 million cases of curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) occur worldwide, mostly in developing countries [1, 2]. After bacterial infections, vulvovaginal candidiasis is believed to be responsible for approximately one-third of vaginitis cases [3, 4]. However, some studies indicate a higher prevalence of Candida infection compared to bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis [5, 6, 7]. About %75 of healthy women within the age range of 2550 years have experienced non-recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) at least once in their lifetime, but 5% to 20% are prone to recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) at least four times during a year [7-9].","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79260061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.29
Mehdi Borhani Zarandi, S. R. N. Fard, K. Parastouei, A. Ahmadi
Vaginitis is a leading clinical problem for which women seek an obstetrician or gynecologist. The most common vaginal infections include trichomoniasis and other bacterial and fungal infections. Some agents are merely transmitted via sexual contact, while some others, such as yeasts and bacteria occur in warm, moist parts of the body, such as the vagina, and only multiply when conditions like stress, pregnancy, and illnesses affect the immune system [1]. Trichomonas vaginalis is a single cell flagellated parasite that resides in the lower genital tract of females and the male’s urethra, particularly among sexually active age groups. It is the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that infect the genitourinary tract in women of all age groups [2]. Bacterial vaginosis occurs by the replacement of the vaginal flora, generally dominated by lactobacilli, by a complex and abundant flora of strictly or optionally anaerobic bacteria. It can be asymptomatic or can cause vaginal inflammation and lead to a vaginal discharge [3].
{"title":"Causative Agents of Vaginitis in Women of Kerman Province, Iran","authors":"Mehdi Borhani Zarandi, S. R. N. Fard, K. Parastouei, A. Ahmadi","doi":"10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.29","url":null,"abstract":"Vaginitis is a leading clinical problem for which women seek an obstetrician or gynecologist. The most common vaginal infections include trichomoniasis and other bacterial and fungal infections. Some agents are merely transmitted via sexual contact, while some others, such as yeasts and bacteria occur in warm, moist parts of the body, such as the vagina, and only multiply when conditions like stress, pregnancy, and illnesses affect the immune system [1]. Trichomonas vaginalis is a single cell flagellated parasite that resides in the lower genital tract of females and the male’s urethra, particularly among sexually active age groups. It is the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that infect the genitourinary tract in women of all age groups [2]. Bacterial vaginosis occurs by the replacement of the vaginal flora, generally dominated by lactobacilli, by a complex and abundant flora of strictly or optionally anaerobic bacteria. It can be asymptomatic or can cause vaginal inflammation and lead to a vaginal discharge [3].","PeriodicalId":34460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81027761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.19
Elahe Soltani Fard, M. Ardakani, H. Motamedi
Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are among the significant causes of mortality worldwide [1]. The hospital or community-acquired MRSA is the primary cause of skin and bloodstream infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) [2]. Knowledge of the origin of MRSA strains can be useful for control and spread of these bacteria [3]. This issue can be more critical when the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains lead to treatment failure [4]. Hence, planning surveillance and monitoring program is necessary for control of these pathogens [5]. Currently, both phenotypic and genotypic approaches are available for the diagnosis of MRSA strains. However, in many countries genotyping methods are increasingly used for identification of MRSA isolates, their origins and distribution pattern in communities and hospitals [6]. The genotypic methods are not affected by laboratory conditions, are reproducible, rapid and culture-independent, and suitable for fastidious bacteria. Also, in comparison with phenotypic methods, genotypic methods are of higher sensitivity for detection of the bacteria and differentiating the strains within a species [7, 8]. PCR-RFLP has shown to be a useful assay for the identification of bacterial strains [9]. This method can analyze large numbers of specimens in a short period and has a broad application for epidemiologic studies. The S. aureus infections might originate from hospitals or communities, and their origin can influence their antibiotic susceptibility pattern and consequently, their response to treatment. Genotypic identification of S. aureus isolates can provide insights about their origin and their relation with other strains [10]. Through molecular typing, it would be possible to reduce the infections caused by these pathogens and prevent outbreaks [11]. Various molecular markers are available for assessment of S. aureus diversity, among which are spa, coa, aroA, and gap genes. The spa gene codes protein A, a superficial and virulence protein in S. aureus. The X region in the C-terminal of this gene contains 24 repeated base pair with high polymorphism among strains, which can differentiate between epidemic and endemic strains [12-14]. The coa gene encodes coagulase, a virulent factor of S. aureus; it has a high heterogeneity at 3 end, which makes it as another candidate for MRSA typing [4, 8]. The aroA gene is another genetic marker for genotyping of S. aureus isolates. This gene codes 5-enolpyrovyl shikimate-3phosphate synthase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatics amino acids and folate [15]. Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is among the primary cause of hospitals and community-acquired infections. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains has resulted in the treatment failure of the infections caused by these bacteria. Hence, regional data on antibiotic resistance of S. aureus strains is necessary to adopt appropriate treatment re
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