Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.206-217
M. Lyashchevskaya, L. Ganzey
Six stages of vegetation development have been identified on the basis of a palynological study of floodplain deposits of the Tsukanovka River (southern Primorye). The first stage is transitional from the medieval warm period, the next four stages are comparable with the climatic phases of the Little Ice Age. The sixth stage in the development of vegetation reflects the modern warming in the 20th century, when modern landscapes have been formed with the participation of the anthropogenic factor. The specific development of a complex of atmospheric-hydrospheric processes, which developed under the direct influence of long-term variations in solar activity, was the reason for the emergence of the Little Ice Age. The coldest phase in the territory of southern Primorye occurred at the end of the 17th century and coincided with the Maunder Grand Minimum of solar activity (1645–1715), it is also characterized by a decrease in humidity. The development of forest vegetation in the valley of the Tsukanovka River recorded alternating warm and cold episodes during the Little Ice Age. In relatively warm phases, the proportion of oak and other broad-leaved trees increased in the forest vegetation in southern Primorye, while in cold phases the proportion of alder increased. In the first half of the XVI century on the territory of southern Primorye, an increase in humidity due to an increase in precipitation is noted. The correlation of paleoclimatic rhythms identified on the basis of spore-pollen analysis results during the Little Ice Age in southern Primorye, with dendrochronological data for the southern Sikhote-Alin and other regions of the northern hemisphere, as well as with historical evidence from neighboring China, has showed the synchronism of the onset of climatic events in the regions, which reflects their global nature and global scale.
{"title":"Dynamics of vegetation of the southern Primorye during the climatic rhythm of the Little Ice Age","authors":"M. Lyashchevskaya, L. Ganzey","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.206-217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.206-217","url":null,"abstract":"Six stages of vegetation development have been identified on the basis of a palynological study of floodplain deposits of the Tsukanovka River (southern Primorye). The first stage is transitional from the medieval warm period, the next four stages are comparable with the climatic phases of the Little Ice Age. The sixth stage in the development of vegetation reflects the modern warming in the 20th century, when modern landscapes have been formed with the participation of the anthropogenic factor. The specific development of a complex of atmospheric-hydrospheric processes, which developed under the direct influence of long-term variations in solar activity, was the reason for the emergence of the Little Ice Age. The coldest phase in the territory of southern Primorye occurred at the end of the 17th century and coincided with the Maunder Grand Minimum of solar activity (1645–1715), it is also characterized by a decrease in humidity. The development of forest vegetation in the valley of the Tsukanovka River recorded alternating warm and cold episodes during the Little Ice Age. In relatively warm phases, the proportion of oak and other broad-leaved trees increased in the forest vegetation in southern Primorye, while in cold phases the proportion of alder increased. In the first half of the XVI century on the territory of southern Primorye, an increase in humidity due to an increase in precipitation is noted. The correlation of paleoclimatic rhythms identified on the basis of spore-pollen analysis results during the Little Ice Age in southern Primorye, with dendrochronological data for the southern Sikhote-Alin and other regions of the northern hemisphere, as well as with historical evidence from neighboring China, has showed the synchronism of the onset of climatic events in the regions, which reflects their global nature and global scale.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69579236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.339-359
E. Vatserionova, A. Kopanina, I. I. Vlasova
The article analyzes the bark of annual assimilation shoots of the Beauverd spirea shrub (Spiraea beauverdiana S.K. Schneid., Rosaceae Juss.) growing under the stressful conditions of volcanic and post-volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands (Kunashir, Iturup) and the Kamchatka Peninsula. The combination of negative environmental factors under the conditions of fumarolic, gas-hydrothermal activity and on pyroclastic deposits in volcanogenic landscapes causes disturbance in the activity of the lateral meristems of the stem – phellogen and vascular cambium. Under the conditions of volcanic stress, the functional activity of these meristems can be both constant and intermittent during the growing season, or may be completely absent (temporary dormancy of meristems). As a result of combinations of different functional activity of meristems in assimilation shoots and in their individual sections, different anatomical structures of the cortex can form in S. beauverdiana. Based on the totality of structural and functional features, we identified three types of anatomical organization of the one-year-old cortex in S. beauverdiana from volcanic habitats, which are visualized by light microscopy in the form of contrasting anatomical patterns. We believe the structural changes in the one-year-old crust formed as a result of the unstable activity of the phellogen and vascular cambium under the influence of volcanic stress, to be adaptive.
{"title":"Bark of assimilation shoots of the Beauverd spirea shrub (Spiraea beauverdiana S.K. Schneid.): structural changes under the conditions of volcanic stress in the South Kuril Islands and the Kamchatka Peninsula","authors":"E. Vatserionova, A. Kopanina, I. I. Vlasova","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.339-359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.339-359","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the bark of annual assimilation shoots of the Beauverd spirea shrub (Spiraea beauverdiana S.K. Schneid., Rosaceae Juss.) growing under the stressful conditions of volcanic and post-volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands (Kunashir, Iturup) and the Kamchatka Peninsula. The combination of negative environmental factors under the conditions of fumarolic, gas-hydrothermal activity and on pyroclastic deposits in volcanogenic landscapes causes disturbance in the activity of the lateral meristems of the stem – phellogen and vascular cambium. Under the conditions of volcanic stress, the functional activity of these meristems can be both constant and intermittent during the growing season, or may be completely absent (temporary dormancy of meristems). As a result of combinations of different functional activity of meristems in assimilation shoots and in their individual sections, different anatomical structures of the cortex can form in S. beauverdiana. Based on the totality of structural and functional features, we identified three types of anatomical organization of the one-year-old cortex in S. beauverdiana from volcanic habitats, which are visualized by light microscopy in the form of contrasting anatomical patterns. We believe the structural changes in the one-year-old crust formed as a result of the unstable activity of the phellogen and vascular cambium under the influence of volcanic stress, to be adaptive.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69579349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.287-294.295-302
N. F. Vasilenko, A. Prytkov, D. I. Frolov
The network of geodynamic GNSS observations was deployed in 2006 throughout the Kuril island arc from Japan to Kamchatka. The network includes 11 stations of continuous and periodic registration. The article provides information on the organization of the network and its current status. The creation of the GNSS network provided extensive material for studying the modern geodynamic processes in the Kuril segment of the subduction zone of the North American (Okhotsk) and Pacific lithospheric plates. The performed observations made it possible to obtain the first information on the modern geodynamics of the region. The article presents an overview of the results of the previous years obtained by the authors together with other researchers. The source models of the largest seismic events are constructed on the basis of the instrumental data: the 2006 Mw 8.3 and 2007 Mw 8.1 Simushir earthquake doublet and the 2013 Mw 8.3 deep-focus Okhotsk earthquake. At the initial stage of the post-seismic process in the epicentral zone of the Simushir earthquakes, the dependence of the asthenosphere viscosity on the observed post-seismic displacement velocity of the Earth’s surface was found. The results obtained earlier were supplemented by new data on the changes in the geodynamic setting in the subduction zone. The dynamics of the transient decaying post-seismic process in the central part of the island arc is studied. Stress relaxation in the Earth’s crust at various stages of this process could be the trigger of powerful volcanic eruptions occurred in 2009–2019 on the central Kuril Islands. The seismic potential of various segments of the Kuril subduction zone has been clarified on the basis of the modeling of current mechanical coupling of lithospheric plates. It contributes to a more accurate assessment of the seismic hazard of the region together with other methods. The continuation of the GNSS observations on the Kuril Islands in the future will allow us to study in detail the features of the modern geodynamics of the region.
{"title":"Geodynamic GNSS observations on the Kuril Islands","authors":"N. F. Vasilenko, A. Prytkov, D. I. Frolov","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.287-294.295-302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.287-294.295-302","url":null,"abstract":"The network of geodynamic GNSS observations was deployed in 2006 throughout the Kuril island arc from Japan to Kamchatka. The network includes 11 stations of continuous and periodic registration. The article provides information on the organization of the network and its current status. The creation of the GNSS network provided extensive material for studying the modern geodynamic processes in the Kuril segment of the subduction zone of the North American (Okhotsk) and Pacific lithospheric plates. The performed observations made it possible to obtain the first information on the modern geodynamics of the region. The article presents an overview of the results of the previous years obtained by the authors together with other researchers. The source models of the largest seismic events are constructed on the basis of the instrumental data: the 2006 Mw 8.3 and 2007 Mw 8.1 Simushir earthquake doublet and the 2013 Mw 8.3 deep-focus Okhotsk earthquake. At the initial stage of the post-seismic process in the epicentral zone of the Simushir earthquakes, the dependence of the asthenosphere viscosity on the observed post-seismic displacement velocity of the Earth’s surface was found. The results obtained earlier were supplemented by new data on the changes in the geodynamic setting in the subduction zone. The dynamics of the transient decaying post-seismic process in the central part of the island arc is studied. Stress relaxation in the Earth’s crust at various stages of this process could be the trigger of powerful volcanic eruptions occurred in 2009–2019 on the central Kuril Islands. The seismic potential of various segments of the Kuril subduction zone has been clarified on the basis of the modeling of current mechanical coupling of lithospheric plates. It contributes to a more accurate assessment of the seismic hazard of the region together with other methods. The continuation of the GNSS observations on the Kuril Islands in the future will allow us to study in detail the features of the modern geodynamics of the region.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69579329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.360-379
A.I. Talskih, A. Kopanina, I. I. Vlasova
Betula platyphylla is one of the main forest-forming species in Northeast Asia. In the Russian Far East, it forms birch and diverse mixed forests. Due to high germinative ability and growth rates, unpretentiousness, resistance to wind, drought, low and high temperatures, Betula platyphylla dominates after clear-cutting, fi and on pyroclastic deposits of volcanoes, and further forms favorable conditions for the restoration of zone coniferous forests. This paper studies the populations of Betula platyphylla under the various conditions of mid-mountain massifs, sea shores, active magmatic and mud volcanoes in the south of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. Tree age and height were measured and macro- an micro-characteristics of the bark and wood of stems were identified in each habitat from 15 trees using the cleavages, cores and sections. The results of the study have shown that Betula platyphylla under the impact of natural stress is characterized by the formation of a low-growing multi-stemmed tree with significant damage and deformation of the crown, twisted eccentric stems and structural basal anomalies – woodknobs and gnarls. The structural reaction of the bark and wood of the Betula platyphylla, character for many woody plants adapted to extreme habitats, which manifests itself in a decrease in the bark thickness and its growth rate in mature trees was revealed on the Okhotsk coast and under the conditions of the mud volcano on Sakhalin. Under the conditions of gas-hydrothermal springs of magmatic volcanoes, the bark thickness growth rate increases up to 2.7 times compared to the norm, which is probably associated with the young age of trees (10–20 years). The data we have obtained additionally substantiate the adaptive significance of the life strategy of the Betula platyphylla as a fast-growing tree species and show that the bark thickness of woody plants and its growth rate can be the plant functional traits that characterize the natural landscape systems with varying degrees of intensity of ecological factors.
{"title":"Features of the structural response of the bark and wood of birch (Betula platyphylla, Betulaceae) in the landscapes of sea coasts, magmatic and mud volcanoes of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands","authors":"A.I. Talskih, A. Kopanina, I. I. Vlasova","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.360-379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.360-379","url":null,"abstract":"Betula platyphylla is one of the main forest-forming species in Northeast Asia. In the Russian Far East, it forms birch and diverse mixed forests. Due to high germinative ability and growth rates, unpretentiousness, resistance to wind, drought, low and high temperatures, Betula platyphylla dominates after clear-cutting, fi and on pyroclastic deposits of volcanoes, and further forms favorable conditions for the restoration of zone coniferous forests. This paper studies the populations of Betula platyphylla under the various conditions of mid-mountain massifs, sea shores, active magmatic and mud volcanoes in the south of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. Tree age and height were measured and macro- an micro-characteristics of the bark and wood of stems were identified in each habitat from 15 trees using the cleavages, cores and sections. The results of the study have shown that Betula platyphylla under the impact of natural stress is characterized by the formation of a low-growing multi-stemmed tree with significant damage and deformation of the crown, twisted eccentric stems and structural basal anomalies – woodknobs and gnarls. The structural reaction of the bark and wood of the Betula platyphylla, character for many woody plants adapted to extreme habitats, which manifests itself in a decrease in the bark thickness and its growth rate in mature trees was revealed on the Okhotsk coast and under the conditions of the mud volcano on Sakhalin. Under the conditions of gas-hydrothermal springs of magmatic volcanoes, the bark thickness growth rate increases up to 2.7 times compared to the norm, which is probably associated with the young age of trees (10–20 years). The data we have obtained additionally substantiate the adaptive significance of the life strategy of the Betula platyphylla as a fast-growing tree species and show that the bark thickness of woody plants and its growth rate can be the plant functional traits that characterize the natural landscape systems with varying degrees of intensity of ecological factors.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69578903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.1.024-042
T. Kornyushenko, N. Razjigaeva, L. Ganzey, T. Grebennikova, E. Kudryavtseva, Y. Piskareva, S. Prokopets
We analyzed human impact on landscapes on the example of Steklyanukha-2 Medieval fortress, which is a multi-layered archaeological site, and adjacent territories. Buried soils, rampart matrix, cultural layer and surface soils were sampled within the fortress. Along with the material sampled at the site, two sections of the Upper Holocene deposits of the high floodplain of the Steklyanukha River were studied. The results of studying the sporo-pollen spectra and diatoms are presented. The paleo-landscapes during the formation of various archaeological cultures have been restored and the signs of anthropogenic impact on vegetation have been identified. The buried soil in the section of the high floodplain is a natural archive for the environment history during the appearance of the people of the Yankovskaya Culture on this territory. The soil was formed under conditions of decreasing watering in the valley; the age is estimated at more than 2 ka. Oxbow lake deposits had been accumulated from 1.6 to 0.5 ka, when the valley was actively developed in the Middle Ages. Floodplain deposits at the top of the sections indicate that the valley has been heavily watered during the Little Ice Age. Pollen signs of settlements of the lower part of the valley in the Early Iron Age, Mohe and Late Middle Ages were found. Signals of the development of secondary birch and oak forests are identified. Ambrosia and Xanthium pollen, which are reliable evidence of agricultural activity in the valley, was found in the cultural layer and sediments that formed in the Middle Ages. The pollen of plants common in anthropogenically disturbed territories was also found. The study of diatoms in a depression within the fortress confirmed the archaeologists’ assumption that it was used to store water reserves. The pollen spectra from the surface soils in the fortress and the high floodplain reflect the active agricultural development of the nearby river valleys since the second half of the 19th century. The largest amount of pollen of alien and synanthropic plants and weeds, as well as spores of pathogenic fungi (pathogens of soybeans and rice) and fire indicators were found here.
{"title":"Evidence of geosystems transformation during Medieval development of South Primorye: Steklyanukha-2 fortress","authors":"T. Kornyushenko, N. Razjigaeva, L. Ganzey, T. Grebennikova, E. Kudryavtseva, Y. Piskareva, S. Prokopets","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.1.024-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.1.024-042","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed human impact on landscapes on the example of Steklyanukha-2 Medieval fortress, which is a multi-layered archaeological site, and adjacent territories. Buried soils, rampart matrix, cultural layer and surface soils were sampled within the fortress. Along with the material sampled at the site, two sections of the Upper Holocene deposits of the high floodplain of the Steklyanukha River were studied. The results of studying the sporo-pollen spectra and diatoms are presented. The paleo-landscapes during the formation of various archaeological cultures have been restored and the signs of anthropogenic impact on vegetation have been identified. The buried soil in the section of the high floodplain is a natural archive for the environment history during the appearance of the people of the Yankovskaya Culture on this territory. The soil was formed under conditions of decreasing watering in the valley; the age is estimated at more than 2 ka. Oxbow lake deposits had been accumulated from 1.6 to 0.5 ka, when the valley was actively developed in the Middle Ages. Floodplain deposits at the top of the sections indicate that the valley has been heavily watered during the Little Ice Age. Pollen signs of settlements of the lower part of the valley in the Early Iron Age, Mohe and Late Middle Ages were found. Signals of the development of secondary birch and oak forests are identified. Ambrosia and Xanthium pollen, which are reliable evidence of agricultural activity in the valley, was found in the cultural layer and sediments that formed in the Middle Ages. The pollen of plants common in anthropogenically disturbed territories was also found. The study of diatoms in a depression within the fortress confirmed the archaeologists’ assumption that it was used to store water reserves. The pollen spectra from the surface soils in the fortress and the high floodplain reflect the active agricultural development of the nearby river valleys since the second half of the 19th century. The largest amount of pollen of alien and synanthropic plants and weeds, as well as spores of pathogenic fungi (pathogens of soybeans and rice) and fire indicators were found here.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69578562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.1.043-053
L. Mokhova, E. Kudryavtseva
The correspondence of pollen spectra from surface soil samples from the Olkhovaya Mountain (height 1669 m) to vertical belt vegetation (coniferous-broadleaved forests, spruce-fir forests and golets belt) was analyzed. Attention is paid to the analysis of the pollen spectra formed under alpine vegetation, including spruce forests at an altitude of 1600 m and on a swampy area near the Alekseevskoye Lake, a unique alpine lake in the Southern Sikhote-Alin. Pollen of woody vegetation prevailed in subfossil spectra from all vegetation belts, the composition of pollen of herbaceous plants and spores was poor. 16 taxa of arboreal, 8 taxa of nonarboreal, 5 taxa of spores were identified. It was found that the ratio of the main taxa, in general, corresponds to the dominant plants of the vegetation cover. It is shown that the local vegetation is not fully reflected in the subfossil spectra in the alpine belt, especially there is little pollen from shrubs and grasses, and waterlogged habitats are poorly reflected. It was revealed which pollen from the leading plant families and genera of flora of the highlands is not reflected in the pollen spectra. It has been established how much allochthonous pollen and what taxa were carried by the wind from lower relief levels. Taxa with remote sources were found. In general, the pollen spectra from the Olkhovaya Mountain highlands reflect the widespread development of spruce forests near the peak. Presence of spruce forests and a small area of the alpine zone are the main reasons explaining why forest pollen spectra with a predominance of dark coniferous pollen were obtained above the forest boundary. The results obtained were compared with the data on subfossil spectra from soils and surface peat of the bogs of the Sergeevskoye and Shkotovskoye plateaus, as well as the Partizanskaya and the Kievka rivers basins. The data obtained are important for more correct paleogeographical reconstructions: biomization methods in the mountainous areas of the south Far East and the development of methodological techniques for assessing quantitative paleoclimatic parameters.
{"title":"Subfossil pollen spectra as evidence of the altitudinal zonation of the Southern Sikhote-Alin","authors":"L. Mokhova, E. Kudryavtseva","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.1.043-053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.1.043-053","url":null,"abstract":"The correspondence of pollen spectra from surface soil samples from the Olkhovaya Mountain (height 1669 m) to vertical belt vegetation (coniferous-broadleaved forests, spruce-fir forests and golets belt) was analyzed. Attention is paid to the analysis of the pollen spectra formed under alpine vegetation, including spruce forests at an altitude of 1600 m and on a swampy area near the Alekseevskoye Lake, a unique alpine lake in the Southern Sikhote-Alin. Pollen of woody vegetation prevailed in subfossil spectra from all vegetation belts, the composition of pollen of herbaceous plants and spores was poor. 16 taxa of arboreal, 8 taxa of nonarboreal, 5 taxa of spores were identified. It was found that the ratio of the main taxa, in general, corresponds to the dominant plants of the vegetation cover. It is shown that the local vegetation is not fully reflected in the subfossil spectra in the alpine belt, especially there is little pollen from shrubs and grasses, and waterlogged habitats are poorly reflected. It was revealed which pollen from the leading plant families and genera of flora of the highlands is not reflected in the pollen spectra. It has been established how much allochthonous pollen and what taxa were carried by the wind from lower relief levels. Taxa with remote sources were found. In general, the pollen spectra from the Olkhovaya Mountain highlands reflect the widespread development of spruce forests near the peak. Presence of spruce forests and a small area of the alpine zone are the main reasons explaining why forest pollen spectra with a predominance of dark coniferous pollen were obtained above the forest boundary. The results obtained were compared with the data on subfossil spectra from soils and surface peat of the bogs of the Sergeevskoye and Shkotovskoye plateaus, as well as the Partizanskaya and the Kievka rivers basins. The data obtained are important for more correct paleogeographical reconstructions: biomization methods in the mountainous areas of the south Far East and the development of methodological techniques for assessing quantitative paleoclimatic parameters.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69578574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.2.114-123
D. Kovalev, P. Kovalev, A. Borisov, V. S. Zarochintsev, K. Kirillov
The results of studying potential sources of seiche excitation energy in the water area near Poronaisk (Sakhalin Island) using natural measurement data in 2008–2009 are presented. Time series data with a duration of about three months were collected by two autonomous sea-level recorders at one-second sample rate. Spectral analyses of time series made possible to conclude that wave processes with periods from 2 to 7 hours can be classified as seiches. Possible seiche periods calculated by numerical methods are very close to the periods of seiches detected in the Terpeniya Bay. The calculated envelopes of wave processes showed a good coincidence of the peaks of seiches with a period of 7 hours and wind waves, which confirms the transfer of energy from atmospheric disturbances to the seven-hour seiche. Seiche period of 3.5 hours is shown to be equal to the period of tidal harmonic 4M7. Thus, the resonance pass of energy transmission from tidal harmonic to seiche was revealed taking into account high for marine waters q-factor equal to 11.9 at the period of 3.5 hours. The highest seiches at a period of 2.7 hours are observed on the 6-8 day after maximum of daily tide with a period of 24.68 hours, which is close to the period of lunar tide harmonic M1. The analyses of excitation factors of seiches with 2-hour period showed that the excitation energy, or at least a part of it, is provided by atmospheric disturbances. Thus, the increasing of seiche height occurs during the winds of southern directions in the Terpeniya Bay.
{"title":"Features of seiсhe excitation in the water area near Poronaisk (Sakhalin Island)","authors":"D. Kovalev, P. Kovalev, A. Borisov, V. S. Zarochintsev, K. Kirillov","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.2.114-123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.2.114-123","url":null,"abstract":"The results of studying potential sources of seiche excitation energy in the water area near Poronaisk (Sakhalin Island) using natural measurement data in 2008–2009 are presented. Time series data with a duration of about three months were collected by two autonomous sea-level recorders at one-second sample rate. Spectral analyses of time series made possible to conclude that wave processes with periods from 2 to 7 hours can be classified as seiches. Possible seiche periods calculated by numerical methods are very close to the periods of seiches detected in the Terpeniya Bay. The calculated envelopes of wave processes showed a good coincidence of the peaks of seiches with a period of 7 hours and wind waves, which confirms the transfer of energy from atmospheric disturbances to the seven-hour seiche. Seiche period of 3.5 hours is shown to be equal to the period of tidal harmonic 4M7. Thus, the resonance pass of energy transmission from tidal harmonic to seiche was revealed taking into account high for marine waters q-factor equal to 11.9 at the period of 3.5 hours. The highest seiches at a period of 2.7 hours are observed on the 6-8 day after maximum of daily tide with a period of 24.68 hours, which is close to the period of lunar tide harmonic M1. The analyses of excitation factors of seiches with 2-hour period showed that the excitation energy, or at least a part of it, is provided by atmospheric disturbances. Thus, the increasing of seiche height occurs during the winds of southern directions in the Terpeniya Bay.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69578890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.388-404
S. Nizyaev
Regularity of localization and distribution of clusters of commercial individuals of the Red King Crab Paralithodes camtschaticus in Aniva Bay (Sakhalin Island) and possible reasons for the transformation of the range of this species in the bay are considered in the interannual aspect. The prospects of restoring this species in the bay have been assessed, the changes in habitat conditions being taken into account. Available reporting (SakhNIRO) and literature data on trawl (trap) catches of the Red King Crab in this area are analyzed and summarized in order to solve these problems. The analysis of the location of the main concentrations of larvae during the period of the highest number of the object is performed. The functional structure of the Red King Crab settlements in Aniva Bay is analyzed according to literary sources, and an assessment of possible problems in the implementation of the reproductive strategy proper to the Red King Crab by the population is carried out. Significant negative changes in the distribution and functional structure of this crab species in Aniva Bay are noted. It is shown that the aggregations of commercial individuals of the Red King Crab have been widespread in both the western and eastern parts of Aniva Bay until 2001. Both parts of the bay were self-sufficient in terms of reproduction, with each showing the signs of juvenile production processes. First of all, this can be seen by the distribution of the places of catching of non-migratory juveniles and larvae. From 2004 to the present, even single catches of the Red King Crab have disappeared in the eastern part of Aniva Bay. At the same time, the dynamics of its reserve recovery is observed in the west of the bay, although in general this process is noticeably slow. We believe that the reason for the deterioration of living conditions and reproduction of the Red King Crab in Aniva Bay is a critical transformation of substrates in the eastern part of the bay, namely, a sharp reduction in the area of soils suitable for the development of epifauna, the presence of which is one of the conditions for the survival of crab juveniles. This transformation became possible due to a significant expansion (up to 20 %) of silty soils in the bay caused by soil dumping in 2003–2006 during the construction of a liquefied natural gas plant.
{"title":"Ecological aspects of the perennial distribution of the Red King Crab Paralithodes camtschaticus in Aniva Bay (Sakhalin Island)","authors":"S. Nizyaev","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.388-404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.4.388-404","url":null,"abstract":"Regularity of localization and distribution of clusters of commercial individuals of the Red King Crab Paralithodes camtschaticus in Aniva Bay (Sakhalin Island) and possible reasons for the transformation of the range of this species in the bay are considered in the interannual aspect. The prospects of restoring this species in the bay have been assessed, the changes in habitat conditions being taken into account. Available reporting (SakhNIRO) and literature data on trawl (trap) catches of the Red King Crab in this area are analyzed and summarized in order to solve these problems. The analysis of the location of the main concentrations of larvae during the period of the highest number of the object is performed. The functional structure of the Red King Crab settlements in Aniva Bay is analyzed according to literary sources, and an assessment of possible problems in the implementation of the reproductive strategy proper to the Red King Crab by the population is carried out. Significant negative changes in the distribution and functional structure of this crab species in Aniva Bay are noted. It is shown that the aggregations of commercial individuals of the Red King Crab have been widespread in both the western and eastern parts of Aniva Bay until 2001. Both parts of the bay were self-sufficient in terms of reproduction, with each showing the signs of juvenile production processes. First of all, this can be seen by the distribution of the places of catching of non-migratory juveniles and larvae. From 2004 to the present, even single catches of the Red King Crab have disappeared in the eastern part of Aniva Bay. At the same time, the dynamics of its reserve recovery is observed in the west of the bay, although in general this process is noticeably slow. We believe that the reason for the deterioration of living conditions and reproduction of the Red King Crab in Aniva Bay is a critical transformation of substrates in the eastern part of the bay, namely, a sharp reduction in the area of soils suitable for the development of epifauna, the presence of which is one of the conditions for the survival of crab juveniles. This transformation became possible due to a significant expansion (up to 20 %) of silty soils in the bay caused by soil dumping in 2003–2006 during the construction of a liquefied natural gas plant.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69579185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.195-205
A. Degterev, M. Chibisova
The data on volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands during 2020–2021 are presented. The activity of Ebeko (Paramushir Island), Chirinkotan (Chirinkotan Island) and Sarychev Peak (Matua Island) volcanoes is characterized on the basis of satellite data and results of visual observations. In 2020–2021 a weak (to moderate) explosive eruption (VEI 1-2), which has begun in autumn 2016, continued on Ebeko volcano. During the period under review, at least 1169 emissions were recorded at a height of 1.5–3 (up to 5) km a.s.l. In the interval from May till July, a sharp increase in the explosive activity of the volcano was noted, during this time more than half of the total number of explosions occurred: 2020 – 298 out of 558, 2021 – 344 out of 611. The ashfalls of varying intensity were periodically observed in Severo-Kurilsk. The active phase of the eruption has ended in December 2021, only 2 weak explosions occurred. A moderate (VEI 2) explosive eruption took place on Chirinkotan volcano from August 8 to August 23, 2021. At least 12 volcanic explosions were recorded at a height of 1.5 to 4.5 km a.s.l. An effusive eruption was observed on the Sarychev Peak volcano from December 2020 till February 2021: the crater was filled with lava, after which it erupted along the northeastern slope of the edifice. In 2021, the activity of the volcano was characterized by manifestations of several episodes of an explosive nature: on June 29, July 1, August 6, and November 26, single, relatively weak ejections to a height of about 2.2–3 km a.s.l. were recorded (VEI 2).
{"title":"Volcanic activity of the Kuril Islands in 2020–2021","authors":"A. Degterev, M. Chibisova","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.195-205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.195-205","url":null,"abstract":"The data on volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands during 2020–2021 are presented. The activity of Ebeko (Paramushir Island), Chirinkotan (Chirinkotan Island) and Sarychev Peak (Matua Island) volcanoes is characterized on the basis of satellite data and results of visual observations. In 2020–2021 a weak (to moderate) explosive eruption (VEI 1-2), which has begun in autumn 2016, continued on Ebeko volcano. During the period under review, at least 1169 emissions were recorded at a height of 1.5–3 (up to 5) km a.s.l. In the interval from May till July, a sharp increase in the explosive activity of the volcano was noted, during this time more than half of the total number of explosions occurred: 2020 – 298 out of 558, 2021 – 344 out of 611. The ashfalls of varying intensity were periodically observed in Severo-Kurilsk. The active phase of the eruption has ended in December 2021, only 2 weak explosions occurred. A moderate (VEI 2) explosive eruption took place on Chirinkotan volcano from August 8 to August 23, 2021. At least 12 volcanic explosions were recorded at a height of 1.5 to 4.5 km a.s.l. An effusive eruption was observed on the Sarychev Peak volcano from December 2020 till February 2021: the crater was filled with lava, after which it erupted along the northeastern slope of the edifice. In 2021, the activity of the volcano was characterized by manifestations of several episodes of an explosive nature: on June 29, July 1, August 6, and November 26, single, relatively weak ejections to a height of about 2.2–3 km a.s.l. were recorded (VEI 2).","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69579203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.218-236
Y. Mikishin, A. Gorbunov, I. Gvozdeva, M. Cherepanova
A comprehensive study of lacustrine-swamp sediments made it possible to clarify the landscape and climatic changes on the sea coast of southwestern Sakhalin from the end of the Atlantic Period of Holocene to the present time. The end of Period (5400–5300 Cal.yrBP) is reflected whith the sediments of a small freshwater lake in the mouth zone of river, which arose during the transgressive phase of the Sea of Japan, the level of which was 2–2.5 m higher than the present day. The climate was much warmer than the present one, and only slightly inferior to Holocene optimum conditions. The vegetation cover consisted of broad-leaved forests with oak predominance and mixed associations. The Subboreal Period was recorded by two events warmer than the present climate. The first of them corresponded to the early thermal maximum of the period (4100–3600 Cal.yrBP), close in terms of heat supply to the final of Atlantic Period. Its relative aridity determined the insignificant participation of dark coniferous species (Picea, Abies) in the vegetation, which was dominated by broad-leaved forests with oak predominance. The second event (3500–2900? Cal.yrBP) corresponded to the late thermal maximum of the Period, with a cooler and more humid climate. It led to a weakening of the significance of broad-leaved forests in the vegetation cover and the appearance of dark coniferous taiga massifs. In the middle of the Subatlantic Period (1700–1450 Cal.yrBP), a climate developed that determined the predominance of the modern taiga landscape, without the participation of the hemlock (Tsuga diversifolia). For the first time, an episode warmer than the current climate was discovered, which most likely corresponded to the relative cooling of the IX – early Xth centuries observed in Japan during the period of the “Medieval Warm Period”. Broad-leaved trees in the forests then met more often than during the warming of the second half of the XIV–XVth centuries and modernity. Anthropogenic changes in the XXth century led to the spread of open landscapes with bamboo thickets in southwestern Sakhalin and the predominance of birch in the vegetation cover.
{"title":"Palaeoclimates, vegetation and geochronology of landscape-climatic evolution on the coast of the southwestern margin of Sakhalin in the Middle–Late Holocene","authors":"Y. Mikishin, A. Gorbunov, I. Gvozdeva, M. Cherepanova","doi":"10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.218-236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2022.6.3.218-236","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive study of lacustrine-swamp sediments made it possible to clarify the landscape and climatic changes on the sea coast of southwestern Sakhalin from the end of the Atlantic Period of Holocene to the present time. The end of Period (5400–5300 Cal.yrBP) is reflected whith the sediments of a small freshwater lake in the mouth zone of river, which arose during the transgressive phase of the Sea of Japan, the level of which was 2–2.5 m higher than the present day. The climate was much warmer than the present one, and only slightly inferior to Holocene optimum conditions. The vegetation cover consisted of broad-leaved forests with oak predominance and mixed associations. The Subboreal Period was recorded by two events warmer than the present climate. The first of them corresponded to the early thermal maximum of the period (4100–3600 Cal.yrBP), close in terms of heat supply to the final of Atlantic Period. Its relative aridity determined the insignificant participation of dark coniferous species (Picea, Abies) in the vegetation, which was dominated by broad-leaved forests with oak predominance. The second event (3500–2900? Cal.yrBP) corresponded to the late thermal maximum of the Period, with a cooler and more humid climate. It led to a weakening of the significance of broad-leaved forests in the vegetation cover and the appearance of dark coniferous taiga massifs. In the middle of the Subatlantic Period (1700–1450 Cal.yrBP), a climate developed that determined the predominance of the modern taiga landscape, without the participation of the hemlock (Tsuga diversifolia). For the first time, an episode warmer than the current climate was discovered, which most likely corresponded to the relative cooling of the IX – early Xth centuries observed in Japan during the period of the “Medieval Warm Period”. Broad-leaved trees in the forests then met more often than during the warming of the second half of the XIV–XVth centuries and modernity. Anthropogenic changes in the XXth century led to the spread of open landscapes with bamboo thickets in southwestern Sakhalin and the predominance of birch in the vegetation cover.","PeriodicalId":34500,"journal":{"name":"Geosistemy perekhodnykh zon","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69579245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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