Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544120
Junggi Lee, K. Nam, Seoho Choi, Soonwoo Kwon
A loss minimizing control law is developed for a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) which reflects the effects of field saturation and cross coupling. Inductances are modelled as functions of q-axis current based on the flux data obtained experimentally. For a given torque and a given speed, the loss minimizing current sets are searched from the experimental power loss data which are obtained for various d-axis current. The loss minimizing current sets are made into a lookup table, and it is utilized in the torque control loop. This controller guarantees high efficiency in every possible torque-speed operating point.
{"title":"A Lookup Table Based Loss Minimizing Control for FCEV Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors","authors":"Junggi Lee, K. Nam, Seoho Choi, Soonwoo Kwon","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544120","url":null,"abstract":"A loss minimizing control law is developed for a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) which reflects the effects of field saturation and cross coupling. Inductances are modelled as functions of q-axis current based on the flux data obtained experimentally. For a given torque and a given speed, the loss minimizing current sets are searched from the experimental power loss data which are obtained for various d-axis current. The loss minimizing current sets are made into a lookup table, and it is utilized in the torque control loop. This controller guarantees high efficiency in every possible torque-speed operating point.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132745879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544239
C. Hearn, M. Flynn, M. C. Lewis, R. Thompson, B. Murphy, R. Longoria
This paper presents work that was performed to design a compact flywheel energy storage solution for a fuel cell powered transit bus with a focus on commercialization requirements. For hybrid vehicle applications, flywheels offer much higher power densities than conventional batteries. The presented design attempts to maximize the use of lower-cost technologies. The rotor relies primarily on steel for the flywheel structure, and emphasis is placed on size reduction for vehicle packaging advantages Simulations of bus configurations on measured routes was performed using PSAT to correctly size the flywheel energy storage system.
{"title":"Low Cost Flywheel Energy Storage for a Fuel Cell Powered Transit Bus","authors":"C. Hearn, M. Flynn, M. C. Lewis, R. Thompson, B. Murphy, R. Longoria","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544239","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents work that was performed to design a compact flywheel energy storage solution for a fuel cell powered transit bus with a focus on commercialization requirements. For hybrid vehicle applications, flywheels offer much higher power densities than conventional batteries. The presented design attempts to maximize the use of lower-cost technologies. The rotor relies primarily on steel for the flywheel structure, and emphasis is placed on size reduction for vehicle packaging advantages Simulations of bus configurations on measured routes was performed using PSAT to correctly size the flywheel energy storage system.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114802645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544103
H. Yu, B. Fahimi
The advantages of linear induction machines (LIM) to be applied in the transportation applications are that easy maintenance, no need for the transformation from rotary movement to linear movement, and robust operation to name a few. Control schemes with easy implementation and maximum energy conversion ratio (i.e. force/amp) has been proposed in the literature. In order to achieve maximum deceleration in this control scheme, electromechanical differences of motoring, generating, and electromagnetic braking are explored. It is shown that LIM can work in the region of electromagnetic braking. Simulation results are represented to validate the proposed control scheme.
{"title":"Investigation of Electromechanical Differences of Linear Induction Machine Operation Regions","authors":"H. Yu, B. Fahimi","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544103","url":null,"abstract":"The advantages of linear induction machines (LIM) to be applied in the transportation applications are that easy maintenance, no need for the transformation from rotary movement to linear movement, and robust operation to name a few. Control schemes with easy implementation and maximum energy conversion ratio (i.e. force/amp) has been proposed in the literature. In order to achieve maximum deceleration in this control scheme, electromechanical differences of motoring, generating, and electromagnetic braking are explored. It is shown that LIM can work in the region of electromagnetic braking. Simulation results are represented to validate the proposed control scheme.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114855938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544180
Asha Patel, M. Ferdowsi
Current sensing is widely used in power electronic applications including dc-dc power conversion and adjustable speed motor drives, which are the basic subsystems of hybrid vehicles. Dynamic performance and control of the system depend on the accuracy and efficiency of its sensors. Several current sensing methods are reviewed and examined in this paper. Conventional methods including current sensing resistor technique as well as advanced self-tuning and self-calibrating approaches are described. Various methods are analyzed and compared based on their losslessness, simplicity, and ease of implementation. High-power applications are also considered.
{"title":"Advanced Current Sensing Techniques for Power Electronic Converters","authors":"Asha Patel, M. Ferdowsi","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544180","url":null,"abstract":"Current sensing is widely used in power electronic applications including dc-dc power conversion and adjustable speed motor drives, which are the basic subsystems of hybrid vehicles. Dynamic performance and control of the system depend on the accuracy and efficiency of its sensors. Several current sensing methods are reviewed and examined in this paper. Conventional methods including current sensing resistor technique as well as advanced self-tuning and self-calibrating approaches are described. Various methods are analyzed and compared based on their losslessness, simplicity, and ease of implementation. High-power applications are also considered.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122013068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a new-style isolator system in ship is presented, which is composed of wire rope and MR damper in parallel. By taking advantages of the high damping and damping variability of MR damper, it is possible to make the mechanics characteristics of isolator controllable and then solve the problem of vibration reduction in low frequency and impact resistance in high frequency of ship equipment. In the researches on the impact resistance and vibration reduction performances, numerical experiment and physical experiment are carried out respectively, results indicate that the new isolator has a good active controllable effect on the vibration and impact, especially for controlling resonance and low- frequency vibration of system.
{"title":"Research on the Mechanics Characteristics of Ship Vibration Reduction and Impact Resistance Isolator Based on MR","authors":"X. Yao, Zheng-dong Tian, Zhong-chao Deng, Zhi-hua Shen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544227","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new-style isolator system in ship is presented, which is composed of wire rope and MR damper in parallel. By taking advantages of the high damping and damping variability of MR damper, it is possible to make the mechanics characteristics of isolator controllable and then solve the problem of vibration reduction in low frequency and impact resistance in high frequency of ship equipment. In the researches on the impact resistance and vibration reduction performances, numerical experiment and physical experiment are carried out respectively, results indicate that the new isolator has a good active controllable effect on the vibration and impact, especially for controlling resonance and low- frequency vibration of system.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116807491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544228
F. Pérez-Pinal, C. Nuñez, R. Alvarez, U. Cervantes, A. Emadi
The use of electric differential constitutes a technological advance of vehicle design along the concept of more electric vehicles. Electric differentials have the advantages of replacing loosy, heavy and inefficient mechanical transmission and mechanical differential with a more efficient, light and small electric motors directly coupled to the wheels via a single gear or an in-wheel motor. To date, electric differentials have been proposed for two and four wheeled vehicles. Despite its long reported success and possible advantages in terms of flexibility and direct torque control of the wheels during cornering and risky manoeuvres. Electric differential has several problems in practical applications; for instance, an increment of control loops, increase of computational effort and slip. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to present a simple and easy to implement electric differential. The proposed strategy has the advantages of having a linear model and a straightforward implementation. Numerical simulations using Matlab-Simulink are shown for a 4 kW system which is able to handle 500 kg mass and deliver peak power up to 10 kW during transit periods.
{"title":"Electric Differential for Traction Applications","authors":"F. Pérez-Pinal, C. Nuñez, R. Alvarez, U. Cervantes, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544228","url":null,"abstract":"The use of electric differential constitutes a technological advance of vehicle design along the concept of more electric vehicles. Electric differentials have the advantages of replacing loosy, heavy and inefficient mechanical transmission and mechanical differential with a more efficient, light and small electric motors directly coupled to the wheels via a single gear or an in-wheel motor. To date, electric differentials have been proposed for two and four wheeled vehicles. Despite its long reported success and possible advantages in terms of flexibility and direct torque control of the wheels during cornering and risky manoeuvres. Electric differential has several problems in practical applications; for instance, an increment of control loops, increase of computational effort and slip. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to present a simple and easy to implement electric differential. The proposed strategy has the advantages of having a linear model and a straightforward implementation. Numerical simulations using Matlab-Simulink are shown for a 4 kW system which is able to handle 500 kg mass and deliver peak power up to 10 kW during transit periods.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123954389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544110
Michael O'Keefe, K. Bennion
This study quantifies the heat dissipation potential of three inverter package configurations over a range of control factors. These factors include coolant temperature, number of sides available for cooling, effective heat transfer coefficient, maximum semiconductor junction temperature, and interface material thermal resistance. Heat dissipation potentials are examined in contrast to a research goal to use 105degC coolant and dissipate 200 W/cm2 heat across the insulated gate bipolar transistor and diode silicon area. Advanced double-sided cooling configurations with aggressive heat transfer coefficients show the possibility of meeting these targets for a 125degC maximum junction temperature, but further investigation is needed. Even with maximum tolerable junction temperatures of 200degC, effective heat transfer coefficients of 5,000 to 10,000 W/m2-K will be needed for coolant temperatures of 105degC or higher.
{"title":"A Comparison of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Power Electronics Cooling Options","authors":"Michael O'Keefe, K. Bennion","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544110","url":null,"abstract":"This study quantifies the heat dissipation potential of three inverter package configurations over a range of control factors. These factors include coolant temperature, number of sides available for cooling, effective heat transfer coefficient, maximum semiconductor junction temperature, and interface material thermal resistance. Heat dissipation potentials are examined in contrast to a research goal to use 105degC coolant and dissipate 200 W/cm2 heat across the insulated gate bipolar transistor and diode silicon area. Advanced double-sided cooling configurations with aggressive heat transfer coefficients show the possibility of meeting these targets for a 125degC maximum junction temperature, but further investigation is needed. Even with maximum tolerable junction temperatures of 200degC, effective heat transfer coefficients of 5,000 to 10,000 W/m2-K will be needed for coolant temperatures of 105degC or higher.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125979099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544097
Di Wu, S. Williamson
Fuel Cell-Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FC- HEVs) have become one of the most promising alternatives for the development of low emission and fuel efficient vehicles. A FC-HEV drive train essentially requires an optimal control strategy for appropriate power management and regulation between different on-board energy sources and the electric propulsion system. In this paper, two popular types of power control strategies for FC-HEVs are investigated. These include the power follower scheme and the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). Both control strategies are modelled, simulated, and tested specifically for a rear- wheel driven mid-sized sport-utility vehicle (SUV). The behaviour and favourability of the two strategies from the point of view of critical performance aspects are compared and analyzed, based on which, further optimization suggestions and techniques are presented.
{"title":"Performance Characterization and Comparison of Power Control Strategies for Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Electric Vehicles","authors":"Di Wu, S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544097","url":null,"abstract":"Fuel Cell-Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FC- HEVs) have become one of the most promising alternatives for the development of low emission and fuel efficient vehicles. A FC-HEV drive train essentially requires an optimal control strategy for appropriate power management and regulation between different on-board energy sources and the electric propulsion system. In this paper, two popular types of power control strategies for FC-HEVs are investigated. These include the power follower scheme and the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). Both control strategies are modelled, simulated, and tested specifically for a rear- wheel driven mid-sized sport-utility vehicle (SUV). The behaviour and favourability of the two strategies from the point of view of critical performance aspects are compared and analyzed, based on which, further optimization suggestions and techniques are presented.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127211915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544163
N. Shidore, H. Lohse-Busch, R. Smith, T. Bohn, P. Sharer
Hardware in the loop (HIL)/rapid control prototyping (RCP) is generally acknowledged to be a cost- and time-effective approach to test controllers/components/subsystems in a system context. Argonne National Laboratory has been using HIL to evaluate the potential of a plug-in hybrid battery in a vehicle (battery HIL). Argonne has also constructed a vehicle platform on wheels to evaluate different power train components on a chassis dynamometer - the mobile advanced technology testbed (MATT). This paper describes these two HIL projects and gives some preliminary results on all electric range (AER) tests conducted on both HIL platforms. These results are compared to simulation results obtained from Argonne's power train system analysis toolkit (PSAT).
{"title":"Component And Subsystem Evaluation In A Systems Context Using Hardware In The Loop","authors":"N. Shidore, H. Lohse-Busch, R. Smith, T. Bohn, P. Sharer","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544163","url":null,"abstract":"Hardware in the loop (HIL)/rapid control prototyping (RCP) is generally acknowledged to be a cost- and time-effective approach to test controllers/components/subsystems in a system context. Argonne National Laboratory has been using HIL to evaluate the potential of a plug-in hybrid battery in a vehicle (battery HIL). Argonne has also constructed a vehicle platform on wheels to evaluate different power train components on a chassis dynamometer - the mobile advanced technology testbed (MATT). This paper describes these two HIL projects and gives some preliminary results on all electric range (AER) tests conducted on both HIL platforms. These results are compared to simulation results obtained from Argonne's power train system analysis toolkit (PSAT).","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130001071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544235
G. Kladis, J. Economou, A. Tsourdos, B. White
Multi-agents have been gaining momentum in recent years due to their vast application in numerous fields.Due to the limitations of a single vehicle routing problems which are rarely applicable in practical situations, a multi-agent based scenario may accommodate real-world situations more closely. So a collection of parameterized vehicles on a mission can provide an ideal framework for identifying, modelling and analyzing many interesting paradigms, design parameters and solution strategies. While trying to accomplish their mission these agents need to respect the heterogeneous set of constraints on both their physical and communication resources.In this paper a power/energy flow modelling method is presented for multi-sourced vehicles.Graph theory forms the basis for this innovative and powerful methodology.The methodology described is extended to pseudo-Boolean representation of the system's power flow.This work is intended to state contributions while providing an analytical and rigorous method for modelling power flows and obtaining energy paths via reachability matrix properties.Detailed and rigorous analysis and optimality scenarios are also included.
{"title":"Optimality and Reachability - Pseudo Boolean Power Flows for multi-sourced Vehicle Topologies","authors":"G. Kladis, J. Economou, A. Tsourdos, B. White","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544235","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-agents have been gaining momentum in recent years due to their vast application in numerous fields.Due to the limitations of a single vehicle routing problems which are rarely applicable in practical situations, a multi-agent based scenario may accommodate real-world situations more closely. So a collection of parameterized vehicles on a mission can provide an ideal framework for identifying, modelling and analyzing many interesting paradigms, design parameters and solution strategies. While trying to accomplish their mission these agents need to respect the heterogeneous set of constraints on both their physical and communication resources.In this paper a power/energy flow modelling method is presented for multi-sourced vehicles.Graph theory forms the basis for this innovative and powerful methodology.The methodology described is extended to pseudo-Boolean representation of the system's power flow.This work is intended to state contributions while providing an analytical and rigorous method for modelling power flows and obtaining energy paths via reachability matrix properties.Detailed and rigorous analysis and optimality scenarios are also included.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130661589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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