Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544099
F. Misoc, M. Morcos, J. Lookadoo, J. Wu, R. Colgren
The paper presents an analysis of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC-mesh, and DEFC-foam) systems interfaced to DC-DC converters. The output voltage characteristics of six systems are compared. Experimental results show that DEFC systems present variable, nonlinear impedances as a function of frequency. It is shown, through experimental results, that DEFC systems do not exhibit predictable output as function of duty cycle alone. Consequently, output voltage control through pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques cannot be employed for DEFC systems.. The motivation for this analysis is a preliminary investigation into the use of DEFC's as a power source for a prototype Martian Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
{"title":"Effect of DC-DC Converters on Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells Output","authors":"F. Misoc, M. Morcos, J. Lookadoo, J. Wu, R. Colgren","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544099","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an analysis of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC-mesh, and DEFC-foam) systems interfaced to DC-DC converters. The output voltage characteristics of six systems are compared. Experimental results show that DEFC systems present variable, nonlinear impedances as a function of frequency. It is shown, through experimental results, that DEFC systems do not exhibit predictable output as function of duty cycle alone. Consequently, output voltage control through pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques cannot be employed for DEFC systems.. The motivation for this analysis is a preliminary investigation into the use of DEFC's as a power source for a prototype Martian Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV).","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127333313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544119
B. Deken, S. Pekarek, B. Fahimi
Knowledge of forces within permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is of interest in numerous applications. To compute the forces, many analysts utilize the finite element (FE) method to compute the vector fields followed by the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) approach to calculate forces from the fields. Although the FE/MST approach has been used for decades, it does have a shortcoming in the computational requirement of the FE method, which limits the approach to a tool for analysis rather than for comprehensive machine design. To address this, a new so-called Enhanced Field Reconstruction Technique (EFRT) has been developed. Using the EFRT, the fields inside a machine are computed using a minimum number of FE evaluations. Using the results, a set of basis functions are established that enable the calculation of forces inside the machine under arbitrary excitation and rotor position. The EFRT greatly reduces the computational effort required to compute the vector forces inside machines with an accuracy similar to the FE method.
{"title":"An Enhanced Field Reconstruction Method for Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines","authors":"B. Deken, S. Pekarek, B. Fahimi","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544119","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of forces within permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is of interest in numerous applications. To compute the forces, many analysts utilize the finite element (FE) method to compute the vector fields followed by the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) approach to calculate forces from the fields. Although the FE/MST approach has been used for decades, it does have a shortcoming in the computational requirement of the FE method, which limits the approach to a tool for analysis rather than for comprehensive machine design. To address this, a new so-called Enhanced Field Reconstruction Technique (EFRT) has been developed. Using the EFRT, the fields inside a machine are computed using a minimum number of FE evaluations. Using the results, a set of basis functions are established that enable the calculation of forces inside the machine under arbitrary excitation and rotor position. The EFRT greatly reduces the computational effort required to compute the vector forces inside machines with an accuracy similar to the FE method.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116702790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544105
T. Boileau, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, F. Meibody-Tabar
In this paper, a new technique for stator winding inter-turn fault detection in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines is proposed. It consists of extracting the mechanical power second harmonic component which appears when the machine is faulty. This harmonic is processed in order to obtain a fault indicator. It will be shown that the amplitude of this indicator depends on the inter-turn fault severity. The proposed technique allows detecting the fault in real time and its implementation is easy. The experimental results show the validity of the proposed method.
{"title":"Back-EMF Based Detection of Stator Winding Inter-turn Fault for PM Synchronous Motor Drives","authors":"T. Boileau, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, F. Meibody-Tabar","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544105","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new technique for stator winding inter-turn fault detection in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines is proposed. It consists of extracting the mechanical power second harmonic component which appears when the machine is faulty. This harmonic is processed in order to obtain a fault indicator. It will be shown that the amplitude of this indicator depends on the inter-turn fault severity. The proposed technique allows detecting the fault in real time and its implementation is easy. The experimental results show the validity of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123049898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544140
L. Boulon, M. Péra, D. Hissel, A. Bouscayrol, P. Delarue
This paper presents a model of a fuel cell- supercapacitor system which represents the electric power supply device of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The fuel cell and the supercapacitors are coupled with a DC bus and a common cooling system. The first part of this paper deals with the modeling of the elements of the system (fuel cell system (FCS), supercapacitors, power electronics, and temperature regulation system). The second part deals with the design of a control structure which regulates the DC bus voltage, the fuel cell power, and the power source temperature. Simulation and experimental results are provided and analyzed.
{"title":"Energetic Macroscopic Representation of a Fuel Cell-Supercapacitor System","authors":"L. Boulon, M. Péra, D. Hissel, A. Bouscayrol, P. Delarue","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544140","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a model of a fuel cell- supercapacitor system which represents the electric power supply device of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The fuel cell and the supercapacitors are coupled with a DC bus and a common cooling system. The first part of this paper deals with the modeling of the elements of the system (fuel cell system (FCS), supercapacitors, power electronics, and temperature regulation system). The second part deals with the design of a control structure which regulates the DC bus voltage, the fuel cell power, and the power source temperature. Simulation and experimental results are provided and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129972095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544090
J. Wang, D. Howe
This paper describes a novel stabilising control strategy for DC power systems with constant power loads. The destabilising element associated with a constant power load is eliminated by reformulating the system dynamic equations in terms of the rate of change of energy, or instantaneous power. A power shaping control strategy is employed to regulate the output voltage, while maintaining large-signal system stability under all operating conditions. The proposed control strategy is simple, and easy to design and implement. Its utility and effectiveness are demonstrated by simulations and experiments.
{"title":"A Novel Power Shaping Stabilising Control Strategy for DC Power Systems with Constant Power Loads","authors":"J. Wang, D. Howe","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544090","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a novel stabilising control strategy for DC power systems with constant power loads. The destabilising element associated with a constant power load is eliminated by reformulating the system dynamic equations in terms of the rate of change of energy, or instantaneous power. A power shaping control strategy is employed to regulate the output voltage, while maintaining large-signal system stability under all operating conditions. The proposed control strategy is simple, and easy to design and implement. Its utility and effectiveness are demonstrated by simulations and experiments.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132379749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544166
J. Verhille, A. Bouscayrol, P. Barre, J. Hautier
In this paper a new-anti-slip control is proposed for the traction system of an automatic subway. Energetic macroscopic representation was used to proposed a graphical and physical description of the whole traction system. An inversion based control is deduced from this graphical description. This control scheme highlights different possibilities of control. A new anti-slip strategy is then deduced from the inversion-based control. Before an implementation on an actual vehicle, the new control is validated on a reduced power experimental set-up. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation is thus used to asses performance of this control in the same conditions as in the actual vehicle. Experimental results are provided.
{"title":"Validation of anti-slip control for traction system using Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation","authors":"J. Verhille, A. Bouscayrol, P. Barre, J. Hautier","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544166","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a new-anti-slip control is proposed for the traction system of an automatic subway. Energetic macroscopic representation was used to proposed a graphical and physical description of the whole traction system. An inversion based control is deduced from this graphical description. This control scheme highlights different possibilities of control. A new anti-slip strategy is then deduced from the inversion-based control. Before an implementation on an actual vehicle, the new control is validated on a reduced power experimental set-up. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation is thus used to asses performance of this control in the same conditions as in the actual vehicle. Experimental results are provided.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122198005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544146
J.A. Hicks, R. Gruich, A. Oldja, D. Myers, T. Hartley, R. Veillette, I. Husain
Ultracapacitors have many potential performance advantages over existing battery technologies for use in hybrid-vehicle applications, provided many integration and reliability disadvantages can be overcome. A novel ultracapacitor-only energy storage system has been developed for the University of Akron hybrid-electric vehicle, which uses a large sensor network and control strategy to mitigate these disadvantages. Limited in- vehicle testing has shown improvement over the previous battery system.
{"title":"Ultracapacitor Energy Management and Controller Developments for a Series-Parallel 2-by-2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle","authors":"J.A. Hicks, R. Gruich, A. Oldja, D. Myers, T. Hartley, R. Veillette, I. Husain","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544146","url":null,"abstract":"Ultracapacitors have many potential performance advantages over existing battery technologies for use in hybrid-vehicle applications, provided many integration and reliability disadvantages can be overcome. A novel ultracapacitor-only energy storage system has been developed for the University of Akron hybrid-electric vehicle, which uses a large sensor network and control strategy to mitigate these disadvantages. Limited in- vehicle testing has shown improvement over the previous battery system.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114056021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544164
W. Lhomme, R. Trigui, A. Bouscayrol, P. Delarue, B. Jeanneret, F. Badin
A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation of a conventional vehicle system is developed for experimental validations of clutch modelling. Two different states have to be taken into account in this system: clutch locked and slipping. Two different models are then used and a specific condition defines the commutation between both models with respect to the physical energy flow. Energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) is used to organize the numerous blocks required. A Petri net is employed to activate a model according to clutch state (lock and slip). The HIL is based on a controlled IM drive, which imposes the same behaviour of the mechanical power-train to the clutch. A flexible and dynamical model of the whole system is used and simulation results are provided with regard to the experimental results.
{"title":"Validation of Mechanical Transmission with Clutch using Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation","authors":"W. Lhomme, R. Trigui, A. Bouscayrol, P. Delarue, B. Jeanneret, F. Badin","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544164","url":null,"abstract":"A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation of a conventional vehicle system is developed for experimental validations of clutch modelling. Two different states have to be taken into account in this system: clutch locked and slipping. Two different models are then used and a specific condition defines the commutation between both models with respect to the physical energy flow. Energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) is used to organize the numerous blocks required. A Petri net is employed to activate a model according to clutch state (lock and slip). The HIL is based on a controlled IM drive, which imposes the same behaviour of the mechanical power-train to the clutch. A flexible and dynamical model of the whole system is used and simulation results are provided with regard to the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126174983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544204
Jun-Ho Lee, K. Shin
This paper presents a control system design for personal rapid transit (PRT) system and a configuration of apparatus to assess its control scheme. The control system can be divided into two parts: one is for the vehicle management that is related with the supervision of the vehicle operation and the other is for the vehicle operational control that is placed in the lower position of the control hierarchy. In this paper we focus on the vehicle operational control scheme that is one of the important features of PRT to guarantee PRT system performance. The operational control scheme that can be implemented by using the commercial process boards is proposed and a simple vehicle control algorithm for test is uploaded to it. The calculation results of the process boards are compared with the simulation results that are produced from a combined platform of Matlab/Simulink and Labview Simulation Interface Toolkit.
{"title":"Control of Personal Rapid Transit System and Configuration of an Apparatus to Evaluate its Control Scheme","authors":"Jun-Ho Lee, K. Shin","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544204","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a control system design for personal rapid transit (PRT) system and a configuration of apparatus to assess its control scheme. The control system can be divided into two parts: one is for the vehicle management that is related with the supervision of the vehicle operation and the other is for the vehicle operational control that is placed in the lower position of the control hierarchy. In this paper we focus on the vehicle operational control scheme that is one of the important features of PRT to guarantee PRT system performance. The operational control scheme that can be implemented by using the commercial process boards is proposed and a simple vehicle control algorithm for test is uploaded to it. The calculation results of the process boards are compared with the simulation results that are produced from a combined platform of Matlab/Simulink and Labview Simulation Interface Toolkit.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116778886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544165
C. Dufour, T. Ishikawa, S. Abourida, J. Bélanger
This paper presents technologies designed for hardware-in-the-loop testing of modern motor drive systems commonly found in electric vehicles. Deliverable with the RT-LAB simulator comes various motor drive models with different precisions and complexities, from the basic Park two-axis machine models to detailed finite-element-analysis based models. The former is more rapid while the latter is more precise. These models can be implemented on different hardwares, CPU or FPGA. CPU-based implementation rely on well-known 'C' code generation techniques and is rather flexible. FPGA implementation breaks through common limitations of CPU-based implementation by allowing much faster analog output rates, higher PWM frequencies and smaller model latencies. An FPGA implementation also allows the user to model fast protection schemes found on commercial drives (ex: over-current protections). The paper will detail these various options for HIL simulation of motor drive and some application examples will be given for each one. Application to fuel cell hybrid vehicles will be explained.
{"title":"Modern Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation Technology for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles","authors":"C. Dufour, T. Ishikawa, S. Abourida, J. Bélanger","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544165","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents technologies designed for hardware-in-the-loop testing of modern motor drive systems commonly found in electric vehicles. Deliverable with the RT-LAB simulator comes various motor drive models with different precisions and complexities, from the basic Park two-axis machine models to detailed finite-element-analysis based models. The former is more rapid while the latter is more precise. These models can be implemented on different hardwares, CPU or FPGA. CPU-based implementation rely on well-known 'C' code generation techniques and is rather flexible. FPGA implementation breaks through common limitations of CPU-based implementation by allowing much faster analog output rates, higher PWM frequencies and smaller model latencies. An FPGA implementation also allows the user to model fast protection schemes found on commercial drives (ex: over-current protections). The paper will detail these various options for HIL simulation of motor drive and some application examples will be given for each one. Application to fuel cell hybrid vehicles will be explained.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133819720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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