Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544152
Zhang Qianfan, Cui Shumei, Tian Xin-jia
Electric motor is key part in electric vehicles including hybrid electric vehicle, fuel cell electric vehicle and battery electric vehicle. Wide torque-speed range and high reliability are needed of the motor applied in electric vehicles. Novel hybrid switched reluctance motor is developed. It combines features of robust as switched reluctance motor and that of high efficiency of permanent magnet motor. Flux strengthening and weakening control give large maximum torque and high speed to the motor drives. They are implemented by only simply controlling the magnitude and direction of the current in an additional coil in the motor. Rotor position is detected by the signal from stationary coils in the motor and rotor speed is calculated according to this signal. To test characteristics of the motor drives, an experimental bench is developed. It is easy to test four quadrants torque-speed and dynamic characteristics of the motor drives. The whole testing system is energy saving.
{"title":"Hybrid Switched Reluctance Motor Applied in Electric Vehicles","authors":"Zhang Qianfan, Cui Shumei, Tian Xin-jia","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544152","url":null,"abstract":"Electric motor is key part in electric vehicles including hybrid electric vehicle, fuel cell electric vehicle and battery electric vehicle. Wide torque-speed range and high reliability are needed of the motor applied in electric vehicles. Novel hybrid switched reluctance motor is developed. It combines features of robust as switched reluctance motor and that of high efficiency of permanent magnet motor. Flux strengthening and weakening control give large maximum torque and high speed to the motor drives. They are implemented by only simply controlling the magnitude and direction of the current in an additional coil in the motor. Rotor position is detected by the signal from stationary coils in the motor and rotor speed is calculated according to this signal. To test characteristics of the motor drives, an experimental bench is developed. It is easy to test four quadrants torque-speed and dynamic characteristics of the motor drives. The whole testing system is energy saving.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"227 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131882987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544220
J. Grandvuillemin, D. Chamagne, R. Glises, C. Tiraby, F. Degrange
This paper describes the transient thermal modelling of an electrical conductor used in the automobile electrical harnesses. This study includes 4 principal parts: Initially, a geometrical subdivision of the cable based on the mesh network method is described. Then, a detailed study of the heat transfers is made, particularly the internal convection and the radiation leading to the thermal modelling of a conductor. The implicit method of Crank-Nicolson then permits to numerically solve the obtained matrix system in order to predict the thermal behaviour of a wire. Finally, the mathematical model was validated by several experiments on samples of cables fitted with local thermocouples and electrical measures. The model could also be extended to high power applications, in particular the power cables used in electric vehicles.
{"title":"Thermal Modelling Of Enclosed Cables In Automotive Applications","authors":"J. Grandvuillemin, D. Chamagne, R. Glises, C. Tiraby, F. Degrange","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544220","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the transient thermal modelling of an electrical conductor used in the automobile electrical harnesses. This study includes 4 principal parts: Initially, a geometrical subdivision of the cable based on the mesh network method is described. Then, a detailed study of the heat transfers is made, particularly the internal convection and the radiation leading to the thermal modelling of a conductor. The implicit method of Crank-Nicolson then permits to numerically solve the obtained matrix system in order to predict the thermal behaviour of a wire. Finally, the mathematical model was validated by several experiments on samples of cables fitted with local thermocouples and electrical measures. The model could also be extended to high power applications, in particular the power cables used in electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114491031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544121
D. Ahmadi, A. Nasiri
In the recent years, Due to high performance, power density and less generated noise of Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motors (PMSM), they have received a lot of attention for traction application in land, sea and under sea vehicles. In this paper, a new digital controller is proposed and applied to a PMSM. The proposed control technique adjusts motor current amplitude and phase to achieve different ranges of speed. The control logic is different for below and above motor nominal speed. In this method, the typical PID controllers which cause complicated control strategy are removed. This new technique is simple, fast, stable, and reliable to drive PMSM in wide range of speed.
{"title":"A Novel Digital Control Method of PMSM for Automotive Applications","authors":"D. Ahmadi, A. Nasiri","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544121","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent years, Due to high performance, power density and less generated noise of Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motors (PMSM), they have received a lot of attention for traction application in land, sea and under sea vehicles. In this paper, a new digital controller is proposed and applied to a PMSM. The proposed control technique adjusts motor current amplitude and phase to achieve different ranges of speed. The control logic is different for below and above motor nominal speed. In this method, the typical PID controllers which cause complicated control strategy are removed. This new technique is simple, fast, stable, and reliable to drive PMSM in wide range of speed.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121988662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544138
A. Dhand, D. Kok, D. Kees, Bo Gao, A. Walker
A new physical model to simulate the cranking behavior of diesel engines with a belt driven integrated starter generator (BISG) has been created. The model consists of individual sub models for the physical system components phenomena active during engine cranking. A rig for cranking testing has been used to acquire relevant cranking data. The model has been calibrated and validated with measurement data from the rig for a diesel engine in the 2 litre range.
{"title":"Physical Model for Investigation of Diesel Engine Cranking by Belt-driven Integrated Starter Generator","authors":"A. Dhand, D. Kok, D. Kees, Bo Gao, A. Walker","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544138","url":null,"abstract":"A new physical model to simulate the cranking behavior of diesel engines with a belt driven integrated starter generator (BISG) has been created. The model consists of individual sub models for the physical system components phenomena active during engine cranking. A rig for cranking testing has been used to acquire relevant cranking data. The model has been calibrated and validated with measurement data from the rig for a diesel engine in the 2 litre range.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129423343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544177
Xiaolai He, T. Maxwell, M. Parten
This paper describes the modeling and validation of a hybrid electric vehicle powered by hydrogen internal- combustion engine. The engine was converted from a regular gasoline engine. The model of this vehicle was developed in PNGV Systems Analysis Toolkit (PSAT), which tracks engine flow and fuel usage within the vehicle powertrain and energy conversion components. The powertrain control strategy was developed and tuned in PSAT first and was then incorporated into the vehicle. The vehicle then was tested on the EPA highway driving cycle to provide data for validation of the model. Vehicle data and modeling results show good correlation at high steady-state and difference in transients.
{"title":"Modeling and Validation of a Hydrogen Engine Powered Hybrid Electric Vehicle","authors":"Xiaolai He, T. Maxwell, M. Parten","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544177","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the modeling and validation of a hybrid electric vehicle powered by hydrogen internal- combustion engine. The engine was converted from a regular gasoline engine. The model of this vehicle was developed in PNGV Systems Analysis Toolkit (PSAT), which tracks engine flow and fuel usage within the vehicle powertrain and energy conversion components. The powertrain control strategy was developed and tuned in PSAT first and was then incorporated into the vehicle. The vehicle then was tested on the EPA highway driving cycle to provide data for validation of the model. Vehicle data and modeling results show good correlation at high steady-state and difference in transients.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129785043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544210
P. Mulhall, M. Naviwala, S. Lukic, J. Braband, A. Emadi
The interprofessional projects (IPRO) program at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) offers a multidisciplinary, practical learning experience by allowing students from different majors to apply their skills to real world projects. In the companion entrepreneurial IPRO (EnPRO) program, which brings together business and engineering majors, the vital link between business and technology is explored. Students of EnPRO projects work not only on developing but also commercializing new products and services, or solving broader societal problems through their business strategies. This paper summarizes the work of EnPRO 351: "solar/battery hybrid (electric) three- wheel auto rickshaw for India". EnPRO 351 parallels a funded technical research and development effort that is taking place at IIT. Students in the project were introduced to the auto rickshaw and its role in the culture and economy of India. Members of this team investigated the political, economic and technological scene in India today with respect to this vehicle. In addition, the concept of electric vehicles (EVs) was examined and the team determined the feasibility of different types of EV auto rickshaws. Investigation into the current petrol (gas), compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stations also revealed the possibilities for building supporting infrastructure for EV auto rickshaws, as well as incorporating solar technology in current and future stations. This paper gives insight into the research methods employed by the teams during different semesters of the project and the outcomes of this research. Many EnPROs have laid the foundation for new startup ventures, and this is the anticipated result of this project, especially with the parallel development of a solar/battery prototype vehicle. The thorough and detailed work presented here, including a feasibility study and opportunity analysis, may serve as a guideline to future development not only on the vehicle but on new infrastructure as well.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Projects Program at Illinois Institute of Technology: Solar/Battery Hybrid Three-Wheel Auto Rickshaw for India","authors":"P. Mulhall, M. Naviwala, S. Lukic, J. Braband, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544210","url":null,"abstract":"The interprofessional projects (IPRO) program at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) offers a multidisciplinary, practical learning experience by allowing students from different majors to apply their skills to real world projects. In the companion entrepreneurial IPRO (EnPRO) program, which brings together business and engineering majors, the vital link between business and technology is explored. Students of EnPRO projects work not only on developing but also commercializing new products and services, or solving broader societal problems through their business strategies. This paper summarizes the work of EnPRO 351: \"solar/battery hybrid (electric) three- wheel auto rickshaw for India\". EnPRO 351 parallels a funded technical research and development effort that is taking place at IIT. Students in the project were introduced to the auto rickshaw and its role in the culture and economy of India. Members of this team investigated the political, economic and technological scene in India today with respect to this vehicle. In addition, the concept of electric vehicles (EVs) was examined and the team determined the feasibility of different types of EV auto rickshaws. Investigation into the current petrol (gas), compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stations also revealed the possibilities for building supporting infrastructure for EV auto rickshaws, as well as incorporating solar technology in current and future stations. This paper gives insight into the research methods employed by the teams during different semesters of the project and the outcomes of this research. Many EnPROs have laid the foundation for new startup ventures, and this is the anticipated result of this project, especially with the parallel development of a solar/battery prototype vehicle. The thorough and detailed work presented here, including a feasibility study and opportunity analysis, may serve as a guideline to future development not only on the vehicle but on new infrastructure as well.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129865988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544122
S. Rebouh, A. Kaddouri, R. Abdessemed, A. Haddoun
This paper presents a modern approach of speed control for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) applied for electric vehicle using a nonlinear control. The regulation algorithms are based on the input-output feedback linearization technique. The direct component of the current is controlled to be zero which insures the maximum torque operation. The near unity power factor operation is also achieved. Moreover, among EV's motor electric propulsion features, the energy efficiency is a basic characteristic that is influenced by vehicle dynamics and system architecture. For this reason, the EV dynamics are taken into account. Simulation tests have been carried out on a 19.8-kW EV PMSM drive to evaluate the consistency and the performance of the proposed control approach.
{"title":"Nonlinear Control by Input-Output Linearization Scheme for EV Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor","authors":"S. Rebouh, A. Kaddouri, R. Abdessemed, A. Haddoun","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544122","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a modern approach of speed control for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) applied for electric vehicle using a nonlinear control. The regulation algorithms are based on the input-output feedback linearization technique. The direct component of the current is controlled to be zero which insures the maximum torque operation. The near unity power factor operation is also achieved. Moreover, among EV's motor electric propulsion features, the energy efficiency is a basic characteristic that is influenced by vehicle dynamics and system architecture. For this reason, the EV dynamics are taken into account. Simulation tests have been carried out on a 19.8-kW EV PMSM drive to evaluate the consistency and the performance of the proposed control approach.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130451824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544242
Liang Chu, Jiayun Gu, Minghui Liu, Jun Li, Yimin Gao, M. Ehsani
EBS (electronic brake system) can effectively control and adjust braking force acting on every wheel, reduce braking response time and braking distance, and make vehicle achieve much more braking stability. It is featured with CAN (Controller Area Network) communication by which the sensor signals and control command signals can be transmitted and received. In the braking performance test of EBS, conventional test methods have some inconvenience in existence. For example, the fixing of pressure sensors and wheel speed sensors is restrained by the installation position, and the precision of measuring is prone to be affected by the environment conditions. But based on CAN communication technology, the special testing instrument can be connected with CAN bus, monitoring and recording signals on the bus. Thus signals representing braking performance can be acquired through CAN bus.
电子制动系统(EBS)可以有效地控制和调节作用在各个车轮上的制动力，缩短制动响应时间和制动距离，使车辆获得更大的制动稳定性。它具有CAN (Controller Area Network，控制器局域网)通信功能，可以收发传感器信号和控制命令信号。在EBS的制动性能测试中，传统的测试方法存在一定的不便。例如，压力传感器和轮速传感器的固定受到安装位置的限制，测量精度容易受到环境条件的影响。而基于CAN通信技术的专用测试仪可以与CAN总线连接，对总线上的信号进行监控和记录。因此，可以通过can总线获取代表制动性能的信号。
{"title":"Study on CAN Communication of EBS and Braking Performance Test for Commercial Vehicle","authors":"Liang Chu, Jiayun Gu, Minghui Liu, Jun Li, Yimin Gao, M. Ehsani","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544242","url":null,"abstract":"EBS (electronic brake system) can effectively control and adjust braking force acting on every wheel, reduce braking response time and braking distance, and make vehicle achieve much more braking stability. It is featured with CAN (Controller Area Network) communication by which the sensor signals and control command signals can be transmitted and received. In the braking performance test of EBS, conventional test methods have some inconvenience in existence. For example, the fixing of pressure sensors and wheel speed sensors is restrained by the installation position, and the precision of measuring is prone to be affected by the environment conditions. But based on CAN communication technology, the special testing instrument can be connected with CAN bus, monitoring and recording signals on the bus. Thus signals representing braking performance can be acquired through CAN bus.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126431718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544237
T. Knoke, J. Bocker
Due to the stop-and-go drive cycle of refuse collector vehicles, hybrid power trains allow significant fuel saving. These power trains are very complex systems because of additional components like an electrical machine, an energy storage, etc. In order to exploit full potential of such systems optimal sizing of the components is essential. The sizing of the components can be seen as an optimization problem with the objectives "minimize fuel consumption" and "minimize vehicle weight". For the optimization scalable component models are required, which are presented here. The results of the optimization show that additional fuel saving combined with reduced weight is possible with optimally sized components compared to a heuristically designed vehicle.
{"title":"Optimal Power Train Design of a Hybrid Refuse Collector Vehicle","authors":"T. Knoke, J. Bocker","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544237","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the stop-and-go drive cycle of refuse collector vehicles, hybrid power trains allow significant fuel saving. These power trains are very complex systems because of additional components like an electrical machine, an energy storage, etc. In order to exploit full potential of such systems optimal sizing of the components is essential. The sizing of the components can be seen as an optimization problem with the objectives \"minimize fuel consumption\" and \"minimize vehicle weight\". For the optimization scalable component models are required, which are presented here. The results of the optimization show that additional fuel saving combined with reduced weight is possible with optimally sized components compared to a heuristically designed vehicle.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126455103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544101
O. Vodyakho, Taehyung Kim
In this paper, a space vector current controller for an induction motor drive system for vehicle applications is presented. The control method utilizes harmonic current components represented in a rotated coordinate system with chosen switching states from a switching table. The proposed current controller determines a set of space vectors with the sector selection and applies the selected vector based on the hysteresis controller. The proposed approach can improve the performance of an induction motor drive such as the switching power loss and the total harmonic distortion. The simulation results and the performance comparison with the conventional methods are presented. The proposed method is also verified based on the prototype test-bed using a digital signal processor.
{"title":"Space Vector Current Controller for Three-Phase Induction Motor Drives","authors":"O. Vodyakho, Taehyung Kim","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544101","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a space vector current controller for an induction motor drive system for vehicle applications is presented. The control method utilizes harmonic current components represented in a rotated coordinate system with chosen switching states from a switching table. The proposed current controller determines a set of space vectors with the sector selection and applies the selected vector based on the hysteresis controller. The proposed approach can improve the performance of an induction motor drive such as the switching power loss and the total harmonic distortion. The simulation results and the performance comparison with the conventional methods are presented. The proposed method is also verified based on the prototype test-bed using a digital signal processor.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125925503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：