The burn rate of composite rocket propellants serves as a critical ballistic parameter in the construction of a rocket engine. Due to their large surface areas, carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene have demonstrated promising results as burn rate modifiers (BRMs) for propellants. Unlike their inorganic counterparts, these materials, being combustible, contribute to energy output besides enhancing the burn rate. This study reported a ferrocene-fullerene dyad as a BRM prepared through the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in composite solid propellants. By incorporating 0.6 wt% of the dyad, the burn rate of the prepared propellants increased by 70%, accompanied by a rise in their calorific value.
{"title":"Ferrocene-fullerene dyad as a novel burn rate modifier for propellants","authors":"Shrutika Sriramrao, Parveen Raman, Akash Dhas, Shaibal Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The burn rate of composite rocket propellants serves as a critical ballistic parameter in the construction of a rocket engine. Due to their large surface areas, carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene have demonstrated promising results as burn rate modifiers (BRMs) for propellants. Unlike their inorganic counterparts, these materials, being combustible, contribute to energy output besides enhancing the burn rate. This study reported a ferrocene-fullerene dyad as a BRM prepared through the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in composite solid propellants. By incorporating 0.6 wt% of the dyad, the burn rate of the prepared propellants increased by 70%, accompanied by a rise in their calorific value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000022/pdfft?md5=bda5e8d19b03995ed91353759857d0d2&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000022-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139926595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.006
Si-cheng Liao , Tian-lin Liu , Zhi-yu Zhou , Kang-cai Wang , Qing-hua Zhang
Research into next-generation propellants with green fuel–oxidizer pairs to replace the currently used highly toxic hydrazine–N2O4 system has attracted widespread attention. Ionic liquids (ILs) and hydrogen peroxide have demonstrated their feasibility as a green fuel and an oxidizer, respectively. However, the realisation of effective auto-ignition is the key problem. In this study, a new strategy to trigger the auto-ignition of ILs fuels with hydrogen peroxide by using a unique copper-containing liquid as the promoter is developed. The copper-containing promoter is designed such that its cationic structure is similar to that of the ILs fuels. Based on the principle of “like dissolves like,” the fuel and promoter can be miscible at any ratio to eventually form a catalytic fuel. In addition, the physicochemical properties (e.g. density, viscosity and decomposition temperature) and performance parameters (e.g. ignition delay time and specific impulse) of the as-prepared catalytic fuel are completely characterised. Owing to their excellent hypergolic performance with a short ignition delay time of 16 ms, in combination with the advantages of simple preparation, perfect solubility and green characteristics, the catalytic fuel–oxidizer pair demonstrates promise as bipropellants for rocket applications.
为取代目前使用的剧毒肼-N2O4 系统,对具有绿色燃料-氧化剂组合的下一代推进剂的研究引起了广泛关注。离子液体(IL)和过氧化氢已分别证明了其作为绿色燃料和氧化剂的可行性。然而,实现有效的自燃是关键问题。本研究开发了一种新策略,通过使用一种独特的含铜液体作为促进剂来触发离子液体燃料与过氧化氢的自燃。含铜促进剂的阳离子结构与 ILs 燃料的阳离子结构相似。根据 "同类相溶 "的原理,燃料和促进剂可以任意比例混溶,最终形成催化燃料。此外,制备的催化燃料的物理化学特性(如密度、粘度和分解温度)和性能参数(如点火延迟时间和比冲)也得到了完整表征。由于催化燃料-氧化剂组合具有出色的双酚性能,点火延迟时间短至 16 毫秒,同时还具有制备简单、溶解性好和绿色环保等优点,因此有望成为火箭应用的双推进剂。
{"title":"Auto-ignition of ionic liquid fuels with hydrogen peroxide triggered by copper-containing liquid promoter","authors":"Si-cheng Liao , Tian-lin Liu , Zhi-yu Zhou , Kang-cai Wang , Qing-hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research into next-generation propellants with green fuel–oxidizer pairs to replace the currently used highly toxic hydrazine–N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> system has attracted widespread attention. Ionic liquids (ILs) and hydrogen peroxide have demonstrated their feasibility as a green fuel and an oxidizer, respectively. However, the realisation of effective auto-ignition is the key problem. In this study, a new strategy to trigger the auto-ignition of ILs fuels with hydrogen peroxide by using a unique copper-containing liquid as the promoter is developed. The copper-containing promoter is designed such that its cationic structure is similar to that of the ILs fuels. Based on the principle of “like dissolves like,” the fuel and promoter can be miscible at any ratio to eventually form a catalytic fuel. In addition, the physicochemical properties (e.g. density, viscosity and decomposition temperature) and performance parameters (e.g. ignition delay time and specific impulse) of the as-prepared catalytic fuel are completely characterised. Owing to their excellent hypergolic performance with a short ignition delay time of 16 ms, in combination with the advantages of simple preparation, perfect solubility and green characteristics, the catalytic fuel–oxidizer pair demonstrates promise as bipropellants for rocket applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000071/pdfft?md5=6f75e4c45e7f13be8f845719334cce58&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000071-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139872378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.008
Valery P. Sinditskii , Nikolai V. Yudin , Valery V. Serushkin , Anna O. Gubina , Anastasia D. Smirnova , Vladimir V. Parakhin , Gennadii A. Smirnov , Kyrill Yu Suponitsky , Aleksei B. Sheremetev
The thermal decomposition of a number of analogues of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitan (CL-20), in where one or more N-nitro groups have been replaced by another explosophoric unit (diverse N-alkylnitramine groups or N- trinitroethyl), has been studied by methods of isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics. It was found that replacing the N-nitro group with even a more thermally stable substituent leads to a decrease in the stability of the nitrated hexaazaisowurtzitane framework. It was suggested that the substituent distorts the symmetry of the strained hexaazaisowurtzitane cage, which affects the strength of the N–NO2 bond. When a substituent less stable than the N-nitro group in the parent CL-20 is installed, the initial stage of degradation is determined by the decomposition kinetics of this substituent. One of the objects of this study, 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetrakis (2,2,2-trinitroethyl) −2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (8), was synthesized for the first time; it was fully characterized and also confirmed by X-ray structural data.
通过等温和非等温动力学方法,研究了一些六硝基六氮唑麝香草烷(CL-20)类似物的热分解,其中一个或多个-硝基被另一个爆炸单位(多种多样的-烷基硝胺基团或-三硝基乙基)取代。研究发现,即使用热稳定性更高的取代基取代-硝基,也会导致硝化六氮唑乌齐坦框架的稳定性降低。研究表明,取代基改变了六氮aisowurtzitane 应变笼的对称性,从而影响了 N-NO 键的强度。如果在母体 CL-20 中加入稳定性低于 N-硝基的取代基,降解的初始阶段将由该取代基的分解动力学决定。本研究首次合成了 4,10-二硝基-2,6,8,12-四(2,2,2-三硝基乙基)-2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮唑乌齐坦(),并对其进行了全面表征和 X 射线结构数据确认。
{"title":"CL-20 analogues: Structure - Thermal stability/decomposition mechanism relationships","authors":"Valery P. Sinditskii , Nikolai V. Yudin , Valery V. Serushkin , Anna O. Gubina , Anastasia D. Smirnova , Vladimir V. Parakhin , Gennadii A. Smirnov , Kyrill Yu Suponitsky , Aleksei B. Sheremetev","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal decomposition of a number of analogues of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitan (CL-20), in where one or more <em>N</em>-nitro groups have been replaced by another explosophoric unit (diverse <em>N</em>-alkylnitramine groups or <em>N</em>- trinitroethyl), has been studied by methods of isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics. It was found that replacing the <em>N</em>-nitro group with even a more thermally stable substituent leads to a decrease in the stability of the nitrated hexaazaisowurtzitane framework. It was suggested that the substituent distorts the symmetry of the strained hexaazaisowurtzitane cage, which affects the strength of the N–NO<sub>2</sub> bond. When a substituent less stable than the N-nitro group in the parent CL-20 is installed, the initial stage of degradation is determined by the decomposition kinetics of this substituent. One of the objects of this study, 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetrakis (2,2,2-trinitroethyl) −2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (<strong>8</strong>), was synthesized for the first time; it was fully characterized and also confirmed by X-ray structural data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000113/pdfft?md5=ce24d3f5af250653176eb76dc518d98b&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000113-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139988367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the field of energetic materials, prime attention has been given to the synthesis of environmentally compatible energetic materials having an adequate balance between energy and stability. For this purpose, nitrogen-rich heterocyclic rings have contributed as pivotal frameworks. Nitro-functionalized 1,2,4-triazoles have been profusely used as a constituent for synthesizing high-performing energetic materials (EMs) due to their high nitrogen content, good thermal stability, and modifiable sites via functionalization. Combination with a different energetic scaffold may provide an opportunity for accessible tailoring. In this work, in an effort to investigate the potential of 3-nitrotriazoles, its N-acetonitrile derivative 2 was synthesized, which was further converted to various explosophores. N-methylene-C bridged asymmetrically connected tetrazole (3) and 1,2,4-oxadiazole (9 and 10) based EMs have been synthesized. Further tuning of energetic properties via salt formation strategy was employed for the synthesis of compounds 4–7, 11 and 12. 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based compound 9 was also confirmed via X-ray diffraction analysis, and 10 was analyzed with 15N NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 exhibited high thermal stabilities and were found to be insensitive towards impact and friction. Compounds 5, 6, and 10 exhibited detonation performance comparable to the conventional insensitive explosive TATB.
{"title":"N-Acetonitrile functionalized 3-nitrotriazole: Precursor to nitrogen rich stable and insensitive energetic materials","authors":"Prachi Bhatia, Peddapothula Sahithi Priya, Priyanka Das, Dheeraj Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the field of energetic materials, prime attention has been given to the synthesis of environmentally compatible energetic materials having an adequate balance between energy and stability. For this purpose, nitrogen-rich heterocyclic rings have contributed as pivotal frameworks. Nitro-functionalized 1,2,4-triazoles have been profusely used as a constituent for synthesizing high-performing energetic materials (EMs) due to their high nitrogen content, good thermal stability, and modifiable sites via functionalization. Combination with a different energetic scaffold may provide an opportunity for accessible tailoring. In this work, in an effort to investigate the potential of 3-nitrotriazoles, its <em>N</em>-acetonitrile derivative <strong>2</strong> was synthesized, which was further converted to various explosophores. <em>N</em>-methylene-C bridged asymmetrically connected tetrazole (<strong>3</strong>) and 1,2,4-oxadiazole (<strong>9</strong> and <strong>10</strong>) based EMs have been synthesized. Further tuning of energetic properties via salt formation strategy was employed for the synthesis of compounds <strong>4</strong>–<strong>7</strong>, <strong>11</strong> and <strong>12</strong>. 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based compound <strong>9</strong> was also confirmed via X-ray diffraction analysis, and <strong>10</strong> was analyzed with <sup>15</sup>N NMR spectroscopy. Compounds <strong>3</strong>, <strong>4</strong>, <strong>5</strong>, <strong>7</strong> and <strong>9</strong> exhibited high thermal stabilities and were found to be insensitive towards impact and friction. Compounds <strong>5</strong>, <strong>6</strong>, and <strong>10</strong> exhibited detonation performance comparable to the conventional insensitive explosive TATB.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000101/pdfft?md5=2befe2433c5a4d29450479e53c21fd68&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000101-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139951952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.003
Jing Feng , Jie Sun , Lei Yang , Zhen-qi Zhang , Yang Liu , Qing Ma , Li-shuang Hu
Constructing heat-resistant fused heterocyclic compounds is increasingly fascinating in the field of energetic materials due to their excellent energy, high thermal stability, and low sensitivity, as well as high density in general. This study synthesized a novel heat-resistant explosive based on the imidazo [1,2-b]pyridazine fused ring,3,7-dinitroimidazo [1,2-b]pyridazine-6,8-diamine (5),using a three-step facile method. This compound exhibited a high density (1.856 g cm−3) and low mechanical sensitivities (IS = 40 J, FS = 350 N). Meanwhile, it displayed a higher thermal decomposition temperature of 324 °C compared to conventional heat-resistant explosive HNS (Td = 318 °C). In addition, it demonstrated significantly higher detonation performance (D = 8336 m s−1, p = 27.25 GPa) than both TNT (D = 6881 m s−1, p = 19.5 GPa) and HNS (D = 7612 m s−1, p = 24.3 GPa). Theoretical analysis shows that the intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions of NH2–NO2–NH2 might be the main reason for the heat resistance of energetic materials based on the imidazo [1,2-b]pyridazine fused ring. The results of this study suggest that compound 5 is a promising building block and a candidate for heat-resistant energetic materials.
{"title":"3,7-Dinitroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-6,8-diamine: A promising building block for advanced heat-resistant and low-sensitivity energetic materials","authors":"Jing Feng , Jie Sun , Lei Yang , Zhen-qi Zhang , Yang Liu , Qing Ma , Li-shuang Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Constructing heat-resistant fused heterocyclic compounds is increasingly fascinating in the field of energetic materials due to their excellent energy, high thermal stability, and low sensitivity, as well as high density in general. This study synthesized a novel heat-resistant explosive based on the imidazo [1,2-<em>b</em>]pyridazine fused ring,3,7-dinitroimidazo [1,2-<em>b</em>]pyridazine-6,8-diamine (<strong>5</strong>),using a three-step facile method. This compound exhibited a high density (1.856 g cm<sup>−3</sup>) and low mechanical sensitivities (<em>IS</em> = 40 J, <em>FS</em> = 350 N). Meanwhile, it displayed a higher thermal decomposition temperature of 324 °C compared to conventional heat-resistant explosive HNS (<em>T</em><sub>d</sub> = 318 °C). In addition, it demonstrated significantly higher detonation performance (<em>D</em> = 8336 <em>m</em> s<sup>−1</sup>, <em>p</em> = 27.25 GPa) than both TNT (<em>D</em> = 6881 <em>m</em> s<sup>−1</sup>, <em>p</em> = 19.5 GPa) and HNS (<em>D</em> = 7612 <em>m</em> s<sup>−1</sup>, <em>p</em> = 24.3 GPa). Theoretical analysis shows that the intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions of NH<sub>2</sub>–NO<sub>2</sub>–NH<sub>2</sub> might be the main reason for the heat resistance of energetic materials based on the imidazo [1,2-<em>b</em>]pyridazine fused ring. The results of this study suggest that compound <strong>5</strong> is a promising building block and a candidate for heat-resistant energetic materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000046/pdfft?md5=9e766e598dae0d3ef17fcad7727fdaf5&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000046-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139926593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-23DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.01.002
Luciana Amorim da Silva, Gabriel Monteiro-de-Castro, Erick Galante, Itamar Borges Jr, Aline Cardoso Anastácio
{"title":"A density functional theory investigation of the substituent effect on acyclovir and guanine derivatives for applications on energetic materials","authors":"Luciana Amorim da Silva, Gabriel Monteiro-de-Castro, Erick Galante, Itamar Borges Jr, Aline Cardoso Anastácio","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139952275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.002
Aleksandr V. Stankevich, Nikolay A. Rasputin, Anisa Kh Rudina, Gennady L. Rusinov, Vera I. Filyakova, Valery N. Charushin
The anisotropic characteristics of thermal deformation of ultrapure 2,4-dinitroanisole (2,4DNAN) crystals were determined by the methods of powder thermorentgenography of the internal standard. The points of structural changes are registered in increments of 10 K, and in the melting region of 2 and 1 K. Calculations of powder X-ray diffraction data are performed by methods of full-profile analysis with a cycle of quantum modeling of the structure of molecules integrated into the algorithm. The Pauli, Le Bail (WPPD), Rietveld (WPPF) and WPPM methods were used as reference methods for full-profile analysis. The main crystallographic axes and characteristic surfaces of the thermal deformation tensor α and β-2,4-DNAN are determined. At atmospheric pressure, the main coefficients of linear (α) and volumetric (β) thermal deformation (expansion) were at 293 K for α-2,4-DNAN with α1(293) = 11,516 × 10−5 K−1, α2(293) = −0,120 × 10−5 K−1, α3(293) = 5,098 × 10−5 K−1, β(293) = 16,333 × 10−5 K−1; at 293 K for β-2,4-DNAN with α1(293) = 13,217 × 10−5 K−1, α2(293) = 0,494 × 10−5 K−1, α3(293) = −8,6504 × 10−5 K−1, β(293) = 6,8191 × 10−5 K−1; at 260 K for β′-2,4-DNAN with α1(260) = 25,214 × 10−5 K−1, α2(260) = −5,823 × 10−5 K−1, α3(260) = 7,741 × 10−5 K−1, β(260) = 27,112 × 10−5 K−1.
{"title":"Tensors of thermal deformation for various polymorphic modifications of 2,4-dinitroanisole","authors":"Aleksandr V. Stankevich, Nikolay A. Rasputin, Anisa Kh Rudina, Gennady L. Rusinov, Vera I. Filyakova, Valery N. Charushin","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The anisotropic characteristics of thermal deformation of ultrapure 2,4-dinitroanisole (2,4DNAN) crystals were determined by the methods of powder thermorentgenography of the internal standard. The points of structural changes are registered in increments of 10 K, and in the melting region of 2 and 1 K. Calculations of powder X-ray diffraction data are performed by methods of full-profile analysis with a cycle of quantum modeling of the structure of molecules integrated into the algorithm. The Pauli, Le Bail (WPPD), Rietveld (WPPF) and WPPM methods were used as reference methods for full-profile analysis. The main crystallographic axes and characteristic surfaces of the thermal deformation tensor α and β-2,4-DNAN are determined. At atmospheric pressure, the main coefficients of linear (<em>α</em>) and volumetric (<em>β</em>) thermal deformation (expansion) were at 293 K for <em>α</em>-2,4-DNAN with <em>α</em><sub><em>1</em></sub>(293) = 11,516 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>α</em><sub>2</sub>(293) = −0,120 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>α</em><sub><em>3</em></sub>(293) = 5,098 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>β</em>(293) = 16,333 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>; at 293 K for <em>β</em>-2,4-DNAN with <em>α</em><sub><em>1</em></sub>(293) = 13,217 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>α</em><sub><em>2</em></sub>(293) = 0,494 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>α</em><sub>3</sub>(293) = −8,6504 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>β</em>(293) = 6,8191 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>; at 260 K for <em>β′</em>-2,4-DNAN with <em>α</em><sub><em>1</em></sub>(260) = 25,214 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>α</em><sub><em>2</em></sub>(260) = −5,823 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>α</em><sub><em>3</em></sub>(260) = 7,741 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, <em>β</em>(260) = 27,112 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139770721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}