Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2023.09.005
Li Lei, Jing-yi Liu, Heng-yuan Zhang
Single-bonded polymeric nitrogen (PN) synthesized under high pressure was highly delivered for its valuable application prospects on high-energy-density materials (HEDM) and profound effects for understanding the interaction behavior of simple diatomic. Since the 1980s, polymeric phases of nitrogen have displayed remarkable complexity under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature that fascinated theoreticians and experimentalists. The high-pressure X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy experiments on PN made it possible to elucidate their evolution, in particular, to measure important structural information through scientific facilities. Here, the synthesized PN hitherto, including cubic gauche nitrogen (cg-N), layered polymeric nitrogen (LP-N), hexagonal layered polymeric nitrogen (HLP-N), post-layered-polymeric nitrogen (PLP-N), and black phosphorous structure nitrogen (BP–N) are reviewed. The synthesized methods, diagnosed technologies, lattice dynamics, and experimental challenges are introduced, with a particular focus on their structural similarity and lattice dynamic characterization, and the Raman criterion for nitrogen polymerization is also given. Finally, we propose the expectation of developing free-electron laser (FEL) and high-pressure neutron technology which is a potential key in the research of fundamental elements under high pressure.
{"title":"Polymeric nitrogen: A review of experimental synthesis method, structure properties and lattice dynamic characterization from large scientific facilities and extreme spectroscopy perspectives","authors":"Li Lei, Jing-yi Liu, Heng-yuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.09.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2023.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Single-bonded polymeric nitrogen (PN) synthesized under high pressure was highly delivered for its valuable application prospects on high-energy-density materials (HEDM) and profound effects for understanding the interaction behavior of simple diatomic. Since the 1980s, polymeric phases of nitrogen have displayed remarkable complexity under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature that fascinated theoreticians and experimentalists. The high-pressure X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy experiments on PN made it possible to elucidate their evolution, in particular, to measure important structural information through scientific facilities. Here, the synthesized PN hitherto, including cubic gauche nitrogen (cg-N), layered polymeric nitrogen (LP-N), hexagonal layered polymeric nitrogen (HLP-N), post-layered-polymeric nitrogen (PLP-N), and black phosphorous structure nitrogen (BP–N) are reviewed. The synthesized methods, diagnosed technologies, lattice dynamics, and experimental challenges are introduced, with a particular focus on their structural similarity and lattice dynamic characterization, and the Raman criterion for nitrogen polymerization is also given. Finally, we propose the expectation of developing free-electron laser (FEL) and high-pressure neutron technology which is a potential key in the research of fundamental elements under high pressure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71761196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2023.01.001
Liang-fei Bai , Xin-xi Li , Hao Li , Guang-ai Sun , Dong Liu , Zhan-yu wu , Mei Peng , Zhi-chao Zhu , Chao-qiang Huang , Fei-yan Gong , Shi-chun Li
To better understand the structure-activity relationship and enhance the overall performance of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs), the neutron and X-ray scattering techniques, which utilize neutron or X-ray radiation as probes, are unique and useful methods for quantifying the inherent hierarchical microstructures and components of PBXs. This review focuses on a series of scattering techniques and their typical applications in PBXs and includes a brief introduction of large neutron and X-ray scientific facilities in China. It describes the basic principles, instrumentation, sample environment, and empirical approaches of small-angle scattering (SAS), neutron reflection (NR), and neutron diffraction (ND). Additionally, it reviews common applications of these scattering techniques in the fields of PBXs. Combining the scattering techniques with complementary methods yields several valuable parameters that account for the microstructural features of PBXs. The combination can be used to establish multi-scale structure-activity relationships of PBXs and optimize the preparation process, numerical simulations, and performance prediction of PBXs. More efforts should be made to (1) gather the comprehensive multi-scale microstructural parameters for certain PBXs and add them to corresponding characteristic databases; (2) further investigate the dependence of the microstructural features on the preparation conditions of PBXs; (3) establish multi-factor correlations between the multi-scale microstructural features and the multiple performances obtained from experiments; (4) incorporate the microstructural parameters into various theoretical computational models.
{"title":"A review of small angle scattering, neutron reflection, and neutron diffraction techniques for microstructural characterization of polymer-bonded explosives","authors":"Liang-fei Bai , Xin-xi Li , Hao Li , Guang-ai Sun , Dong Liu , Zhan-yu wu , Mei Peng , Zhi-chao Zhu , Chao-qiang Huang , Fei-yan Gong , Shi-chun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To better understand the structure-activity relationship and enhance the overall performance of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs), the neutron and X-ray scattering techniques, which utilize neutron or X-ray radiation as probes, are unique and useful methods for quantifying the inherent hierarchical microstructures and components of PBXs. This review focuses on a series of scattering techniques and their typical applications in PBXs and includes a brief introduction of large neutron and X-ray scientific facilities in China. It describes the basic principles, instrumentation, sample environment, and empirical approaches of small-angle scattering (SAS), neutron reflection (NR), and neutron diffraction (ND). Additionally, it reviews common applications of these scattering techniques in the fields of PBXs. Combining the scattering techniques with complementary methods yields several valuable parameters that account for the microstructural features of PBXs. The combination can be used to establish multi-scale structure-activity relationships of PBXs and optimize the preparation process, numerical simulations, and performance prediction of PBXs. More efforts should be made to (1) gather the comprehensive multi-scale microstructural parameters for certain PBXs and add them to corresponding characteristic databases; (2) further investigate the dependence of the microstructural features on the preparation conditions of PBXs; (3) establish multi-factor correlations between the multi-scale microstructural features and the multiple performances obtained from experiments; (4) incorporate the microstructural parameters into various theoretical computational models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46243500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large-scale data demonstrates great significance for the discovery of novel energetic materials (EMs). However, the open-source databases of EMs are not readily available. In pursuit of high-performance EMs before synthetic attempts in the laboratory, the theoretically predicted properties and experimental results that can be easily accessed are desired. Herein, a benchmark informatics platform of EMs, namely EM Database, has been developed for the purpose of data storage and sharing. EM Database v1.0 currently contains the properties of approximately 100000 unique compounds obtained through quantum chemistry (QC) calculations and the experimental results of about 10000 unique compounds extracted from literature. The QC data in the database were extracted via ground-state density functional calculations using the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method. These data include geometrical conformation, electronic structures, and predicted properties (i.e., crystal density, enthalpy of sublimation, molar heat of formation, detonation pressure, detonation velocity, detonation heat, and detonation volume) obtained using models of quantitative structure-property relationships. The experimental data were manually collected from literature and were then doubly curated by our project team members. These data include the physicochemical, thermal, combustion, detonation, spectra, and sensitivity properties. In this paper, we also discuss the techniques for constructing the EM Database and present the fundamental features of the database. The EM Database is expected to serve as an effective benchmark informatics platform for forthcoming research on EMs.
{"title":"EM Database v1.0: A benchmark informatics platform for data-driven discovery of energetic materials","authors":"Xin Huang, Wen Qian, Jian Liu, Jun-hong Zhou, Chao-yang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.09.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2023.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale data demonstrates great significance for the discovery of novel energetic materials (EMs). However, the open-source databases of EMs are not readily available. In pursuit of high-performance EMs before synthetic attempts in the laboratory, the theoretically predicted properties and experimental results that can be easily accessed are desired. Herein, a benchmark informatics platform of EMs, namely EM Database, has been developed for the purpose of data storage and sharing. EM Database v1.0 currently contains the properties of approximately 100000 unique compounds obtained through quantum chemistry (QC) calculations and the experimental results of about 10000 unique compounds extracted from literature. The QC data in the database were extracted via ground-state density functional calculations using the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method. These data include geometrical conformation, electronic structures, and predicted properties (i.e., crystal density, enthalpy of sublimation, molar heat of formation, detonation pressure, detonation velocity, detonation heat, and detonation volume) obtained using models of quantitative structure-property relationships. The experimental data were manually collected from literature and were then doubly curated by our project team members. These data include the physicochemical, thermal, combustion, detonation, spectra, and sensitivity properties. In this paper, we also discuss the techniques for constructing the EM Database and present the fundamental features of the database. The EM Database is expected to serve as an effective benchmark informatics platform for forthcoming research on EMs.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135889387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple, mild and efficient method was proposed to construct fused tricyclic skeletons based on Mannich reaction. This work not only develops a new method to construct the tricyclic skeletons effectively, but also provides a new insight into the fused tricyclic skeletons containing flexible ring, which will greatly contribute to the research and development of the tricyclic energetic compounds. The relationship of structure-activity was studied by weak interactions calculation, single crystal structures analysis, electrostatic potentials calculation. The experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that the fused tricyclic skeleton containing flexible ring possesses better thermal stability and can be derivatized more easily compared with the similar aromatic fused tricyclic skeleton. Besides, the energetic derivates based on the fused tricyclic skeleton containing flexible ring possess good comprehensive properties: 2 (D = 7726 m s−1, p = 22.7 GPa) and 4 (D = 8151 m s−1, p = 26.3 GPa). All these results suggest that the fused tricyclic skeleton containing flexible ring is an ideal candidate to construct energetic compounds.
提出了一种简单、温和、高效的基于曼尼希反应构建融合三环骨架的方法。本研究不仅开发了一种有效构建三环骨架的新方法,而且对含柔性环的融合三环骨架提供了新的认识,对三环含能化合物的研究和开发具有重要意义。通过弱相互作用计算、单晶结构分析、静电势计算等方法研究了其构效关系。实验和理论研究表明,含柔性环的熔融三环骨架与同类芳香族的熔融三环骨架相比,具有更好的热稳定性,更容易衍生化。此外,基于含柔性环的融合三环骨架的含能衍生物具有较好的综合性能:2 (D = 7726 m s−1,p = 22.7 GPa)和4 (D = 8151 m s−1,p = 26.3 GPa)。这些结果表明,含柔性环的熔融三环骨架是构建含能化合物的理想候选结构。
{"title":"Structure-activity relationship analysis and molecular structure construction of fused tricyclic energetic molecules containing flexible ring","authors":"Jun-hao Shi, Hong-lei Xia, Si-wei Song, Si-tong Chen, Zi-wu Cai, Yu-teng Cao, Wen-quan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A simple, mild and efficient method was proposed to construct fused tricyclic skeletons based on Mannich reaction. This work not only develops a new method to construct the tricyclic skeletons effectively, but also provides a new insight into the fused tricyclic skeletons containing flexible ring, which will greatly contribute to the research and development of the tricyclic energetic compounds. The relationship of structure-activity was studied by weak interactions calculation, single crystal structures analysis, electrostatic potentials calculation. The experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that the fused tricyclic skeleton containing flexible ring possesses better thermal stability and can be derivatized more easily compared with the similar aromatic fused tricyclic skeleton. Besides, the energetic derivates based on the fused tricyclic skeleton containing flexible ring possess good comprehensive properties: <strong>2</strong> (<em>D</em> = 7726 m s<sup>−1</sup>, <em>p</em> = 22.7 GPa) and <strong>4</strong> (<em>D</em> = 8151 m s<sup>−1</sup>, <em>p</em> = 26.3 GPa). All these results suggest that the fused tricyclic skeleton containing flexible ring is an ideal candidate to construct energetic compounds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43754645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2023.06.004
Chun-yan Li, Jiao Chen, C. An, Bao-yun Ye, Jing-yu Wang
{"title":"Application of inkjet printing using micro-nano CL-20-based PVA colloidal suspension with desensitization to MEMS-based pyrotechnics","authors":"Chun-yan Li, Jiao Chen, C. An, Bao-yun Ye, Jing-yu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2023.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43058995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2023.07.001
Qian Wang, Jianbing Xu, Ze Zhang, Yun-fei Mu, Y. Ye, Rui-qi Shen
{"title":"Design and performance of a micro-scale detonation train with a built-in pyrotechnic MEMS-based safety and arming device","authors":"Qian Wang, Jianbing Xu, Ze Zhang, Yun-fei Mu, Y. Ye, Rui-qi Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47387892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2023.05.003
Jie Tang, Hong-wei Yang, Guang-bin Cheng
This review provides numerous studies on nitrogen-rich tetracyclic-based heterocyclic energetic materials including oxadiazole, tetrazole, triazole, pyrazole, imidazole and tetrazine. The article mainly describes the construction method of energetic skeleton, explosive modification, and properties of tetracyclic energetic materials. The structure-property relationship was obtained by comparing the properties of a series of nitrogen-rich energetic materials. Finally, authors summarize the synthesis laws of energetic skeletons, which provides reference for the development of energetic materials in the future.
{"title":"Nitrogen-rich tetracyclic-based heterocyclic energetic materials","authors":"Jie Tang, Hong-wei Yang, Guang-bin Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review provides numerous studies on nitrogen-rich tetracyclic-based heterocyclic energetic materials including oxadiazole, tetrazole, triazole, pyrazole, imidazole and tetrazine. The article mainly describes the construction method of energetic skeleton, explosive modification, and properties of tetracyclic energetic materials. The structure-property relationship was obtained by comparing the properties of a series of nitrogen-rich energetic materials. Finally, authors summarize the synthesis laws of energetic skeletons, which provides reference for the development of energetic materials in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47013831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2022.05.002
Ru-jing Yu, Yu-ji Liu, Wei Huang, Yong-xing Tang
As a full nitrogen energetic anion, pentazolate (cyclo-N5ˉ) holds great promise in the fields of propellants and explosives. Nowadays, nonmetallic pentazolate salts have received extensive attention as excellent nitrogen-rich energetic materials for their high enthalpies of formation, good oxygen balance, and eco-friendly decomposition products. In this study, a 1,4,5-triaminotetrazolium-based pentazolate salt (TATe+N5ˉ, 8) with a nitrogen content of up to 90.30% was designed and synthesized. Its crystal structure indicates that a large number of hydrogen bonds form a hydrogen-bonded network, and the crystal has a mixed stacking pattern. TATe+N5ˉ, which has a relatively high density (1.64 g·cm−3), high heat of formation (861.9 kJ·mol−1), and excellent detonation performances (detonation velocity: 9487 m·s−1, detonation pressure: 32.5 GPa), provides new insights into the stability of ultrahigh-nitrogen compounds.
{"title":"A hybrid of tetrazolium and pentazolate: An energetic salt with ultrahigh nitrogen content and energy","authors":"Ru-jing Yu, Yu-ji Liu, Wei Huang, Yong-xing Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2022.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2022.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a full nitrogen energetic anion, pentazolate (<em>cyclo</em>-N<sub>5</sub>ˉ) holds great promise in the fields of propellants and explosives. Nowadays, nonmetallic pentazolate salts have received extensive attention as excellent nitrogen-rich energetic materials for their high enthalpies of formation, good oxygen balance, and eco-friendly decomposition products. In this study, a 1,4,5-triaminotetrazolium-based pentazolate salt (TATe<sup>+</sup>N<sub>5</sub>ˉ, <strong>8</strong>) with a nitrogen content of up to 90.30% was designed and synthesized. Its crystal structure indicates that a large number of hydrogen bonds form a hydrogen-bonded network, and the crystal has a mixed stacking pattern. TATe<sup>+</sup>N<sub>5</sub>ˉ, which has a relatively high density (1.64 g·cm<sup>−3</sup>), high heat of formation (861.9 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>), and excellent detonation performances (detonation velocity: 9487 m·s<sup>−1</sup>, detonation pressure: 32.5 GPa), provides new insights into the stability of ultrahigh-nitrogen compounds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44982343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2023.05.001
Lu Li , Si-tong Chen , Si-wei Song , Qing-hua Zhang
Two new tetrazole ligands were designed and synthesized using simple methods in this study, namely 1H-tetrazole-5-carbohydrazide (HCHT, 1) and 2-amino-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (HAOT, 2). Their solvent-free potassium salts [K(CHT)]n (3) and [K(AOT)]n (4) are new two-dimensional energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs), and their structures were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS), elemental analysis (EA), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD). Both compounds 3 and 4 exhibit high decomposition temperatures (Td) of 314 °C and 310 °C, respectively and are highly insensitive to impact and friction stimuli (IS > 40 J, FS > 360 N). The detonation velocity and pressure of 3 were calculated at 9141 m s−1 and 29.0 GPa, respectively, and those of 4 were determined at 8423 m s−1 and 24.5 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, intermolecular interactions in 3 and 4 were analyzed using 2D fingerprint plots with associated Hirshfeld surfaces. In this manner, two thermally stable and insensitive EMOFs were developed based on two new tetrazole ligands.
{"title":"Thermally stable and insensitive energetic metal-organic frameworks based on two new tetrazole ligands","authors":"Lu Li , Si-tong Chen , Si-wei Song , Qing-hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two new tetrazole ligands were designed and synthesized using simple methods in this study, namely 1<em>H</em>-tetrazole-5-carbohydrazide (HCHT, <strong>1</strong>) and 2-amino-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (HAOT, <strong>2</strong>). Their solvent-free potassium salts [K(CHT)]<sub><em>n</em></sub> (<strong>3</strong>) and [K(AOT)]<sub><em>n</em></sub> (<strong>4</strong>) are new two-dimensional energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs), and their structures were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS), elemental analysis (EA), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD). Both compounds <strong>3</strong> and <strong>4</strong> exhibit high decomposition temperatures (<em>T</em><sub>d</sub>) of 314 °C and 310 °C, respectively and are highly insensitive to impact and friction stimuli (<em>IS</em> > 40 J, <em>FS</em> > 360 N). The detonation velocity and pressure of <strong>3</strong> were calculated at 9141 m s<sup>−1</sup> and 29.0 GPa, respectively, and those of <strong>4</strong> were determined at 8423 m s<sup>−1</sup> and 24.5 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, intermolecular interactions in <strong>3</strong> and <strong>4</strong> were analyzed using 2D fingerprint plots with associated Hirshfeld surfaces. In this manner, two thermally stable and insensitive EMOFs were developed based on two new tetrazole ligands.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42877965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}