Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2023.07.001
To improve the equipment miniaturization and reliability of weapons and ammunition systems, this study designs a micro-scale detonation train (MDT) with a built-in pyrotechnic microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based safety and arming (S&A) device, which consists of an energetic semiconductor bridge (ESCB) detonator, and a S&A device with built-in isolation mechanisms, and a micro-detonation train. Furthermore, this study investigates the effects of the slider thickness, the spring beams’ thickness, and the positioning beam type on the security of the S&A device using the Finite Element Dynamics software and verifies the function of the MDT through experiments of capacitive charge and discharge ignition. As indicated by the results, an encouraging arming function can be achieved under a slider thickness of 1.0 mm and a positioning beam type of PB, while the spring beam thickness is less relevant. Additionally, the results show that the arming function of the MDT can be completed in 0.6 ms.
{"title":"Design and performance of a micro-scale detonation train with a built-in pyrotechnic MEMS-based safety and arming device","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the equipment miniaturization and reliability of weapons and ammunition systems, this study designs a micro-scale detonation train (MDT) with a built-in pyrotechnic microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based safety and arming (S&A) device, which consists of an energetic semiconductor bridge (ESCB) detonator, and a S&A device with built-in isolation mechanisms, and a micro-detonation train. Furthermore, this study investigates the effects of the slider thickness, the spring beams’ thickness, and the positioning beam type on the security of the S&A device using the Finite Element Dynamics software and verifies the function of the MDT through experiments of capacitive charge and discharge ignition. As indicated by the results, an encouraging arming function can be achieved under a slider thickness of 1.0 mm and a positioning beam type of PB, while the spring beam thickness is less relevant. Additionally, the results show that the arming function of the MDT can be completed in 0.6 ms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 208-215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47387892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.006
En-pei Feng, Jie Tang, Cheng-chuang Li, Teng Zhu, Hong-wei Yang, Guang-bin Cheng
The formation of anions and cations from amphoteric compounds is an effective method to adjust the properties of amphoteric energetic materials, but there are few reports in the field of energetic materials. Based on the excellent properties and modifiability of 1,2,4-triazoles, this work provides a method for the synthesis of novel energetic materials by bridging triazole rings with carboxylic acid, ester and azo groups. Triazole cyclization of carboxylic acids gave the amphoteric compound 6,5-diamino-1′,4′-dihydro-4H,5′H-[3,3′-bis (1,2,4-triazole)]-5′-one () and formed the anionic hydroxylamine salt (), which was not ideal in thermal stability ( = 161 °C). In order to further adjust the properties, was reacted with nitric acid to form nitrate . Cationic nitrate has good thermal stability ( = 334 °C) and high detonation properties ( = 8337 m∙s) in high-energy nitrates. In addition, azo compound (5-nitro-1H, 2′H-[3,3′-bis (1,2,4-triazole)]-5′-yl) hydrazine () has low sensitivity ( = 20 J, = 240 N), good thermal stability ( = 287 °C) and detonation characteristics ( = 8602 m∙s, = 30.5 GPa) comparable to RDX ( = 8795 m∙s). Compounds and have good detonation properties and thermal stability, and have broad application prospects as heat-resistant insensitive explosives.
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of amphoteric salts and azo-bridged heat-resistant explosives with a 1,2,4-triazole framework","authors":"En-pei Feng, Jie Tang, Cheng-chuang Li, Teng Zhu, Hong-wei Yang, Guang-bin Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of anions and cations from amphoteric compounds is an effective method to adjust the properties of amphoteric energetic materials, but there are few reports in the field of energetic materials. Based on the excellent properties and modifiability of 1,2,4-triazoles, this work provides a method for the synthesis of novel energetic materials by bridging triazole rings with carboxylic acid, ester and azo groups. Triazole cyclization of carboxylic acids gave the amphoteric compound 6,5-diamino-1′,4′-dihydro-4H,5′H-[3,3′-bis (1,2,4-triazole)]-5′-one () and formed the anionic hydroxylamine salt (), which was not ideal in thermal stability ( = 161 °C). In order to further adjust the properties, was reacted with nitric acid to form nitrate . Cationic nitrate has good thermal stability ( = 334 °C) and high detonation properties ( = 8337 m∙s) in high-energy nitrates. In addition, azo compound (5-nitro-1H, 2′H-[3,3′-bis (1,2,4-triazole)]-5′-yl) hydrazine () has low sensitivity ( = 20 J, = 240 N), good thermal stability ( = 287 °C) and detonation characteristics ( = 8602 m∙s, = 30.5 GPa) comparable to RDX ( = 8795 m∙s). Compounds and have good detonation properties and thermal stability, and have broad application prospects as heat-resistant insensitive explosives.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.003
Wen-zhe Huang, Lei Liu, Lu Lu, Yu-ji Liu, Wei Huang, Yong-xing Tang
Corrosion between energetic materials and metal containers can accelerate material aging and failure, significantly affecting the safety, reliability, and lifespan of ammunition systems. To address this challenge, we propose the construction of energetic covalent organic frameworks (ECOFs) as a promising solution. We introduce a straightforward method for synthesizing nitrogen-rich ECOFs. The synthesized ECOFs were characterized through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These frameworks exhibit remarkable thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 285 °C. Notably, they display low sensitivity to non-explosive stimuli, as evidenced by impact sensitivity over 60 J and friction sensitivity over 360 N. The anti-rust properties of the ECOFs were further evaluated using Tafel curve analysis, highlighting their exceptional resistance to metal corrosion. Particularly, ECOF-3, synthesized from triaminoguanidine nitrate and 5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxaldehyde, stands out for its superior steel corrosion resistance. These ECOFs have potential applications as high-energy, anti-corrosion coatings materials.
{"title":"Nitrogen-rich skeleton reassembled ECOFs as energetic materials with low sensitivities and good corrosion resistance","authors":"Wen-zhe Huang, Lei Liu, Lu Lu, Yu-ji Liu, Wei Huang, Yong-xing Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion between energetic materials and metal containers can accelerate material aging and failure, significantly affecting the safety, reliability, and lifespan of ammunition systems. To address this challenge, we propose the construction of energetic covalent organic frameworks (ECOFs) as a promising solution. We introduce a straightforward method for synthesizing nitrogen-rich ECOFs. The synthesized ECOFs were characterized through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These frameworks exhibit remarkable thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 285 °C. Notably, they display low sensitivity to non-explosive stimuli, as evidenced by impact sensitivity over 60 J and friction sensitivity over 360 N. The anti-rust properties of the ECOFs were further evaluated using Tafel curve analysis, highlighting their exceptional resistance to metal corrosion. Particularly, ECOF-3, synthesized from triaminoguanidine nitrate and 5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxaldehyde, stands out for its superior steel corrosion resistance. These ECOFs have potential applications as high-energy, anti-corrosion coatings materials.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.001
Yu-qiu Wang, Yu-hui Dong, Ya-qi Qin, Ming Lu, Peng-cheng Wang
From the electrochemical synthesis in beakers to the application of electrochemical reactors, flow electrosynthesis has become more and more prominent in the field of organic synthesis. But for multi-feed reactions, the problem of efficient mixing in the electrochemical reactor remains unresolved. A novel electrolytic cell was devised to facilitate thorough mixing of various feedstocks during electrochemical oxidation. With structural optimization guided by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the choice of reaction channels was deliberated upon, alongside an elucidation of the mixing mechanism. The reactor's performance was assessed based on both mixing efficiency and electrochemical oxidation capability with the synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene (HNS) serving as a model. The high efficiency of the electrochemical reactor was verified by the enhanced yield, purity, and faradaic efficiency of HNS. It is environmentally friendly and easy to realize industrial production.
{"title":"Construction of electrochemical flow reactor: Static mixing and micro-cell for dehydrogenation oxidation from TNT to 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene","authors":"Yu-qiu Wang, Yu-hui Dong, Ya-qi Qin, Ming Lu, Peng-cheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"From the electrochemical synthesis in beakers to the application of electrochemical reactors, flow electrosynthesis has become more and more prominent in the field of organic synthesis. But for multi-feed reactions, the problem of efficient mixing in the electrochemical reactor remains unresolved. A novel electrolytic cell was devised to facilitate thorough mixing of various feedstocks during electrochemical oxidation. With structural optimization guided by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the choice of reaction channels was deliberated upon, alongside an elucidation of the mixing mechanism. The reactor's performance was assessed based on both mixing efficiency and electrochemical oxidation capability with the synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene (HNS) serving as a model. The high efficiency of the electrochemical reactor was verified by the enhanced yield, purity, and faradaic efficiency of HNS. It is environmentally friendly and easy to realize industrial production.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.002
Zi-han Wang, Wei Liu, Yu Dai, Zhong-ping Liu, Meng-dan Ma, Sheng Cui, Xuan He, Yu Liu
In light of escalating global tensions and the persistent frequency of terrorist incidents, explosives have caused unpredictable serious environmental problems in the worldwide. The imperative for rapid, highly sensitive and accurate detection of explosives has been propelled to the forefront of priorities across various fields, especially national defense and environmental protection. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a potent technology for the detection of explosives, attributed to its exceptional sensitivity, rapidity and non-destructive characterization of specific analytes. Concurrently, high-performance substrates and portable devices have expanded the use of SERS technology from the lab to field applications, increasing its potential utility. This progress report summarizes the progress of SERS and related integrated technologies for explosives detection in recent years. Following an introductory synopsis of SERS enhancement principles, this exposition focuses on the pivotal role of SERS substrates in the detection of explosives. It delineates the multifaceted advantages of SERS technology in the realm of explosive detection from three critical dimensions: ultra-sensitivity, semi-quantitative and high selectivity. The report subsequently introduces cutting-edge integration techniques that are compatible with SERS, such as portable Raman instruments, on-site wipeable sampling technology and microfluidic devices, all of which are major advances in promoting on-site high-throughput explosives detection programs. In conclusion, this report synthesizes the outcomes attained and delineates prospective directions for future research in the field of SERS explosives detection.
{"title":"On-site trace detection of explosives: From ultra-sensitive SERS to integrated detection technology","authors":"Zi-han Wang, Wei Liu, Yu Dai, Zhong-ping Liu, Meng-dan Ma, Sheng Cui, Xuan He, Yu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"In light of escalating global tensions and the persistent frequency of terrorist incidents, explosives have caused unpredictable serious environmental problems in the worldwide. The imperative for rapid, highly sensitive and accurate detection of explosives has been propelled to the forefront of priorities across various fields, especially national defense and environmental protection. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a potent technology for the detection of explosives, attributed to its exceptional sensitivity, rapidity and non-destructive characterization of specific analytes. Concurrently, high-performance substrates and portable devices have expanded the use of SERS technology from the lab to field applications, increasing its potential utility. This progress report summarizes the progress of SERS and related integrated technologies for explosives detection in recent years. Following an introductory synopsis of SERS enhancement principles, this exposition focuses on the pivotal role of SERS substrates in the detection of explosives. It delineates the multifaceted advantages of SERS technology in the realm of explosive detection from three critical dimensions: ultra-sensitivity, semi-quantitative and high selectivity. The report subsequently introduces cutting-edge integration techniques that are compatible with SERS, such as portable Raman instruments, on-site wipeable sampling technology and microfluidic devices, all of which are major advances in promoting on-site high-throughput explosives detection programs. In conclusion, this report synthesizes the outcomes attained and delineates prospective directions for future research in the field of SERS explosives detection.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.07.002
Tian Lei, Yan-da Jiang, Bao-jing Tian, Ning Ding, Qi Sun, Sheng-hua Li, Si-ping Pang
Most energetic molecules can only form cations or anions, limiting the structural diversity and performance regulation. In this study, we have presented the interesting amphoteric feature of 3,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-2-oxide-4-nitropyrimidone (DHON), which can be transformed into both DHON anion and DHON cation. The structures of the amphoteric salts were characterized by using single-crystal x-ray diffraction, and their energy (density, heat of formation, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure) and stability (thermal decomposition temperature, impact sensitivity, and friction sensitivity) were also carefully studied. Results indicate DHON anionic salts exhibit very promising stabilities, much superior to DHON cationic salts. Especially, the hydroxylaminium salt exhibits an extremely high thermal decomposition temperature of 309 C. The x-ray data and quantum calculations show that the DHON anion has stronger conjugation and H-bonds than the DHON cation, thus leading to the higher stability.
大多数高能分子只能形成阳离子或阴离子，从而限制了结构的多样性和性能的调节。在这项研究中，我们提出了 3,5-二氨基-6-羟基-2-氧化物-4-硝基嘧啶酮（DHON）有趣的两性特征，它既可以转化为 DHON 阴离子，也可以转化为 DHON 阳离子。利用单晶 X 射线衍射表征了两性盐的结构，并仔细研究了它们的能量（密度、形成热、爆速和爆压）和稳定性（热分解温度、冲击敏感性和摩擦敏感性）。结果表明，DHON 阴离子盐的稳定性非常好，远远优于 DHON 阳离子盐。X 射线数据和量子计算表明，DHON 阴离子比 DHON 阳离子具有更强的共轭和 H 键，因此具有更高的稳定性。
{"title":"Amphoteric feature of 3,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-2-oxide-4-nitropyrimidone and its highly-stable energetic anionic salts","authors":"Tian Lei, Yan-da Jiang, Bao-jing Tian, Ning Ding, Qi Sun, Sheng-hua Li, Si-ping Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"Most energetic molecules can only form cations or anions, limiting the structural diversity and performance regulation. In this study, we have presented the interesting amphoteric feature of 3,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-2-oxide-4-nitropyrimidone (DHON), which can be transformed into both DHON anion and DHON cation. The structures of the amphoteric salts were characterized by using single-crystal x-ray diffraction, and their energy (density, heat of formation, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure) and stability (thermal decomposition temperature, impact sensitivity, and friction sensitivity) were also carefully studied. Results indicate DHON anionic salts exhibit very promising stabilities, much superior to DHON cationic salts. Especially, the hydroxylaminium salt exhibits an extremely high thermal decomposition temperature of 309 C. The x-ray data and quantum calculations show that the DHON anion has stronger conjugation and H-bonds than the DHON cation, thus leading to the higher stability.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is a highly insensitive energetic material used in applications where extreme safety is required primarily. Ensuring the safe use of TATB as planned relies on research into intrinsic behavior under shock loading, which needs further investigation. Here, we study the shock response in oriented supercells of the highly anisotropic TATB based on reactive molecular dynamics simulations and multi-scale shock technique. Results demonstrate that the mechanical response primarily consists of adiabatic compression and plastic deformation. The system is more susceptible to be compressed rather than plastic deformed when shocked direction to the molecular layer at a 45° angle, resulting in the most obvious initial temperature increase. The chemical reaction pathways are similar in our simulations. Under shock loading, polymerization occurs first and then decomposition begins. However, the overall chemical kinetics response intensifies, as the angle between the shock direction and molecular layer decreases. Nonetheless, the rate of decomposition does not strictly correlate with shock direction. Moreover, clusters evolution shows different reactivity based on shock direction and velocity, which makes anisotropy weak at high shock velocity.
{"title":"Anisotropic shock response in oriented omnidirectional TATB supercells based on reactive molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Guan-chen Dong, Jia-lu Guan, Ling-hua Tan, Jing Lv, Xiao-na Huang, Guang-cheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is a highly insensitive energetic material used in applications where extreme safety is required primarily. Ensuring the safe use of TATB as planned relies on research into intrinsic behavior under shock loading, which needs further investigation. Here, we study the shock response in oriented supercells of the highly anisotropic TATB based on reactive molecular dynamics simulations and multi-scale shock technique. Results demonstrate that the mechanical response primarily consists of adiabatic compression and plastic deformation. The system is more susceptible to be compressed rather than plastic deformed when shocked direction to the molecular layer at a 45° angle, resulting in the most obvious initial temperature increase. The chemical reaction pathways are similar in our simulations. Under shock loading, polymerization occurs first and then decomposition begins. However, the overall chemical kinetics response intensifies, as the angle between the shock direction and molecular layer decreases. Nonetheless, the rate of decomposition does not strictly correlate with shock direction. Moreover, clusters evolution shows different reactivity based on shock direction and velocity, which makes anisotropy weak at high shock velocity.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.06.005
Long Zhu, Qi Zhou, Wei Wang, Huan Li, Bing Li, Yu Zhang, Jun Luo
Organic cage-like frameworks are important and versatile skeletons for developing prospective energetic compounds because of their high intrinsic density, symmetry, stability, and derivability. In this paper, a noradamantane-based energetic compound 3,7-dinitrato-9-nitro-9-azanoradamantane was synthesized from easily accessible compound 1,6-heptadien-4-ol via eight steps. Based on the X-ray diffraction analysis, it exhibits a good density of 1.678 g⋅cm. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests indicate that it has positive thermal stability since its decomposition temperature was found to be 134 °C, and the theoretical detonation velocity is calculated to be 7363 m⋅s. These results imply that noradamantane has the potential to be a prospective framework for developing high energy-density energetic compounds.
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of a new cage-like energetic compound 3,7-dinitrato-9-nitro-9-azanoradamantane","authors":"Long Zhu, Qi Zhou, Wei Wang, Huan Li, Bing Li, Yu Zhang, Jun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.06.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"Organic cage-like frameworks are important and versatile skeletons for developing prospective energetic compounds because of their high intrinsic density, symmetry, stability, and derivability. In this paper, a noradamantane-based energetic compound 3,7-dinitrato-9-nitro-9-azanoradamantane was synthesized from easily accessible compound 1,6-heptadien-4-ol via eight steps. Based on the X-ray diffraction analysis, it exhibits a good density of 1.678 g⋅cm. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests indicate that it has positive thermal stability since its decomposition temperature was found to be 134 °C, and the theoretical detonation velocity is calculated to be 7363 m⋅s. These results imply that noradamantane has the potential to be a prospective framework for developing high energy-density energetic compounds.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2023.10.003
Bi-dong Wu , Yi Liu , Jia-hui Yang , Yun-yan Guo , Kai Han , Fan Wang , Zhong-ze Zhang , Chong-wei An , Jing-yu Wang
Reducing the formation of large carbon clusters during the combustion of energetic materials (EMs) and improving their comprehensive performance hold great significance. With fluororubber (F2604) as a binder, this study prepared HNS/n-Al microspheres with different n-Al contents (5%, 10%, and 15%) using droplet microfluidic technology. Then, it characterized and tested the morphology, particle size distribution, dispersibility, crystal structure, thermal properties, mechanical sensitivity, and combustion behavior of the microspheres. The results show that the prepared microspheres had regular shapes, uniform particle sizes, and excellent dispersibility and contained more homogeneous components than physically mixed samples. Furthermore, the microspheres retained the crystal structures of the raw materials, enjoying high safety performance. The thermal analysis shows that HNS/n-Al microspheres had high heat resistance (thermal decomposition temperature: over 354 °C) and that a higher n-Al content was associated with more thorough thermal decomposition reactions of HNS (HNS: 83%, HNS/n-Al: 84%, 86%, and 93%). The ignition experiments show that the HNS/n-Al microspheres possessed excellent and stable combustion performance, as evidenced by more complete combustion reactions and significantly elevated energy release efficiency. Therefore, it is expected to achieve high-energy and high-speed responses of carbon-rich EMs and promote their practical applications.
{"title":"Preparing HNS/n-Al heat-resistant microspheres with enhanced combustion performance using droplet microfluidic technology","authors":"Bi-dong Wu , Yi Liu , Jia-hui Yang , Yun-yan Guo , Kai Han , Fan Wang , Zhong-ze Zhang , Chong-wei An , Jing-yu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reducing the formation of large carbon clusters during the combustion of energetic materials (EMs) and improving their comprehensive performance hold great significance. With fluororubber (F<sub>2604</sub>) as a binder, this study prepared HNS/n-Al microspheres with different n-Al contents (5%, 10%, and 15%) using droplet microfluidic technology. Then, it characterized and tested the morphology, particle size distribution, dispersibility, crystal structure, thermal properties, mechanical sensitivity, and combustion behavior of the microspheres. The results show that the prepared microspheres had regular shapes, uniform particle sizes, and excellent dispersibility and contained more homogeneous components than physically mixed samples. Furthermore, the microspheres retained the crystal structures of the raw materials, enjoying high safety performance. The thermal analysis shows that HNS/n-Al microspheres had high heat resistance (thermal decomposition temperature: over 354 °C) and that a higher n-Al content was associated with more thorough thermal decomposition reactions of HNS (HNS: 83%, HNS/n-Al: 84%, 86%, and 93%). The ignition experiments show that the HNS/n-Al microspheres possessed excellent and stable combustion performance, as evidenced by more complete combustion reactions and significantly elevated energy release efficiency. Therefore, it is expected to achieve high-energy and high-speed responses of carbon-rich EMs and promote their practical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 81-89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647223000635/pdfft?md5=84dc814eb253cdccfca6ed5ca3f5e53c&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647223000635-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135850123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2024.05.001
Prachi Bhatia , Vikas D. Ghule , Dheeraj Kumar
Various types of materials have been explored in the pursuit of high energy density materials (HEDMs) that have balanced energy and stability. Among them, energetic salts show numerous advantages, such as lower vapor pressures, high physical stabilities, and the opportunity for favorable tuning by careful selection of cations/anions. Nitrogen-rich bases are generally used as cations for energetic salt formation. While the synthesis of salts with larger cations lowers the sensitivity, smaller cations aid better energetic performance. A combination of both in the same ionic moieties might help in the formation of a superior explosive. In this work, a facile route for the synthesis of mixed dicationic energetic salts based on 1-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)-3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-4-ol (compound 1) has been explored by various combinations of bigger and smaller cations (compounds 4–10). All the synthesized energetic salts showed high positive heats of formation, energetic performance comparable to TATB, excellent stability towards impact and friction, and acceptable thermal stabilities. This improved technique will provide an additional option for fine-tuning the energetic properties of HEDMs and will facilitate in exploring the role of various cations in the overall performance of the energetic compounds.
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