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Government support to Pakistani women entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic 政府在2019冠状病毒病疫情期间对巴基斯坦女企业家的支持
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-19 DOI: 10.1108/pap-02-2022-0010
Nida Hussain, Baoming Li, H. Sahibzada
PurposeUnder the unique context of COVID-19, this paper aims to analyze how the Government of Pakistan (GoP) provides financial and non-financial support to women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Drawing on the resource-based theory of entrepreneurship (RBTE), the study advances the understanding of resources and grants offered by GoP to women entrepreneurs to help them in business survival.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopts qualitative research method to address the questions: how does the Pakistani government respond to issues faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and what assistance and initiatives were implemented by GoP? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty on-job government officials related to the entrepreneurial sector in Pakistan.FindingsThe paper reveals that during the pandemic, GoP keenly communicated with women entrepreneurial representatives to comprehend their business challenges. In addition, waivers and incentives were provided to support their business activities. GoP further invited women entrepreneurs to contribute their knowledge and give suggestions in policy making.Originality/valueLots of research have been conducted to identify the issues faced by women entrepreneurs during the pandemic. However, the specific strategies, policies, and support provided by the governments to address these issues have often been overlooked. This paper fills such gap with focus on the governing bodies and policymakers in Pakistan towards women entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 crisis.
在2019冠状病毒病的独特背景下,本文旨在分析巴基斯坦政府(GoP)如何为巴基斯坦女企业家提供金融和非金融支持。利用创业资源基础理论(resource-based theory of entrepreneurship, RBTE),本研究推进了对GoP为女企业家提供的资源和资助的理解,以帮助她们在商业中生存。设计/方法/方法本研究采用定性研究方法来解决以下问题:巴基斯坦政府如何应对2019冠状病毒病大流行期间女企业家面临的问题,巴基斯坦政府实施了哪些援助和举措?对20名与巴基斯坦创业部门有关的在职政府官员进行了半结构化访谈。研究结果表明,在疫情期间,GoP与女性创业代表进行了敏锐的沟通,以了解她们面临的商业挑战。此外,还提供了豁免和奖励,以支持他们的商业活动。共和党还邀请女企业家为政策制定提供知识和建议。独创性/价值进行了大量研究,以确定女企业家在大流行病期间面临的问题。然而,政府为解决这些问题而提供的具体战略、政策和支持往往被忽视。本文通过关注巴基斯坦的理事机构和政策制定者在2019冠状病毒病危机期间对女性创业的关注,填补了这一空白。
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引用次数: 1
Public-Private-Community Partnerships (PPCPs) as a mechanism in enhancing food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe 公私社区伙伴关系(PPCPs)作为在津巴布韦2019冠状病毒病大流行期间加强粮食安全的机制
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-02 DOI: 10.1108/pap-12-2021-0065
Brighton Shoniwa
PurposeThis paper examines the relevance of Public-Private-Community Partnerships (PPCPs) as an alternative mechanism in enhancing food security during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond in Zimbabwe. It also draws attention to the complexities of adopting PPCPs, and proposes possible options to improve their effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachThe study applied concurrent mixed research methods. The sample population comprised multiple stakeholders in the area of food security and agricultural financing in Zimbabwe. The research adopted purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data were collected through questionnaire, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and documentary analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, while qualitative data analysis was conducted thematically.FindingsPrior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, food insecurity was a consistent challenge in Zimbabwe. The pandemic has worsened the situation by further disruption of food systems and limiting people's access to food. PPCPs could be feasible alternative as they enhance value chain collaboration, improve access to inputs, reduce information asymmetry, ensure trust and facilitate risk sharing. PPCPs require proper design, control of transaction costs, clear definition of partners' roles, fair risk sharing, trust, and flexibility.Originality/valuePPCPs are yet to be adopted in the Zimbabwean agricultural sector. The research informs policymakers on the need to implement multi-stakeholder collaborations in food production.
本文探讨了公私社区伙伴关系(PPCPs)作为一种替代机制在津巴布韦2019冠状病毒病大流行期间及以后加强粮食安全的相关性。它还提请注意采用公私合作伙伴关系的复杂性,并提出了提高其有效性的可能选择方案。设计/方法/方法本研究采用并行混合研究方法。样本人口包括津巴布韦粮食安全和农业融资领域的多个利益攸关方。本研究采用目的性和滚雪球抽样技术。通过问卷调查、深度访谈、焦点小组讨论(fgd)和文献分析收集数据。定量数据采用描述性统计分析,定性数据采用主题分析。在2019冠状病毒病大流行爆发之前,粮食不安全一直是津巴布韦面临的挑战。这次大流行进一步破坏了粮食系统,限制了人们获得粮食的机会,使局势进一步恶化。ppcp可能是可行的替代方案,因为它们可以增强价值链协作,改善投入的获取,减少信息不对称,确保信任并促进风险分担。ppcp需要合理的设计、交易成本的控制、合作伙伴角色的明确定义、公平的风险分担、信任和灵活性。津巴布韦农业部门尚未采用原创性/有价值的公私合作伙伴关系。这项研究使决策者了解在粮食生产中实施多方利益相关者合作的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Health belief and behaviour: an analysis of the predictors for receiving COVID-19 vaccines in Malaysia 健康信念与行为:马来西亚接种新冠肺炎疫苗的预测因素分析
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1108/pap-02-2022-0015
Consilz Tan, C. Liew
PurposeThe paper examines the ‘Intention to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccines’ or IRV from three perspectives: the health belief model, behavioural economics, and institutional quality.Design/methodology/approachThis study provides quantitative analysis by applying Chi-squared test of contingencies, paired sample t-tests, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple linear regression (stepwise method) on the data collected from 591 respondents mainly from Malaysia.FindingsThe results show that Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Susceptibility, Herding, and Institutional Quality play roles as predictors of IRV. Perceived Benefits play the most crucial role among the predictors and Perceived Barriers is the least important predictor. People have the herding mentality after being exposed to information encouraging such behaviour.Originality/valueThis study reveals that the respondents changed their behaviour in different circumstances when exposed to information that incorporates the effect of herding. Herding mentality, the effectiveness of government authorities, and regulatory quality have become important factors in enriching public health policies and the effectiveness of interventions.
目的本文从健康信念模型、行为经济学和制度质量三个角度考察了“接种新冠肺炎疫苗的意图”或IRV。设计/方法论/方法本研究对591名主要来自马来西亚的受访者的数据进行了偶然性卡方检验、配对样本t检验、探索性因素分析和多元线性回归(逐步回归法)的定量分析,制度质量是IRV的预测因子。感知利益在预测因素中起着最关键的作用,而感知障碍是最不重要的预测因素。人们在接触到鼓励这种行为的信息后会产生羊群心理。独创性/价值这项研究表明,当受访者接触到包含羊群效应的信息时,他们在不同的情况下改变了行为。羊群心理、政府当局的有效性和监管质量已成为丰富公共卫生政策和干预措施有效性的重要因素。
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引用次数: 2
A review of public policies on Covid-19: the New Zealand experience 新冠肺炎公共政策回顾:新西兰的经验
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1108/pap-04-2022-0028
R. Gauld
PurposeThis article reviews New Zealand's journey through managing Covid-19. It provides a chronological overview of key developments. The article analyses the impacts of Covid-19 on business and society and offers lessons for others from the New Zealand case.Design/methodology/approachThe article draws on various sources, primarily media pieces and government information. It also critically analyses and interprets the New Zealand response.FindingsThe initial onset and response from the New Zealand government, albeit with closed borders, was effective in terms of keeping the country relatively Covid free. The country was slow to introduce vaccinations, but the uptake was swift. A vaccine mandate to coincide with a Delta outbreak was controversial. Importantly, the New Zealand case is characterised by political leadership strongly and explicitly informed by public health expertise and advice which was routinely demonstrated throughout the period in discussion.Originality/valueThe article offers an important overview and analysis of New Zealand's experience with Covid-19 and its response, with particular focus on the way in which the government and public health specialist advisors interacted.
目的本文回顾了新西兰管理新冠肺炎的历程。它按时间顺序概述了主要发展情况。文章分析了新冠肺炎对企业和社会的影响,并从新西兰的案例中为其他人提供了教训。设计/方法论/方法这篇文章借鉴了各种来源,主要是媒体报道和政府信息。它还批判性地分析和解释了新西兰的反应。发现新西兰政府的最初发病和应对措施,尽管边境关闭,但在保持该国相对无新冠肺炎方面是有效的。该国在接种疫苗方面进展缓慢,但接种速度很快。一项与德尔塔疫情同时进行的疫苗强制令引起了争议。重要的是,新西兰病例的特点是政治领导层强烈而明确地听取了公共卫生专业知识和建议,这在整个讨论期间都得到了例行的证明。原创/价值本文对新西兰在新冠肺炎及其应对方面的经验进行了重要概述和分析,特别关注政府和公共卫生专家顾问的互动方式。
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引用次数: 0
An evaluation of community care services for the elderly in Hong Kong 香港长者社区照顾服务评价
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1108/pap-08-2022-0098
Gigi Lam
PurposeThis article analyses community care services (CCS) in terms of availability, awareness, accessibility, and acceptance (the Four A’s approach), untangles the deep-seated factors underlying the CCS and provides some short-term, medium-term, and long-term recommendations.Design/methodology/approachA literature review was conducted, including relevant government reports, consultation papers, Legislative Council papers and articles from academic journals from 1980 to the present.FindingsThe Four A’s approach shows that applicants to both centre-based services and home-based services endure lengthy waiting times because of the limited number of CCS. Furthermore, the awareness of day respite services is approximately 50 percent, which lags behind other CCS. Accessibility is contingent on a cross-district day respite service system and a lack of consistency between the quota and the proportion of older adults in the districts. Finally, the level of service provided by CCS is unsatisfactory due to inflexible service provision. Reviewing the brief history of long-term care services (LTC) reveals the deep-seated factors at the core of their heavy reliance on the subvention model, in contrast to the adoption of the ‘mixed economy of care’ by residential care services (RCS). An imbalance in budget allocation to RCS and CCS is also revealed.Originality/valueAlthough the principle of ‘ageing in place’ was introduced in 1977, the institutionalisation rate (6.8 percent) of older adults remains unexpectedly high in Hong Kong, even surpassing its Asian counterparts, whereas the usage rate of CCS hovers around 0.8 percent. Thus, how to implement policy concerning LTC services for older adults must be re-evaluated.
本文从可获得性、认知度、可及性和可接受度四个方面分析社区护理服务,梳理社区护理服务的深层次影响因素,并提出短期、中期和长期建议。设计/方法/方法进行了文献回顾,包括1980年至今的相关政府报告、谘询文件、立法会文件和学术期刊上的文章。调查结果4a的方法表明,由于CCS的数量有限,申请中心服务和家庭服务的申请人都要等待很长时间。此外,对日间休息服务的知晓率约为50%,落后于其他CCS。无障碍取决于跨地区的日间暂托服务系统,以及配额与各区老年人比例之间缺乏一致性。最后,由于服务提供不灵活,CCS提供的服务水平令人不满意。回顾长期护理服务的发展简史,可以发现长期护理服务严重依赖资助模式的深层原因,而住宿护理服务则采用“混合护理经济”。此外,还显示了对RCS和CCS的预算分配不平衡。创意/价值虽然“就地养老”的原则于1977年推出,但香港老年人的机构率(6.8%)仍然出乎意料地高,甚至超过亚洲其他地区,而CCS的使用率则徘徊在0.8%左右。因此,必须重新评估如何实施有关老年人长期服务的政策。
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引用次数: 0
Mediation as an Alternative Dispute Resolution to resolve interpersonal conflicts in Hong Kong universities 调解作为解决香港大学人际冲突的另一种方法
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1108/pap-08-2022-0101
Aaron Lau
PurposeThis paper aims to provide insight into mediation as an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) to resolve interpersonal conflicts for undergraduate students in Hong Kong.Design/methodology/approachMixed methods research approach was utilised to examine university students' understanding of dispute resolution at their respective universities in Hong Kong, and factors that may influence their decision to utilize ADR on campus.FindingsThe tendency for university students in Hong Kong to voice criticisms was low due to: (1) unawareness of proper grievance channels; and (2) fear of potential academic retribution from the institution. This may be the result of inadequate promotion and transparency in the existing higher education dispute resolution framework. Academic staff acknowledged the limitation of the existing closed-door dispute resolution system and the need for an alternative conflict management system which emphasises on restoration of harmony in the university community.Originality/valueAs there is a lack of study focusing on ADR practices in Hong Kong universities, this paper provides insight into the feasibility of integrating ADR into the existing dispute resolution processes in resolving interpersonal conflicts at universities in Hong Kong.
目的探讨调解作为香港大学生解决人际矛盾的一种替代性纠纷解决方式。设计/方法/方法采用混合方法研究方法,研究香港大学生对各自大学争议解决的理解,以及可能影响他们在校园内使用ADR的因素。香港大学生提出批评的倾向较低,主要原因是:(1)缺乏适当的申诉渠道;以及(2)担心来自该机构的潜在学术报复。这可能是现有高等教育争端解决框架中宣传和透明度不足的结果。学术人员承认现有的闭门争端解决系统的局限性,以及需要一个强调恢复大学社区和谐的替代冲突管理系统。原创/价值由于缺乏对香港大学ADR实践的研究,本文深入探讨了将ADR整合到香港大学现有纠纷解决流程中解决人际冲突的可行性。
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引用次数: 2
An analysis of students’ satisfaction with distance learning in Moroccan universities during the COVID-19 pandemic 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间摩洛哥大学学生远程教育满意度分析
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1108/pap-08-2022-0102
Lahboub Zouiri, Fatima Ezzahra Kinani
PurposeIn Morocco, universities have opted for online courses as a national effort to contain the coronavirus since the early stage. This article aims to analyze university students’ satisfaction with their distance learning experience during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThis article is based on the statistical analysis of a survey conducted in 2020 at the national level among 800 university students from all disciplines enrolled in open access and regulated access institutions in Morocco. Econometrically, the authors used the ordinal logistic regression model after checking several conditions justifying its use.FindingsFindings from analysis reveal that students lacking basic computer skills have a negative perception of this new mode of learning. The results also show a certain sensitivity of the students to the way in which the courses are taught. The satisfaction of the learners largely depends on the duration of the courses, the interactivity, and the teaching methods adopted. In designing, developing, and delivering distance education courses, students’ needs should be taken care of.Originality/valueThis article suggests that for public policies, professional training for teachers should equip them with the pedagogical skills so that they can adjust their teaching according to students’ levels. Training in digital tools must also be provided to bridge the digital divide and accelerate positive change and adaptation to this new mode of training. In addition, this article highlights the role of interactivity in increasing adaptation to distance learning.
在摩洛哥,大学从早期开始就选择在线课程,作为遏制冠状病毒的一项全国性努力。本文旨在分析新冠肺炎疫情期间大学生对远程学习体验的满意度。设计/方法/方法本文基于对2020年在摩洛哥开放获取和监管获取机构注册的800名来自所有学科的大学生进行的全国调查的统计分析。在计量经济学上,作者在检验了几个证明其使用合理性的条件后使用了有序逻辑回归模型。分析结果显示,缺乏基本计算机技能的学生对这种新的学习模式持负面看法。结果还表明,学生对课程的教学方式有一定的敏感性。学习者的满意度在很大程度上取决于课程的时长、互动性和所采用的教学方法。在远程教育课程的设计、开发和实施过程中,应充分考虑学生的需求。本文建议公共政策教师应接受专业培训,使其具备教学技能,以便根据学生的水平调整教学。还必须提供数字工具培训,以弥合数字鸿沟,加快积极变革和适应这种新的培训模式。此外,本文还强调了互动性在提高对远程学习的适应方面的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Equality in contention: exploring the debates of gender-equal inheritance rights in Bangladesh 争论中的平等:探讨孟加拉国关于性别平等继承权的辩论
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.1108/pap-08-2021-0049
Jinat Hossain, Ishtiaq Jamil
PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to evaluate what caused the debates and confusion in articulating a gender-equal inheritance policy in Bangladesh, and to identify the socio-political drivers and nature of the political power play that thwarted the policy’s adoption.Design/methodology/approachThe research undergirding this paper is based on a qualitative approach involving a case study with in-depth semi-structured interviews, focus-group discussions, and secondary data analysis. The interviews were conducted with policy makers, officials, lawyers, women activists, Muslim religious scholars, Hindu priests, academics and researchers, and women representing Hindu and Muslim religions.FindingsThe findings illustrate that the controversies between the Islamic religion and national and international policies led to serious debates and confusion about gender-equal rights of inheritance in Bangladesh. The failure to formulate and adopt a gender-equal inheritance policy was influenced by several socio-political phenomena and gender-biased institutional settings. This kind of policy is deeply political, and cultural compatibility is necessary to formulate it, especially when the policy affects religious sentiments. Religious sentiments and beliefs, which are associated with religion-based personal law, therefore influence both the formulation or non-formulation of a gender-equal policy. To move forward with the fundamental idea of women’s inclusion, there is a strong need to identify the socio-cultural and political drivers behind formulating, non-formulating, as well as implementing a gender-equal policy.Originality/valueThe paper will be beneficial to scholars and policy makers who seek to explore the epicenter of challenges and opposition to formulating a gender-equal policy in the context of a developing country with a Muslim majority.
目的本文的目的是评估是什么导致了孟加拉国在阐明性别平等继承政策时的争论和困惑,并确定阻碍该政策通过的社会政治驱动因素和政治权力游戏的性质。设计/方法论/方法本论文的研究基于定性方法,包括深入的半结构化访谈、焦点小组讨论和二次数据分析的案例研究。采访对象包括政策制定者、官员、律师、妇女活动家、穆斯林宗教学者、印度教牧师、学者和研究人员,以及代表印度教和穆斯林宗教的妇女。调查结果表明,伊斯兰宗教与国家和国际政策之间的争议导致了孟加拉国关于性别平等继承权的严重辩论和混乱。未能制定和通过性别平等的继承政策受到一些社会政治现象和性别偏见的体制环境的影响。这种政策具有深刻的政治性,制定这种政策需要文化兼容性,尤其是当政策影响宗教情绪时。因此,与基于宗教的属人法相关的宗教情绪和信仰影响着性别平等政策的制定或不制定。为了推进妇女包容的基本理念,迫切需要确定制定、不制定以及实施性别平等政策背后的社会文化和政治驱动因素。原创性/价值该论文将有利于学者和政策制定者,他们试图在穆斯林占多数的发展中国家背景下探索制定性别平等政策的挑战和反对的中心。
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引用次数: 1
Learning to teach: cross-cultural internship teaching of a mainland Chinese Master's student in a Macao university 学习教学:在澳门某大学进行中国大陆硕士生跨文化实习教学
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1108/pap-06-2022-0071
Lin Luo, Y. Shao
PurposeThis paper examines the cross-cultural internship teaching experience of a mainland Chinese student of a Master's program on adult education in a Macao university.Design/methodology/approachUsing autobiography, the data were collected from the teaching journals, biographical notes, and deep reflections of the student teacher, tracking the whole process of cross-cultural internship teaching. The data were analyzed in a grounded way, by scrutinizing the process to overcome the difficulties and challenges encountered in the two-month internship teaching period.FindingsThree key themes were identified: (a) constructing relationship with mentor teacher as the key condition; (b) classroom interaction as an important influencing factor; (c) professional identity as the result of the learning-to-teach process. Furthermore, this paper reveals an adaptation process during the internship, where the student teacher went through three phases, namely, novice anxiety, adjustment, and ability acquisition.Originality/valueThis paper’s analysis on the internship teaching experience reflecting practical issues in the process has extended the literature of academic adaptation in internship learning of non-local students. Based on this cross-cultural student case under the unique mainland China-Macao cross-border context, some suggestions are provided for university policy makers and educators in Macao.
目的考察一名澳门大学成人教育硕士研究生的跨文化实习教学经历。设计/方法/方法使用自传,从教学期刊、传记笔记和师生的深刻反思中收集数据,跟踪跨文化实习教学的整个过程。通过仔细审查克服两个月实习教学期间遇到的困难和挑战的过程,对数据进行了有根据的分析。发现三个关键主题:(a)与导师关系的构建是关键条件;(b) 课堂互动是一个重要的影响因素;(c) 职业认同是从学习到教学过程的结果。此外,本文还揭示了实习期间的适应过程,实习教师经历了三个阶段,即新手焦虑、适应和能力习得。原创性/价值本文对实习教学经验的分析反映了这一过程中的实际问题,扩展了非本地学生实习学习中的学术适应文献。基于这一跨文化学生案例,在独特的中澳跨境背景下,为澳门的大学政策制定者和教育工作者提供了一些建议。
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引用次数: 0
A behavioral approach to administrative reform: a case study of promoting proactive administration in South Korea 行政改革的行为取向——以韩国推进主动行政为例
IF 1.4 4区 法学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1108/pap-08-2022-0093
Pan Suk Kim
PurposeThe South Korean government launched the proactive administration initiative in mid-2017, which has been widely implemented throughout the public sector. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to review a behavioral approach to promote proactive administration in the South Korean government.Design/methodology/approachThe research questions are as follows: (1) How did the South Korean government initiate a behavioral approach to administrative reform by promoting proactive administration? (2) What systems or mechanisms has the South Korean government utilized to promote proactive administration? (3) What kind of constraints did the government face in the process of administrative reform and how did it resolve them? (4) What was the preliminary reaction to or evaluation of such reforms in public administration communities?FindingsAlthough it is still too early to evaluate the overall impact of administrative reform to promote proactive administration on civil servants’ behavior, it has nonetheless contributed greatly to the substantial change in perception that public officials in the administrative field should pursue their work as actively as they can.Originality/valueThis study is meaningful because while many countries have promoted administrative reforms such as structural reorganization, downsizing of human resources, cutback management and fiscal innovation, privatization, regulatory reform and promotion of digital government, cases of behavioral innovation, such as proactive administration, have been relatively scarce. Since a behavioral approach to administrative reform would be essential in many countries, this paper will serve as a useful reference for the consideration of their governments.
目的韩国政府于2017年年中启动了积极主动的行政举措,该举措已在整个公共部门广泛实施。因此,本文的目的是回顾一种行为方法,以促进韩国政府的积极管理。设计/方法论/方法研究问题如下:(1)韩国政府是如何通过促进积极行政来启动行政改革的行为方法的?(2) 韩国政府利用了哪些制度或机制来促进积极的行政管理?(3) 政府在行政改革过程中面临什么样的制约因素,又是如何解决的?(4) 公共行政部门对这种改革的初步反应或评价是什么?调查结果尽管现在评估行政改革对公务员行为的总体影响还为时过早,但这大大改变了人们对行政领域公职人员应尽可能积极地开展工作的看法。独创性/价值这项研究很有意义,因为尽管许多国家都在推动行政改革,如结构重组、人力资源缩减、削减管理和财政创新、私有化、监管改革和促进数字政府,但行为创新的案例,如主动管理,相对较少。由于行政改革的行为方法在许多国家都是必不可少的,本文将为各国政府的考虑提供有用的参考。
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引用次数: 0
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