Cleaner Environmental Systems最新文献

{"title":"Modelling and life cycle assessment of biomass-based synthetic natural gas production","authors":"Diana Dimande,&nbsp;Bettina Mihalyi-Schneider,&nbsp;Michael Harasek,&nbsp;Walter Wukovits","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meeting Austria's 2040 carbon neutrality target requires a rapid transition to industrial-scale processes. Biomass-based technologies are pivotal in this shift, as they reduce reliance on fossil resources while producing high-value products. This study models and evaluates the potential environmental impacts of producing biomass-based synthetic natural gas (Bio-SNG) through gasification and methanation, incorporating scenario analysis. Seven impact categories were assessed: acidification potential, eutrophication, land use, fossil resource use, water use, particulate matter, and climate change. Among the Bio-SNG scenarios, the Bio-SNG-W scenario, which utilises wind-generated electricity, shows the lowest impacts across climate and most non-climate categories. Using the IPCC, 2021 methodology, the base case (bio-SNG) estimated net global warming emissions of 41 kg_{CO2 eq}./MWh_Bio-SNG, mostly due to wood chip preparation and electricity consumption. Thus, when wind power is used as the electricity source (Bio-SNG-W), the greenhouse gas emissions reduce to 25 kg_{CO2 eq.}/MWh_Bio-SNG. In comparison, the emissions for natural gas production and processing, excluding the higher impact use phase, stand at 16 kg_{CO2 eq./MWhNG}. Except for fossil resource use, Bio-SNG-related scenarios show higher emissions than their fossil-based counterpart, underscoring these processes' resource and energy intensity as well as showing a potential burden-shifting effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100359"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of technologies and water circularity in mining processes: An innovative methodological approach","authors":"Marco A. Vargas ,&nbsp;Luis A. Cisternas ,&nbsp;Daniel Calisaya-Azpilcueta","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of mining operations has accelerated water resource depletion and increased energy consumption. To tackle these issues, the circular economy provides a framework for managing resource use and reducing environmental impacts. This study introduces an innovative method for assessing circularity in mineral processing, supported by a case study that demonstrates the methodology. The approach is based on circularity indices and employs Monte Carlo simulations to account for epistemic uncertainties that are typical in this field. If the results are not sufficiently robust, global sensitivity analysis is utilized to pinpoint critical variables that require refinement to enhance the outcomes. Additionally, multicriteria decision analysis methods are applied to further the study. In a case study focused on copper concentration through flotation, optimizing water recovery methods significantly improved water circularity metrics. Furthermore, dewatering technologies increased the system's circularity by 28 %, with similar improvements across different setups, reducing water extraction by approximately 42 % and lowering water loss from 0.56 in the base case to 0.29, a 48.6 % decrease. This highlights the effectiveness of dewatering technologies in circular resource management. Then, by applying multicriteria decision-making methods and giving more weight to general indicators related to the water–energy nexus, paste tailings thickening technology was identified as the best option for improving circularity and advancing sustainability. This methodology provides a solid foundation for assessing the transition from a recirculation-based economy to a truly circular model, offering global applicability for comparing technologies, companies, and other relevant factors in mineral processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100356"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovating eco-efficiency metrics: The concept of weight-related carbon intensity in the automotive sector","authors":"Kai Rüdele ,&nbsp;Till Justus Niemann ,&nbsp;Christoph Herrmann ,&nbsp;Christian Ramsauer","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large and listed companies must publish annual reports to inform about financial figures and commercial success. In recent years, these companies have also increasingly been issuing sustainability reports to provide insights into their current environmental performance and progress. However, these reports lack key figures that integrate both efficiency and environmental perspectives. Therefore, a novel indicator is proposed and tested. The weight-related carbon intensity (<em>ciw</em>) relates cradle-to-gate emissions to the aggregated production weight of passenger cars. Using publicly available data from five global OEMs, we demonstrate that <em>ciw</em> provides more robust insights into production efficiency and sustainability performance than conventional CO₂ per vehicle metrics. Our findings show that <em>ciw</em> can uncover inefficiencies that remain hidden under traditional reporting. The results highlight the need for weight-adjusted benchmarks in the automotive sector and suggest that <em>ciw</em> can serve as a complementary metric for corporate reporting, enhance emissions tracking and support climate action by expressing another CO₂ truth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100351"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing vineyard sustainability through a Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystems Nexus indicator using System Dynamics Modelling","authors":"Ali Rhouma ,&nbsp;Nikolaos Mellios ,&nbsp;Floor Brouwer ,&nbsp;Gil José Maria ,&nbsp;Chrysi Laspidou","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing agricultural inputs at the farm scale requires a holistic understanding of water, energy, food, and ecosystem (WEFE) interdependencies. This study develops a composite Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystem Nexus Indicator (WEFENI) and applies System Dynamics Modelling (SDM) to assess vineyard sustainability in northern Spain. This study is the first to introduce WEFENI at a fine spatial resolution, applying it at the grape variety and small-plot level to capture sustainability differences within a single farm. Five key indicators water footprint, carbon footprint, energy footprint, income, and productivity were selected based on their relevance to environmental and socio-economic performance. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and field measurements, complemented by secondary data from meteorological and governmental databases. The indicators were normalized, weighted using the CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method, and aggregated into a composite WEFENI. The dynamic model was constructed to simulate monthly interactions within the WEFE nexus, enabling scenario-based analysis and capturing feedback-driven behaviour across resource systems.</div><div>Results show substantial variation in WEFENI scores across agro-climatic zones and grape varieties. The Low Zone achieved the highest score (0.739) due to gravity-fed irrigation and low energy demand, while the High Zone scored lowest (0.556) because of energy-intensive pumping. At the variety level, 15 grape varieties demonstrated a balance between high sustainability and profitability demonstrating the added value of WEFENI in identifying optimal crop choices. Scenario analysis revealed that precision agriculture produced the greatest improvement in WEFENI (+0.102), followed by improved energy efficiency (+0.056), whereas reduced precipitation decreased the score (−0.056).</div><div>The proposed framework enhances the replicability of farm-level sustainability assessments by explicitly defining indicator selection, system boundaries, and calculation procedures. The integration of WEFENI with SDM enables dynamic, scenario-based evaluation of trade-offs and synergies, providing a robust decision-support tool for sustainable resource management in agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced activated carbon production from lignin waste for treatment of As(V) and Cd(II) in wastewater: Sustainability and technological insights by prospective life cycle assessment","authors":"Brener Felipe Melo Lima Gomes ,&nbsp;Heather M. Logan ,&nbsp;Leandro Vinícius Alves Gurgel ,&nbsp;Anders Damgaard","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed the environmental impacts of producing activated carbon from technical lignin (TL-AC) for the removal of As(V) and Cd(II) from water, at the laboratory scale, and provided insights for future upscaling. An attributional LCA was initially conducted for seven laboratory-scale experimental setups, varying the temperature and the KOH:TL ratio. After identifying the best-performing scenario, three prospective (TL-2S-AC-3, TL-1S-AC-3, TL-1S-AC) and one baseline (Coal-1S-AC) scenarios were evaluated using a prospective life cycle assessment (<em>p</em>LCA). A global prospection identified favorable locations for upscaling the technology, and an emission intensity indicator was proposed to improve sustainability comparisons across adsorbent materials. The results indicated that KOH use and energy consumption were key contributors to the global warming potential (GWP). TL-AC-3 achieved the best sustainability among the laboratory scenarios, with the lowest emission intensity per mass of As(V) (1.5 × 10⁻⁴ kg CO₂-eq g As⁻¹) and Cd(II) (3.4 × 10⁻⁴ kg CO₂-eq g Cd⁻¹) removed, demonstrating environmental advantages over commercial and other materials. In prospective assessments, the TL-1S-AC-3 scenario, featuring a simplified one-step pretreatment, showed potential GWP reductions of up to 44.5 % (6.6 kg CO₂-eq FU⁻¹), compared to the laboratory-scale results. Brazil emerged as a favorable location for industrial deployment, due to its renewable energy matrix, with GWP values below 11 kg CO₂-eq FU⁻¹ across all prospective scenarios. These results highlighted TL-AC as an effective, lower-impact solution for arsenic and cadmium removal, with scalability potential in resource-abundant regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key practices affecting the environmental impact of Ewe milk in mixed farming systems","authors":"Matteo Finocchi ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Giuseppe Cella ,&nbsp;Ricardo Villani ,&nbsp;Alice Cappucci ,&nbsp;Francesca Vichi ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Conte ,&nbsp;Alberto Mantino ,&nbsp;Marcello Mele","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined management practices in twelve Mediterranean mixed dairy sheep farms to identify key drivers of environmental impacts associated with milk production. Using life cycle assessment and multivariate analysis, the study explored correlations between farm management practices and environmental outcomes. The average annual milk production was consistent with existing literature, reaching 190 kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) per ewe. The correlation analysis revealed a general trend indicating that the various impacts considered, such as atmospheric emissions, acidification, and eutrophication, increased proportionally. Specifically, a greater reliance on concentrates for animal supplementation was linked to higher environmental impacts, suggesting that the use of purchased feeds tends to worsen the environmental performance of mixed dairy sheep farms.</div><div>Principal component analysis further highlighted that environmental impacts were positively correlated with increased electricity consumption and higher fuel use per hectare. Conversely, grazing practices were associated with reduced environmental impacts, emphasizing the advantages of pasture mass as an energy-rich feed source in contexts where preserved forages are of poor quality due to adverse climate conditions.</div><div>Regarding global warming potential (GWP), the study found that enteric methane emissions from ruminants accounted for over 53.5 % of total emissions. The average GWP was estimated at 4.2 kg CO₂eq kg⁻¹ of FPCM. The use of detailed equations for estimating biogenic GWP underscored the importance of accurate data collection on livestock characteristics, diet composition, intake, and feeding duration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100353"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental and economic sustainability assessment of biofuels from valorising spent coffee grounds","authors":"Piya Gosalvitr ,&nbsp;Rosa M. Cuéllar-Franca ,&nbsp;Robin Smith ,&nbsp;Adisa Azapagic","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study quantifies and compares the life cycle environmental and economic sustainability of five most common and widely researched valorisation routes for spent coffee grounds (SCGs): i) fuel pelletizing; ii) combination of transesterification and pyrolysis; iii) pyrolysis; iv) combination of transesterification and fermentation; and v) anaerobic digestion. The scope of the study is from cradle-to-gate and the functional unit is defined as the “treatment of 1 t of SCGs”. The results indicate that fuel pelletizing is the best option from the environmental point of view, with all 19 impacts considered being net-negative. Pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion are the second-best options with 18 net-negative impacts, followed by the combination of transesterification with pyrolysis, with 13 net-negative impacts. Transesterification and fermentation is the worst option for 16 categories, including climate change, due to the lowest credits from the products produced. The results of the economic sustainability assessment reveal that all options earn profits and are economically feasible. Pyrolysis is the most economically sustainable alternative with a profit of £172/t SCGs, which is 2–3 times higher than for the other options. Transesterification and fermentation is again the worst option but still earning a profit of £58/t. Applying multi-criteria decision analysis reveals that pyrolysis is the best and transesterification and fermentation the least sustainable option. Therefore, coffee producers, local authorities, and other relevant stakeholders could consider prioritising pyrolysis for achieving both economic and environmental benefits. Fuel pelletizing, transesterification &amp; pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion should also be considered as they too offer significant sustainability benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability of wall construction techniques for self-built rural housing. A case study from Brazil","authors":"Bernat Vinolas ,&nbsp;Maria del Mar Casanovas-Rubio ,&nbsp;Oriol Pons-Valladares ,&nbsp;Irene Josa ,&nbsp;Jaume Armengou ,&nbsp;Albert de la Fuente","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assesses the sustainability of eight wall construction alternatives suitable for self-built housing in rural informal settlements, comparing different building solutions in the Brazilian context. Housing affordability is a global challenge, particularly relevant in developing countries where informal settlements are prevalent. This research addresses the need for sustainable construction practices in these contexts, focusing specifically on wall construction as a critical building element. The study relies on MIVES, a multi-criteria decision-making method, to evaluate the environmental, economic, and social impacts of each alternative. The eight alternatives include variations of soil-cement blocks (precast and on-site produced), ceramic blocks, concrete blocks, and precast concrete panels, with and without mortar and plaster coatings. A hierarchical requirements tree, encompassing criteria and indicators related to resource consumption, emissions, cost, empowerment, safety, comfort, and innovation, was developed based on technical literature and expert knowledge. Weights for these criteria and indicators were determined using the Delphi technique. Value functions were used to standardize quantitative indicator values onto a 0-to-1 scale. This research aims to provide a structured framework for evaluating the sustainability performance of different wall construction techniques in rural informal settlements, thus providing valuable insights for informed decision-making in self-built housing projects. Results indicate that concrete blocks and precast concrete panels without coatings achieved the highest sustainability index, primarily due to their lower economic costs and environmental impacts. Conversely, ceramic blocks with coatings achieved the lowest sustainability performance. Alternatives without coatings were generally preferred due to their lower costs, aligning with real-world practices in rural areas where economic constraints govern material choices. However, these alternatives performed less favorably in terms of social sustainability, particularly in comfort and community acceptance. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the evaluation framework across different weighting scenarios, with economic, environmental, and social biases leading to only minor ranking shifts. The findings highlight the importance of balancing cost-effectiveness with durability and habitability in self-built housing, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions, particularly in self-built soil-cement blocks, to improve sustainability while maintaining affordability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Product Passport in support of Data-Driven End-of-Use Strategies–a systems design perspective","authors":"Andreas Christensen,&nbsp;Verena Stingl,&nbsp;Muhammad Omair,&nbsp;Brian Vejrum Wæhrens","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The EU has proposed the Digital Product Passport (DPP) as an important mechanism to enable the circular economy (CE) by facilitating transparency and data sharing across value chains. Initially proposed for regulatory compliance, DPPs hold the potential to function as strategic assets for creating value within CE. However, leveraging DPPs beyond compliance introduces additional complexity, requiring a systems approach for design and implementation, which links the system's purpose with concrete design options. With this paper, we develop five fundamental design considerations that can guide the design of DPP systems, using a combination of structured literature review and conceptual development based on principles of systems engineering. The five design considerations are: strategic alignment between DPP and organizational goals, data requirements to support decision making, system requirements to ensure interoperability, tailoring DPP to different circular practices, and levers necessary to enable value chain collaboration. The proposed design considerations give structured guidance for the systems design of DPPs, tailoring the design to the needs and opportunities of the organization and ensure benefit capture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability beyond buildings: Assessing environmental impacts of Swedish urban life using LCA and emergy indicators","authors":"Louise Bartek ,&nbsp;Daniel Bergquist ,&nbsp;Daniela Garcia-Caro ,&nbsp;Christopher Malefors ,&nbsp;Mattias Eriksson","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As cities continue to grow, understanding the full scope of environmental impacts associated with urban living becomes increasingly critical to ensure sustainable development and the fulfilment of ecological goals. This study integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into the Emergy Synthesis (ES) framework, generating a hybrid EmLCA method to assess environmental footprint of urban life, offering a holistic analysis of both material and service-related impacts. Using a Swedish residential complex as case study, results show that lifestyle factors, such as meat consumption, fast fashion, and private car use, are major contributors to climate change, eutrophication, acidification, and resource depletion, while the built environment accounts for only 1–2 % of total impact. These findings challenge the conventional sustainability aspects such as construction materials and energy use, underscoring the need to also address consumption patterns and societal systems that shape urban life. The inclusion of services, despite certain limitations, offers a broader and more realistic perspective on urban sustainability. This study highlights the importance of supporting sustainable lifestyles through policies that promote shared resources, reduce reliance on private vehicles, and encourage shifts toward less resource-intensive diets. By moving beyond the building envelope, the EmLCA approach offers valuable insights for urban planning and policy aimed at reducing emissions and fostering more sustainable cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100343"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}