Pub Date : 2024-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100246
Valeria Mezzanotte , Sara Venturelli , Riccardo Paoli , Elena Collina , Francesco Romagnoli
Industrial laundries need large amounts of energy and water and, thus, generate large amounts of wastewater, due to the core washing, drying and ironing processes and to the transport of linen and chemicals. The presented Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) concerns an Italian industrial laundry, and is based on primary data collected from the facility, complemented by information from literature, supporting databases (Ecoinvent 3.8), and technical datasheets. The analysis covers the entire cycle of linen processing (material extraction and manufacturing, transport, logistics, laundry processes, wastewater treatment and reuse, packaging, and solid waste management). The defined Functional Unit (FU) is 1 kg of linen. The LCA, carried out by SimaPro 9.2 and ReCiPe 2016 H, indicates a total impact of 12.77 mPt/FU, chiefly deriving from washing (4.62 mPt), ironing (4.29 mPt), and drying (1.56 mPt). Detergents and washing agents contribute significantly to the impact of the washing phase. 'Fine particulate formation' is the most affected impact category (5.18 mPt). The initial results suggested that generating renewable energy on-site could reduce the environmental impact by 19.7%. Solar photovoltaic panels were installed in 2023, and the actual energy production exceeded expectations, indicating an even greater reduction in the laundry environmental footprint.
{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment of an industrial laundry: A case study in the Italian context","authors":"Valeria Mezzanotte , Sara Venturelli , Riccardo Paoli , Elena Collina , Francesco Romagnoli","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial laundries need large amounts of energy and water and, thus, generate large amounts of wastewater, due to the core washing, drying and ironing processes and to the transport of linen and chemicals. The presented Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) concerns an Italian industrial laundry, and is based on primary data collected from the facility, complemented by information from literature, supporting databases (Ecoinvent 3.8), and technical datasheets. The analysis covers the entire cycle of linen processing (material extraction and manufacturing, transport, logistics, laundry processes, wastewater treatment and reuse, packaging, and solid waste management). The defined Functional Unit (FU) is 1 kg of linen. The LCA, carried out by SimaPro 9.2 and ReCiPe 2016 H, indicates a total impact of 12.77 mPt/FU, chiefly deriving from washing (4.62 mPt), ironing (4.29 mPt), and drying (1.56 mPt). Detergents and washing agents contribute significantly to the impact of the washing phase. 'Fine particulate formation' is the most affected impact category (5.18 mPt). The initial results suggested that generating renewable energy on-site could reduce the environmental impact by 19.7%. Solar photovoltaic panels were installed in 2023, and the actual energy production exceeded expectations, indicating an even greater reduction in the laundry environmental footprint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100246"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100244
Susana Lopez-Aparicio, Henrik Grythe, Miha Markelj, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Sam-Erik Walker
Geopolitical events have shown to threaten European energy security in 2022. In Norway, accustomed to low energy prices, the southern part saw 4 times higher electricity prices in 2022 than long term average, whereas in the north, energy prices remained stable. This offers an opportunity to examine the effect of price on household energy consumption and PM2.5 emissions from the residential sector. In the south, electricity consumption went down by 10% while in the north it remained unchanged relative to expected values. While the documented correlation between increased electricity prices and reduced consumption is well-established, our study uniquely captures a substantial shift towards wood as an alternative energy source. In the south, wood for heating increased by approximately 40%, effectively replacing half of the electricity saved. This increase happened despite prices being curbed by strong government subsidies on electricity. Faced with higher energy costs in Europe, we simulate a scenario where consumers across Europe look for affordable energy. With gas and electricity prices predicted to remain well above long-term averages until 2030, biomass will be an attractive option. Our study shows how a shift can endanger Europe's Zero-Pollution strategy, and the need for initiatives targeting the reduction of residential biomass heating.
{"title":"Exploring the connection between COVID19, the energy crisis and PM2.5 emissions from residential heating","authors":"Susana Lopez-Aparicio, Henrik Grythe, Miha Markelj, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Sam-Erik Walker","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geopolitical events have shown to threaten European energy security in 2022. In Norway, accustomed to low energy prices, the southern part saw 4 times higher electricity prices in 2022 than long term average, whereas in the north, energy prices remained stable. This offers an opportunity to examine the effect of price on household energy consumption and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from the residential sector. In the south, electricity consumption went down by 10% while in the north it remained unchanged relative to expected values. While the documented correlation between increased electricity prices and reduced consumption is well-established, our study uniquely captures a substantial shift towards wood as an alternative energy source. In the south, wood for heating increased by approximately 40%, effectively replacing half of the electricity saved. This increase happened despite prices being curbed by strong government subsidies on electricity. Faced with higher energy costs in Europe, we simulate a scenario where consumers across Europe look for affordable energy. With gas and electricity prices predicted to remain well above long-term averages until 2030, biomass will be an attractive option. Our study shows how a shift can endanger Europe's Zero-Pollution strategy, and the need for initiatives targeting the reduction of residential biomass heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100243
Yinqiao Wang, Kai Lan
Cross-laminated bamboo (CLB) is a new type of mass timber product that can be a substitute for traditional non-renewable construction materials. This study conducted a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the environmental impacts of CLB panels over 100 years. The LCA was integrated with process model simulation to explore the effects of varied fuel options (combusting bamboo residues or converting bamboo residues into biochar and combusting natural gas) and end-of-life cases on the results, and coupled with Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the uncertainties and variabilities associated with the CLB life cycle stages. Our results show that, on the 1 m3 CLB basis, the average life-cycle global warming potential (GWP) ranged from −318 to −947 kg CO2eq. Combusting the bamboo residues from production processes resulted in lower life-cycle GWP than utilizing bamboo residues to produce biochar and burning natural gas for energy supply. Increasing the recycling rate of CLB panels can further reduce the life-cycle GWP. The landfill decay of bamboo wastes is a significant carbon emission source, highlighting the importance of considering end-of-life cases for CLB panels. Trade-offs emerge among varied environmental impact categories when the scenarios are compared.
{"title":"Life cycle assessment of emerging mass timber product: Cross-laminated bamboo","authors":"Yinqiao Wang, Kai Lan","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cross-laminated bamboo (CLB) is a new type of mass timber product that can be a substitute for traditional non-renewable construction materials. This study conducted a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the environmental impacts of CLB panels over 100 years. The LCA was integrated with process model simulation to explore the effects of varied fuel options (combusting bamboo residues or converting bamboo residues into biochar and combusting natural gas) and end-of-life cases on the results, and coupled with Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the uncertainties and variabilities associated with the CLB life cycle stages. Our results show that, on the 1 m<sup>3</sup> CLB basis, the average life-cycle global warming potential (GWP) ranged from −318 to −947 kg CO<sub>2</sub>eq. Combusting the bamboo residues from production processes resulted in lower life-cycle GWP than utilizing bamboo residues to produce biochar and burning natural gas for energy supply. Increasing the recycling rate of CLB panels can further reduce the life-cycle GWP. The landfill decay of bamboo wastes is a significant carbon emission source, highlighting the importance of considering end-of-life cases for CLB panels. Trade-offs emerge among varied environmental impact categories when the scenarios are compared.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100243"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current food production and consumption patterns in the European Union are exerting significant pressure on the environment and limited natural resources. The ongoing triple planetary crisis is jeopardizing future sustainability and requires appropriate actions to halt its progress. Public food procurement is often indicated by scholars and policymakers as a potentially transformative policy to shift demand towards sustainable consumption, as well as creating a demand for more sustainably produced food. However, quantitative evidence of the environmental performance of food procurement is lacking. This paper critically reviews existing literature quantifying and evaluating the impacts related to food procurement, specifically focusing on the use of Life Cycle Thinking approaches and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The results collected show heterogeneous methodological approaches when it comes to LCA, but a consistent narrative in recommending a well-planned dietary shift, decreasing the consumption of animal products. Combining environmental impact indicators with nutritional assessments emerges as key in supporting food procurement. The results of this review can support the reflection on future food procurement policy including criteria to be employed by public authorities.
{"title":"Life cycle assessment to support public procurement of food: A review","authors":"Cecilia Casonato , Esther Sanyé-Mengual , Matteo Vittuari , Serenella Sala","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current food production and consumption patterns in the European Union are exerting significant pressure on the environment and limited natural resources. The ongoing triple planetary crisis is jeopardizing future sustainability and requires appropriate actions to halt its progress. Public food procurement is often indicated by scholars and policymakers as a potentially transformative policy to shift demand towards sustainable consumption, as well as creating a demand for more sustainably produced food. However, quantitative evidence of the environmental performance of food procurement is lacking. This paper critically reviews existing literature quantifying and evaluating the impacts related to food procurement, specifically focusing on the use of Life Cycle Thinking approaches and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The results collected show heterogeneous methodological approaches when it comes to LCA, but a consistent narrative in recommending a well-planned dietary shift, decreasing the consumption of animal products. Combining environmental impact indicators with nutritional assessments emerges as key in supporting food procurement. The results of this review can support the reflection on future food procurement policy including criteria to be employed by public authorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lactic acid bacteria are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to produce fermented foods and probiotics. This study assesses the environmental impacts of fifteen production and storage strategies for lactic acid bacteria concentrates from two strains. A life cycle assessment was performed using pilot-scale data. Environmental impacts per functional unit were weighted based on biological activity using two approaches: one by final biological activity after storage and the other by activity at each production stage. Fermentation emerged as a key phase in both methods, with higher yields significantly reducing environmental impacts. Stabilization and storage also contributed substantially to both environmental impact and loss of biological activity. The choice of stabilization method and storage conditions depends on the strain and expected storage duration. The weighting method affected the results: weighting by final biological quality highlighted the preservation of activity while weighting by each production stage better reflected the material and energy flows responsible for environmental damage. This study identifies crucial stages for improving the sustainability of lactic acid bacteria production and suggests that integrating environmental and quality factors is essential when designing production processes.
{"title":"Joining environmental impacts and product quality in Life Cycle Assessment: The case of the production and storage of lactic acid bacteria concentrates","authors":"Maite Gagneten , Camille Quentier , Stéphanie Passot , Stéphanie Cenard , Fernanda Fonseca , Caroline Pénicaud","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lactic acid bacteria are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to produce fermented foods and probiotics. This study assesses the environmental impacts of fifteen production and storage strategies for lactic acid bacteria concentrates from two strains. A life cycle assessment was performed using pilot-scale data. Environmental impacts per functional unit were weighted based on biological activity using two approaches: one by final biological activity after storage and the other by activity at each production stage. Fermentation emerged as a key phase in both methods, with higher yields significantly reducing environmental impacts. Stabilization and storage also contributed substantially to both environmental impact and loss of biological activity. The choice of stabilization method and storage conditions depends on the strain and expected storage duration. The weighting method affected the results: weighting by final biological quality highlighted the preservation of activity while weighting by each production stage better reflected the material and energy flows responsible for environmental damage. This study identifies crucial stages for improving the sustainability of lactic acid bacteria production and suggests that integrating environmental and quality factors is essential when designing production processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100240
Tsai-Chi Kuo , Hsiang-Yue Chen , Billy Chong , Meichun Lin
Biogas is a kind of renewable energy resource and can be burned to produce electricity and heat. If methane is released directly into the air, it would be a very serious source of GHG emissions. Therefore, capturing and recycling methane for power generation would not only significantly reduce industrial greenhouse gas emissions, but also reduce the need to purchase electricity.
In addition, with the Net Zero in 2050 initiative and circular economy, more academic and industry research investigate the biogas energy. However, the cost and carbon footprint of biogas energy is varied with the technologies. In this research, the As-Is (biomass waste treatment) and To-Be (biomass waste to energy) model is compared. It shows it is worth to do the investment of bioenergy system for the farm to reduce the GHG emissions if the carbon tax is added. However, the cost of bioenergy facilities will influence the income. A case study is also illustrated to provide the biogas energy production for the government policy.
{"title":"Cost benefit analysis and carbon footprint of biogas energy through life cycle assessment","authors":"Tsai-Chi Kuo , Hsiang-Yue Chen , Billy Chong , Meichun Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biogas is a kind of renewable energy resource and can be burned to produce electricity and heat. If methane is released directly into the air, it would be a very serious source of GHG emissions. Therefore, capturing and recycling methane for power generation would not only significantly reduce industrial greenhouse gas emissions, but also reduce the need to purchase electricity.</div><div>In addition, with the Net Zero in 2050 initiative and circular economy, more academic and industry research investigate the biogas energy. However, the cost and carbon footprint of biogas energy is varied with the technologies. In this research, the As-Is (biomass waste treatment) and To-Be (biomass waste to energy) model is compared. It shows it is worth to do the investment of bioenergy system for the farm to reduce the GHG emissions if the carbon tax is added. However, the cost of bioenergy facilities will influence the income. A case study is also illustrated to provide the biogas energy production for the government policy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100233
Horacio A. Aguirre-Villegas , Nicole Rakobitsch , Michel A. Wattiaux , Erin Silva , Rebecca A. Larson
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ammonia (NH3) emissions, eutrophication potential (EP), use of fossil energy, direct land, and blue water of organic dairy farms are evaluated in the Mideast, Northeast, Southeast, and Mountain regions of the US. Eighteen archetypical organic dairy farms are modeled with GHGs per kg fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) ranging between 0.83 and 1.45 kg CO2-eq with and 0.93 to 1.59 kg CO2-eq without carbon sequestration. Enteric methane (CH4) is the major contributor (42–58%) of farm GHGs, followed by CH4 from manure (15–27%), energy use (8–18%), and material inputs (3–24%). Enteric CH4 is affected by feed efficiency and milk production, manure CH4 by the type of manure handled and stored, and GHGs from energy by the content of fossil-fuel sources in the electricity grid mix. Manure is the major source of NH3 emissions ranging from 8.2 to 24.3 g/kg FPCM. Alternative GHG mitigation strategies show potential reductions of up to 23 and 51% for individual and combined strategies, respectively. While enteric CH4 is the greatest GHG contributor, manure management has greater GHG mitigation potential. The choice of CH4 predictive equations, N2O emission factors, allocation, and functional units could increase GHGs up to 43% in the evaluated organic dairy farms.
{"title":"Environmental assessment of organic dairy farms in the US: Mideast, northeast, southeast, and mountain regions","authors":"Horacio A. Aguirre-Villegas , Nicole Rakobitsch , Michel A. Wattiaux , Erin Silva , Rebecca A. Larson","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) emissions, eutrophication potential (EP), use of fossil energy, direct land, and blue water of organic dairy farms are evaluated in the Mideast, Northeast, Southeast, and Mountain regions of the US. Eighteen archetypical organic dairy farms are modeled with GHGs per kg fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) ranging between 0.83 and 1.45 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq with and 0.93 to 1.59 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq without carbon sequestration. Enteric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) is the major contributor (42–58%) of farm GHGs, followed by CH<sub>4</sub> from manure (15–27%), energy use (8–18%), and material inputs (3–24%). Enteric CH<sub>4</sub> is affected by feed efficiency and milk production, manure CH<sub>4</sub> by the type of manure handled and stored, and GHGs from energy by the content of fossil-fuel sources in the electricity grid mix. Manure is the major source of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions ranging from 8.2 to 24.3 g/kg FPCM. Alternative GHG mitigation strategies show potential reductions of up to 23 and 51% for individual and combined strategies, respectively. While enteric CH<sub>4</sub> is the greatest GHG contributor, manure management has greater GHG mitigation potential. The choice of CH<sub>4</sub> predictive equations, N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors, allocation, and functional units could increase GHGs up to 43% in the evaluated organic dairy farms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100241
Kieran McDonagh , Ruosi Zhang , Loukia-Pantzechroula Merkouri , Morgan Arnell , Andy Hepworth , Melis Duyar , Michael Short
Beer is the most produced and consumed alcoholic beverage in the world, but the agricultural production of its most common ingredient, i.e. malted barley, is a significant contributor to the overall environmental footprint of beer. In addition, food wastage, particularly bread with millions of slices wasted daily, poses a waste management challenge across the globe. This study aims to address both issues through brewing beer with waste bread that would have otherwise ended up in landfill by replacing a portion of malted barley with waste bread. A sourdough pale ale was brewed at various bread percentages to understand how the inclusion of bread changed the sugar profile and fermentability of the beer. The samples were mashed at two different temperatures, 65 °C and 70 °C, to assess the impacts of mashing. It was found that the volume of alcohol produced declined with increasing bread amounts, but brewing with up to 60 wt% bread produced the same volume of alcohol as a standard beer. A life cycle assessment was performed to quantify the change in cradle to grave environmental impact for brewing beers with varying bread percentages with the view to conduct more targeted feasibility studies in the future with waste bread substitution. Significant reductions in emissions were observed as regards global warming potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity, acidification, eutrophication, ozone depletion, and abiotic depletion of fossil fuels. In particular, the global warming potential for the real-life example microbrewery studied in this work was decreased by 7.13% of the total carbon dioxide equivalent annually, demonstrating the environmental advantages of brewing beer with waste bread.
啤酒是世界上生产和消费最多的酒精饮料，但其最常见成分（即麦芽）的农业生产是啤酒总体环境足迹的重要组成部分。此外，食物浪费，尤其是每天浪费数百万片面包，也给全球的废物管理带来了挑战。本研究旨在通过用废弃面包酿造啤酒来解决这两个问题，用废弃面包替代部分麦芽，否则这些面包将被填埋。我们以不同的面包比例酿造了酸酵淡色啤酒，以了解面包的加入如何改变啤酒的糖度和发酵性。样品在 65 °C 和 70 °C 两种不同温度下进行糖化，以评估糖化的影响。结果发现，随着面包含量的增加，产生的酒精量也随之减少，但在酿造过程中加入高达 60 wt% 的面包，产生的酒精量与标准啤酒相同。为了在未来对废弃面包替代品进行更有针对性的可行性研究，我们进行了一项生命周期评估，以量化酿造不同比例面包的啤酒对环境影响的变化。在全球变暖潜能值、陆地生态毒性、酸化、富营养化、臭氧消耗和化石燃料的非生物消耗方面，观察到排放量显著减少。特别是，在这项工作中研究的微型啤酒厂的实际例子中，每年的全球变暖潜势减少了总二氧化碳当量的 7.13%，这证明了用废弃面包酿造啤酒的环保优势。
{"title":"Lowering the carbon footprint of beer through waste breadcrumb substitution for malted barley: Life cycle assessment and experimental study","authors":"Kieran McDonagh , Ruosi Zhang , Loukia-Pantzechroula Merkouri , Morgan Arnell , Andy Hepworth , Melis Duyar , Michael Short","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beer is the most produced and consumed alcoholic beverage in the world, but the agricultural production of its most common ingredient, i.e. malted barley, is a significant contributor to the overall environmental footprint of beer. In addition, food wastage, particularly bread with millions of slices wasted daily, poses a waste management challenge across the globe. This study aims to address both issues through brewing beer with waste bread that would have otherwise ended up in landfill by replacing a portion of malted barley with waste bread. A sourdough pale ale was brewed at various bread percentages to understand how the inclusion of bread changed the sugar profile and fermentability of the beer. The samples were mashed at two different temperatures, 65 °C and 70 °C, to assess the impacts of mashing. It was found that the volume of alcohol produced declined with increasing bread amounts, but brewing with up to 60 wt% bread produced the same volume of alcohol as a standard beer. A life cycle assessment was performed to quantify the change in cradle to grave environmental impact for brewing beers with varying bread percentages with the view to conduct more targeted feasibility studies in the future with waste bread substitution. Significant reductions in emissions were observed as regards global warming potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity, acidification, eutrophication, ozone depletion, and abiotic depletion of fossil fuels. In particular, the global warming potential for the real-life example microbrewery studied in this work was decreased by 7.13% of the total carbon dioxide equivalent annually, demonstrating the environmental advantages of brewing beer with waste bread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100238
K. Srikanth Reddy , C.M. Parihar , P. Panneerselvam , Ayan Sarkar , Kiranmoy Patra , Sneha Bharadwaj , D.R. Sena , G. Sreeja Reddy , Alok Sinha , Rajkumar Dhakar , Virender Kumar , Hari Sankar Nayak
Conventional rice production through puddled transplanted rice-PTR is tillage, water, energy, and capital intensive. Furthermore, it is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. In this regard, Direct seeded rice-DSR can be a potential alternative to PTR for reducing GHGs emissions, while sustaining yields. However, depending upon agroclimatic situation, whether the effect of DSR on GHGs emission and yield are consistent or not, as compared to PTR need a comprehensive analysis. To bridge this knowledge gap, we performed a meta-analysis synthesizing 876 paired measurements from 54-peer-reviewed studies to understand how DSR impacts N2O and CH4 emissions, global warming potential-GWP (heat-trapping potential of greenhouse gases compared to CO2), yield and C-footprint-CFP (environmental impact in CO2 eq. due to concerned activity). Compared to PTR, DSR decreased CH4 emissions by 70%, GWP by 37% and CFP by 34%, despite 85% increase in N2O emissions. However, this shift comes with 11% decrease in yield. To decipher the primary factors driving these outcomes, we conducted subgroup analyses by taking environmental conditions and management practices as predictors in a random effect model. Low to medium pH soils, zero tillage, puddled soil (wet DSR), conventional flooding, and high nitrogen rates (>200 kg/ha) are found to be favorable for DSR with comparable yields but posing a discrepancy with environmental sustainability benefits. Therefore, further research to evaluate DSR across agro-ecologies, management practices are needed to optimize yields with lower GWP and CFP.
{"title":"Meta-analysis of yield-emission trade-off in direct seeded vs. puddled transplanted rice: Towards a cleaner and sustainable production","authors":"K. Srikanth Reddy , C.M. Parihar , P. Panneerselvam , Ayan Sarkar , Kiranmoy Patra , Sneha Bharadwaj , D.R. Sena , G. Sreeja Reddy , Alok Sinha , Rajkumar Dhakar , Virender Kumar , Hari Sankar Nayak","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional rice production through puddled transplanted rice-PTR is tillage, water, energy, and capital intensive. Furthermore, it is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. In this regard, Direct seeded rice-DSR can be a potential alternative to PTR for reducing GHGs emissions, while sustaining yields. However, depending upon agroclimatic situation, whether the effect of DSR on GHGs emission and yield are consistent or not, as compared to PTR need a comprehensive analysis. To bridge this knowledge gap, we performed a meta-analysis synthesizing 876 paired measurements from 54-peer-reviewed studies to understand how DSR impacts N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions, global warming potential-GWP (heat-trapping potential of greenhouse gases compared to CO<sub>2</sub>), yield and C-footprint-CF<sub>P</sub> (environmental impact in CO<sub>2</sub> eq. due to concerned activity). Compared to PTR, DSR decreased CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by 70%, GWP by 37% and CF<sub>P</sub> by 34%, despite 85% increase in N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. However, this shift comes with 11% decrease in yield. To decipher the primary factors driving these outcomes, we conducted subgroup analyses by taking environmental conditions and management practices as predictors in a random effect model. Low to medium pH soils, zero tillage, puddled soil (wet DSR), conventional flooding, and high nitrogen rates (>200 kg/ha) are found to be favorable for DSR with comparable yields but posing a discrepancy with environmental sustainability benefits. Therefore, further research to evaluate DSR across agro-ecologies, management practices are needed to optimize yields with lower GWP and CF<sub>P</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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