Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal最新文献

英文中文

A tributação e o desenvolvimento sustentável (Taxation and Sustainable Development) e - o - desenvelimento sustentável(税收和可持续发展)

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2021-04-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3818221

Gabriel Wedy

Portuguese Abstract: O artigo aborda a tributação como fator de promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável nas suas dimensões de inclusão social, desenvolvimento econômico, tutela ambiental e boa-governança. Faz-se a análise da estrutura do Estado Fiscal que financia políticas públicas promotoras do desenvolvimento sustentável. Também são analisados os custos dos direitos fundamentais para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável e o arcabouço jurídico orçamentário para o financiamento do Estado Democrático e Socioambiental de Direito criado pela Constituição Federal de 1988. A finalidade extrafiscal dos tributos é defendida como meio de promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável em todas as suas dimensões. Por fim são fixados os meios pelos quais a tributação pode contribuir para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável em uma perspectiva ambiental.

English Abstract: This paper addresses taxation as a factor to promote sustainable development in their social inclusion, economic development, environmental protection and good governance dimensions. An analysis is made on the structure of Fiscal State that supports public policies promoting sustainable development. Moreover, the costs of fundamental rights to the promotion of sustainable development as well as the law budgetary framework to the support of the Social Environmental Rule of Law created by 1988 Federal Constitution are analyzed. The extra fiscal purposes of taxation are defended so as to promote sustainable development in all its dimensions. Finally, the means through which taxation may contribute to the promotion of sustainable development will be set under an environmental perspective.

摘要:本文从社会包容、经济发展、环境保护和善政等方面探讨税收作为促进可持续发展的因素。分析了为促进可持续发展的公共政策提供资金的财政国家结构。它还分析了促进可持续发展的基本权利的成本，以及1988年联邦宪法为民主国家和社会环境法律提供资金的预算法律框架。提倡税收的财政外目的是促进可持续发展的所有方面。最后，从环境的角度确定了税收有助于促进可持续发展的方法。摘要:本文从社会包容、经济发展、环境保护和善政等方面探讨税收作为促进可持续发展的一个因素。对支持促进可持续发展的公共政策的财政国家结构进行了分析。此外，还分析了促进可持续发展的基本权利的费用以及支持1988年《联邦宪法》制定的社会环境规则的法律预算框架。提倡征税的财政外目的是为了促进各方面的可持续发展。最后，将从环境的角度来看待税收有助于促进可持续发展的方式。

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引用次数: 0

U.S. Supreme Court Issues a Major Ruling on NPDES Permits 美国最高法院对NPDES许可证作出重大裁决

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-06-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3636477

John Lushis, Jr.

On April 23, 2020, the United States Supreme Court issued a significant decision regarding when National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits are needed for “point source” discharges under the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act forbids “any addition” of any pollutant from “any point source” to “navigable waters” without an appropriate permit from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The Supreme Court’s decision stemmed from a citizens’ lawsuit filed by several environmental groups against the County of Maui, Hawaii. Maui operates a wastewater reclamation facility that collects sewage from the surrounding area, partially treats it, and pumps the treated water through four wells hundreds of feet underground. This effluent, which amounts to about four million gallons a day, then travels approximately one-half mile through groundwater to the Pacific Ocean. The environmental groups claimed that Maui has been discharging a pollutant to “navigable waters,” namely, the Pacific Ocean, without an NPDES permit required by the Clean Water Act.

2020年4月23日，美国最高法院就《清洁水法》规定的“点源”排放何时需要国家污染排放消除系统(NPDES)许可做出了一项重要决定。《清洁水法》禁止在未经美国环境保护署(EPA)许可的情况下，从“任何点源”向“通航水域”“添加”任何污染物。最高法院的决定源于几个环保组织对夏威夷毛伊岛县提起的公民诉讼。毛伊岛经营着一个污水回收设施，收集周围地区的污水，对其进行部分处理，然后将处理后的水泵入地下数百英尺的四个井中。这些污水，每天大约有四百万加仑，然后通过地下水大约半英里进入太平洋。环保组织声称，毛伊岛一直在向“通航水域”，即太平洋排放污染物，而没有获得《清洁水法》要求的NPDES许可。

引用次数: 0

Legal and Policy Issues in the Development of Nigeria’s Mining Sector: Charting the Way Forward 尼日利亚矿业发展中的法律和政策问题:指明前进方向

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2020-02-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3563005

P. T. Akper, L. Ani

The development of Nigeria’s mining sector has been slow despite its huge potentials. To reinvigorate the seemingly comatose sector, successive administrations have taken initiatives aimed at addressing the challenges besetting its development with varying degrees of successes. This paper examines the potentials of the mining sector and the challenges that have militated against its rapid development and posits that the Road Map for the Growth and Development of the Nigerian Mining Industry 2016 adopted by the Government appears to have adequately identified the challenges as well as articulated appropriate strategies to address them. The paper therefore calls for the sustenance and improvement on the strategies adopted in the Road Map to ensure outcomes that will stimulate the growth and development of the mining sector.

尼日利亚的采矿业潜力巨大，但发展缓慢。为了重振这个看似萎靡不振的行业，历届政府都采取了旨在解决困扰其发展的挑战的举措，并取得了不同程度的成功。本文考察了采矿业的潜力和阻碍其快速发展的挑战，并认为政府通过的2016年尼日利亚采矿业增长和发展路线图似乎已经充分确定了挑战，并阐述了解决这些挑战的适当战略。因此，该文件呼吁维持和改进路线图所采用的战略，以确保取得能够刺激矿业部门增长和发展的成果。

引用次数: 1

A Cost Benefit Analysis of Shale Gas Well Bonding Systems in Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚州页岩气井胶结系统的成本效益分析

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3257597

Max Harleman

Pennsylvania imposes bonding requirements to incentivize operators to take proper precautions when they choose to abandon an oil or gas well. Bonding requires operators to set aside funds before drilling a well, which are forfeited to the state if the well is improperly abandoned. The relatively high reclamation costs and potential environmental risks from shale gas wells have led stakeholders to consider whether current bond amounts are large enough to cover cleanup. Other stakeholders argue that operators would respond to increased bond amounts by drilling fewer wells. Less drilling could reduce economic benefits received by Pennsylvanians, such as those associated with employment and mineral royalty payments. This cost benefit analysis aims to identify whether there is an alternative bonding system that would produce net social benefits in Pennsylvania versus the current system. I find that current bond amounts are likely too low, and that increasing them to match actual reclamation costs would prevent society from bearing significant costs, without giving up many economic benefits. State officials should set bonds equal to the best estimates of reclamation costs, and revise them when evidence on the true cost of reclamation becomes available.

宾夕法尼亚州规定了粘合要求，以激励作业者在选择放弃一口油气井时采取适当的预防措施。担保要求作业者在钻井前预留资金，如果油井被不当废弃，这些资金将被没收。页岩气井相对较高的回收成本和潜在的环境风险促使利益相关者考虑目前的债券金额是否足以支付清理费用。其他利益相关者认为，为了应对债券数额的增加，作业者可能会减少钻井数量。减少钻探可能会减少宾夕法尼亚人获得的经济利益，比如与就业和矿产特许权使用费相关的利益。这个成本效益分析的目的是确定是否有一种替代的债券系统，可以在宾夕法尼亚州产生净社会效益，而不是目前的系统。我发现，目前的保证书数额可能太低，如果将保证书数额提高到与实际填海成本相匹配的水平，将使社会无法承担重大成本，同时又不会放弃许多经济利益。州政府官员应设定与填海成本的最佳估计相等的保证金，并在获得有关填海真实成本的证据时修改保证金。

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引用次数: 0

Governance of Ecosystem Services Across Scales in Bangladesh 孟加拉国跨尺度生态系统服务的治理

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2018-01-14 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71093-8_6

A. Allan, M. Lim

引用次数: 0

Property Values and Risks: Evidence from Shale Development 房地产价值和风险:来自页岩开发的证据

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2017-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3041462

C. Cecot

The profitability of extracting oil and gas trapped within the nation’s extensive shale formations has generated a boom in the oil-and-gas industry. Operators are pushing to drill close to populations and sensitive resources, and many states are facilitating such extensive drilling with laws that preempt local land-use control. On one hand, shale production has the potential to enrich local land owners who can collect lucrative royalty payments from operators. On the other hand, shale production is not without potential local risks. Some of these risks are speculative, and the magnitudes of the risks are uncertain. Using property sales data from Washington County, Pennsylvania, this paper finds that an additional horizontal well within a mile of a property tends to increase the property’s value. This positive effect, however, is diminished for properties that rely on private water wells for drinking water. In addition, all properties with nearby horizontal wells lose value as the number of recent environmental, health, and safety well violations increases in the county.

在美国广泛的页岩地层中开采油气的盈利能力，催生了油气行业的繁荣。运营商正在推动在靠近人口和敏感资源的地方进行钻探，许多州正在通过法律来促进这种大规模的钻探，这些法律优先于当地的土地使用控制。一方面，页岩油生产有可能使当地的土地所有者致富，他们可以从运营商那里获得丰厚的特许权使用费。另一方面，页岩油生产并非没有潜在的当地风险。其中一些风险是投机性的，风险的大小是不确定的。本文利用宾夕法尼亚州华盛顿县的房地产销售数据发现，在一英里范围内增加一口水平井往往会增加房产的价值。然而，对于依赖私人水井获取饮用水的物业来说，这种积极影响就减弱了。此外，随着该县近期环境、健康和安全井违规数量的增加，所有附近有水平井的房产都失去了价值。

引用次数: 0

How to Make Land Titling More Rational 如何使土地权属更加合理

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2017-08-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3018097

Benito Arruñada

Substantial variety exists among systems of land and business formalization both over time and across countries. For instance, England relied on private titling and delayed land registration for centuries. In contrast, early on, its American colonies imported land recordation and its Australian colonies land registration. Similarly, in most of the world, governments used to allow voluntary land titling, in which owners decide whether they register their land. Recently, however, governments and international agencies have more often opted for universal titling, aiming to register all the land in a certain region. This paper critically examines these strategies, analyzing the costs and benefits of the two main decisions: whether to create a public titling system or to rely exclusively on private titling, and the choice between voluntary and universal titling. It concludes that universal titling is seldom optimal. In particular, it argues that lack of titling is more a consequence than a cause of poverty.

随着时间的推移和国家的不同，土地和商业正规化制度之间存在着巨大的差异。例如，英国依靠私人所有权，拖延了几个世纪的土地登记。相比之下，早期的美国殖民地引进了土地登记，澳大利亚殖民地引进了土地登记。同样，在世界上大多数地方，政府过去允许自愿土地所有权，由所有者决定是否登记他们的土地。然而，最近，政府和国际机构更多地选择了普遍所有权，旨在登记某一地区的所有土地。本文批判性地考察了这些策略，分析了两个主要决策的成本和收益:是建立公共所有权制度还是完全依赖私人所有权，以及在自愿所有权和普遍所有权之间的选择。它的结论是，普遍所有权很少是最佳的。报告特别指出，缺乏权利与其说是贫穷的原因，不如说是贫穷的结果。

引用次数: 3

The Baseline Bar 基准条

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2017-05-09 DOI: 10.17161/1808.25558

Nadia Ahmad

“It is horrifying that we have to fight our own Government to save our environment.” (Ansel Adams) The road to sustainability for the planet’s people and natural ecosystems does not include rampant extractivism. A recent study suggests that more than 80 percent of the world’s known hydrocarbon reserves must remain in the ground to avoid runaway climate change. This article challenges the dominant paradigm as to why the “no action” alternative provision of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is used more as a tool of assessment to move a project forward than instead as a tool of prohibition to halt a project and its deleterious environmental impacts. To strengthen the “no action” alternative, this article recommends a more detailed analysis to conserve delicate environmental spaces and alleviate the phenomenon of environmental racism. Increased detail and specificity would establish what I refer to as “the baseline bar,” the point at which environmental, social, and economic metrics for a proposed federal agency action lead to a recommendation of “no action.” The baseline bar can be achieved through NEPA’s “no action” alternative as well as through other environmental laws, including the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, inter alia. The baseline bar would operate to halt project development once specific metrics are not satisfied or delay them so they become economically unfeasible. Manifestations of the baseline bar have led up to the earlier rejection of extractive industry projects, such as Alaska’s Pebble Mine and TransCanada’s Keystone XL Pipeline. Yet these projects and many other hydrocarbon and mining enterprises now face rebirth. Adherence to NEPA’s procedural requirements could delay or inhibit such projects. The lack of a baseline bar is evident in the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, and the armed standoff over grazing rights in Oregon. Further, this analysis of the baseline bar will work toward understanding the next wave of environmental lawsuits and dispute resolution.

“为了拯救我们的环境，我们不得不与我们自己的政府斗争，这太可怕了。(安塞尔·亚当斯)地球人和自然生态系统的可持续发展之路不包括猖獗的采掘活动。最近的一项研究表明，为了避免失控的气候变化，世界上80%以上的已知碳氢化合物储量必须留在地下。关于为什么《国家环境政策法》(NEPA)的“不作为”替代条款更多地被用作推动项目的评估工具，而不是作为禁止停止项目及其有害环境影响的工具，本文对主流范式提出了挑战。为了加强“不作为”的选择，本文建议进行更详细的分析，以保护脆弱的环境空间，缓解环境种族主义现象。增加细节和专门性将建立我所说的“基线”，即联邦机构拟议行动的环境、社会和经济指标达到这一点，就会导致“不采取行动”的建议。基准标准可以通过《国家环境政策法》的“不采取行动”替代方案以及其他环境法来实现，包括《清洁水法》、《清洁空气法》、《濒危物种法》等。一旦特定的指标没有得到满足，基线标准就会停止项目开发，或者推迟它们，使它们在经济上变得不可行的。基线限制的表现导致了采掘业项目早些时候的拒绝，比如阿拉斯加的卵石矿和横加公司的Keystone XL管道。然而，这些项目以及许多其他碳氢化合物和采矿企业现在面临着重生。遵守《国家环境法》的程序要求可能会推迟或阻止此类项目。在密歇根州弗林特市的水危机和俄勒冈州围绕放牧权的武装对峙中，基线的缺失是显而易见的。此外，对基准标准的分析将有助于理解下一波环境诉讼和争议解决。

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引用次数: 0

Call for the Development and Transfer of Marine Science and Technology: Policy Memorandum to the International Seabed Authority 呼吁发展和转让海洋科学和技术:致国际海底管理局的政策备忘录

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2017-03-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3071861

Yao Zhou

The international seabed, also known as the Area, consists of the seabed, ocean floor, and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of any national jurisdiction, and is governed by the International Seabed Authority. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Authority has a prescribed function to acquire scientific knowledge and monitor the development of marine technology. However, a recent review report prepared by the Seascape Consultants on the organization’s operation indicated that “the previous lack of engagement by the Authority in managing and encouraging the sharing of environmental data … [was] a missed opportunity, which has led to much greater efforts being required to fill gaps in knowledge.�? The review report also pointed out that the Authority had not carried out any significant work to monitor the development and transfer of marine technology relevant to activities in the Area. Drawing on analysis of the current legal framework and its implementation, this memo outlines challenges in the development and transfer of marine science and technology, and suggests that the Authority could develop a technology diffusion process that would include both patent licensing and research data sharing arrangements. It could cooperate with states and other organizations to implement the process, thereby achieving better governance of the Area and its resources.

国际海底，又称“区域”，包括任何国家管辖范围以外的海床、洋底及其底土，由国际海底管理局管辖。根据《联合国海洋法公约》，管理局的规定职能是获取科学知识和监测海洋技术的发展。然而，海景顾问公司最近就该组织的运作编写的一份审查报告表明，“管理局以前在管理和鼓励环境数据共享方面缺乏参与……是一个错失的机会，这导致需要付出更大的努力来填补知识空白。”审查报告还指出，管理局没有进行任何重大工作来监测与“区域”内活动有关的海洋技术的开发和转让。根据对现行法律框架及其实施情况的分析，本备忘录概述了在发展和转让海洋科学和技术方面面临的挑战，并建议管理局可以制定一项技术扩散进程，其中将包括专利许可和研究数据共享安排。它可以与各国和其他组织合作执行这一进程，从而更好地管理“区域”及其资源。

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引用次数: 0

Private Sector Conservation Investments under the Endangered Species Act: A Guide to Return on Investment Analysis 《濒危物种法下的私营部门保护投资:投资回报分析指南》

Natural Resources Law & Policy eJournal

Pub Date : 2017-03-07 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2950662

J. Boyd, R. Epanchin‐Niell

The US Endangered Species Act (ESA) protects imperiled species by prohibiting harm to listed species and their habitat. Over the last 20 years, the US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service have developed programs to increase management flexibility under the ESA and to encourage voluntary conservation actions by the private sector — above and beyond what is required for ESA compliance. These programs include Candidate Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements, and a new Prelisting Conservation Policy, among others. Why would private landowners and firms voluntarily engage in proactive conservation efforts? We address that question by exploring the incentives created by ESA programs, using a return on investment (ROI) framework to identify the costs and benefits of participation. The paper is relevant to firms affected by current or potential species listings. It is also relevant to NGO and government conservation advocates interested in encouraging more conservation by the private sector. The analysis sheds light on factors likely to affect participation, programs’ likely effectiveness, ways to better target partnering or cost-share engagements with the private sector, and the design of future programs to achieve conservation goals.

美国濒危物种法案(ESA)通过禁止对所列物种及其栖息地的伤害来保护濒危物种。在过去的20年里，美国鱼类和野生动物管理局和国家海洋渔业局制定了一些计划，以增加在欧空局下管理的灵活性，并鼓励私营部门自愿采取保护行动——这超出了遵守欧空局的要求。这些项目包括候选保护协议、安全港协议和新的上市前保护政策等。为什么私人土地所有者和公司会自愿参与积极主动的保护工作?我们通过探索欧空局项目创造的激励机制来解决这个问题，使用投资回报率(ROI)框架来确定参与的成本和收益。这篇论文与受当前或潜在物种清单影响的公司有关。它也与非政府组织和政府保护倡导者有关，他们对鼓励私营部门进行更多的保护感兴趣。该分析揭示了可能影响参与的因素、项目可能的有效性、更好地与私营部门合作或分担成本的方式，以及为实现保护目标而设计的未来项目。

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引用次数: 5

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