In this paper, it is attempted to see whether the recent increase in the actual social expenditure can be the one caused by the change in the policy stance of Korean government. IECI is calculated to check this. The initial finding is that the IECI of the welfare expenditure shows the clear increasing trend. Moreover, IECI's after 2000 are greater than 100 meaning that the welfare expenditure in Korea now is far greater than the level expected under the international (OECD) standard, currently. It is a remarkable change considering the fact that IECI's before 1997 were less than 90. Thus, it shows that there is a fundamental change in the government policy toward the welfare. In this paper, it is argued that this is a sign of the policy change toward the European welfare state, although Korea is not the one yet. This also poses a serious problem in the future because the increase in the welfare expenditure is inevitable.
{"title":"Is Korea Moving Toward the Welfare State?: An IECI Approach","authors":"Ilho Yoo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1095545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1095545","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, it is attempted to see whether the recent increase in the actual social expenditure can be the one caused by the change in the policy stance of Korean government. IECI is calculated to check this. The initial finding is that the IECI of the welfare expenditure shows the clear increasing trend. Moreover, IECI's after 2000 are greater than 100 meaning that the welfare expenditure in Korea now is far greater than the level expected under the international (OECD) standard, currently. It is a remarkable change considering the fact that IECI's before 1997 were less than 90. Thus, it shows that there is a fundamental change in the government policy toward the welfare. In this paper, it is argued that this is a sign of the policy change toward the European welfare state, although Korea is not the one yet. This also poses a serious problem in the future because the increase in the welfare expenditure is inevitable.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116552877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we examine the territoriality principle under preferential rules of origin. The territoriality principle under preferential rules of origin provides that when a material is imported from outside the territory of a party, the material would be entirely treated as non-originating regardless of the content in the material originating from the territory of a party. The territoriality assumption constrains the manufacturing process and distorts the international flow of trade and investment. In this paper, we review various outward processing provisions that are adopted as exemptions from the territoriality principle and examine their WTO consistency. We propose that outward processing provisions that conform to substantial transformation rule should be recognized as a suitable remedy for distortion arising from the territoriality assumption.
{"title":"Territoriality Principle under Preferential Rules of Origin","authors":"Jong Bum Kim","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1020880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1020880","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we examine the territoriality principle under preferential rules of origin. The territoriality principle under preferential rules of origin provides that when a material is imported from outside the territory of a party, the material would be entirely treated as non-originating regardless of the content in the material originating from the territory of a party. The territoriality assumption constrains the manufacturing process and distorts the international flow of trade and investment. In this paper, we review various outward processing provisions that are adopted as exemptions from the territoriality principle and examine their WTO consistency. We propose that outward processing provisions that conform to substantial transformation rule should be recognized as a suitable remedy for distortion arising from the territoriality assumption.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122975634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to measure marginal effective tax rates in Korea for the past 45 years since 1960 in order to evaluate Korea's tax incentive policies. It is shown that marginal effective tax rates are manifest both negatively and positively, although mostly negative. This is a change compared to previous studies, due to high statutory tax rates and the low rate of debt financing after the economic crisis of 1997-8. While debt financing has been heavily subsidized, equity and retained earnings have not. Small and medium sized firms have been treated more favorably compared to their larger counterparts. In making an international comparison, it can be observed that Korea is shown to be among countries with low effective tax rates.
{"title":"The Marginal Effective Tax Rates in Korea for 45 Years: 1960-2004","authors":"Ilho Yoo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1006943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1006943","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to measure marginal effective tax rates in Korea for the past 45 years since 1960 in order to evaluate Korea's tax incentive policies. It is shown that marginal effective tax rates are manifest both negatively and positively, although mostly negative. This is a change compared to previous studies, due to high statutory tax rates and the low rate of debt financing after the economic crisis of 1997-8. While debt financing has been heavily subsidized, equity and retained earnings have not. Small and medium sized firms have been treated more favorably compared to their larger counterparts. In making an international comparison, it can be observed that Korea is shown to be among countries with low effective tax rates.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"307 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116755761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper evaluates and compares the government reforms of current Roh government and the previous administration based on 7 success factors of a government reform. The Roh administration is doing a better job than the Kim administration in such areas as preparation for a reform, periodical examinations and evaluation, and change management. However, the Roh administration shows relative weaknesses in creating an effective reform-leading organization, providing a balanced reform direction, and in overcoming resistance. This paper also suggests five important features of a successful reform-leading organization: full-time and permanent organization, organization directly under the President, focus on reform, flexibility in organizational management, and a combination of career civil servants and specialists from the non-government sector.
{"title":"A Tale of Two Government Reforms in Korea","authors":"J. Park","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.950896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.950896","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates and compares the government reforms of current Roh government and the previous administration based on 7 success factors of a government reform. The Roh administration is doing a better job than the Kim administration in such areas as preparation for a reform, periodical examinations and evaluation, and change management. However, the Roh administration shows relative weaknesses in creating an effective reform-leading organization, providing a balanced reform direction, and in overcoming resistance. This paper also suggests five important features of a successful reform-leading organization: full-time and permanent organization, organization directly under the President, focus on reform, flexibility in organizational management, and a combination of career civil servants and specialists from the non-government sector.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129710607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korean society had adopted the draft system for several decades, and more careful analysis of military personnel procurement system is needed. The pros and cons of draft and recruit system is compared, and the third chapter explains an economic model. A model to analyze various issues are presented and discusses the implication is discussed.
{"title":"Military Service: Draft or Recruit","authors":"Ji Hong Kim","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.959988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.959988","url":null,"abstract":"Korean society had adopted the draft system for several decades, and more careful analysis of military personnel procurement system is needed. The pros and cons of draft and recruit system is compared, and the third chapter explains an economic model. A model to analyze various issues are presented and discusses the implication is discussed.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127235309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Partly because firm structures vary within an industry and partly because the industry, strategic group, and firm levels are significantly associated with firm performance, it is important to subcategorize the firms in an industry in an objective way. As an effective method in classifying industry substructure, the stock return method has been proposed in the field using the spot movements of stock returns upon inside and outside perturbations. In the paper, we apply the method to a sample in the airline, banking and oil industries over the period from 1988 to 1992 in order to examine whether the groups found are reasonable from a common sense point of view and whether their structures are robust across different sample windows. We find that the groups identified show a clear face validity and that the group structures are consistently maintained across 1 , 2 , 3 , and 5 year windows. The results may imply that the method could detect both industry and strategic group effects at the same time. Given that objectivity and replicability are crucial in empirical studies, the stock return method is likely to introduce a way to enhance the level of empirical work in the strategic group research.
{"title":"On the Stock Return Method to Determining Industry Substructure: Airline, Banking, and Oil Industries","authors":"Seong-Ho Cho","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.960658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.960658","url":null,"abstract":"Partly because firm structures vary within an industry and partly because the industry, strategic group, and firm levels are significantly associated with firm performance, it is important to subcategorize the firms in an industry in an objective way. As an effective method in classifying industry substructure, the stock return method has been proposed in the field using the spot movements of stock returns upon inside and outside perturbations. In the paper, we apply the method to a sample in the airline, banking and oil industries over the period from 1988 to 1992 in order to examine whether the groups found are reasonable from a common sense point of view and whether their structures are robust across different sample windows. We find that the groups identified show a clear face validity and that the group structures are consistently maintained across 1 , 2 , 3 , and 5 year windows. The results may imply that the method could detect both industry and strategic group effects at the same time. Given that objectivity and replicability are crucial in empirical studies, the stock return method is likely to introduce a way to enhance the level of empirical work in the strategic group research.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123889521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korea is widely recognized as a paragon of miraculous economic development as well as rapid advancement of democracy, and yet most researchers in Korea point to the lack of political leadership and immaturity of civil society as dominant factors inhibiting advancement of democracy. Considering the lack of experiences in self-governance by grassroots Korean people, where such experience is only recently (since 1988 at most) beginning to accumulate, such a claim may mislead the true nature of the obstacles in advancement of democracy as the Korean society as a whole face today: it may imply that the institutional context of Korean society has little effect on deterrence of democracy. It is the claim of this author that the maturing of civil society depends on cumulative experiences of self-governance and subsequent learning effect from such 'collective experience,' which in turn must shape the institutional context of a society and the role expectation of actors and institutions. This paper aims at identifying the relationship between civil society and 'collective experience' in the context of Korean society, especially in terms of the inherent limitations imposed by transplanted governance structure, independent of such 'collective experiences' and lack of consensus on role expectations, on the advancement of democracy.
{"title":"Collective Experience and Civil Society in Governance","authors":"Younguck Kang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.954645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.954645","url":null,"abstract":"Korea is widely recognized as a paragon of miraculous economic development as well as rapid advancement of democracy, and yet most researchers in Korea point to the lack of political leadership and immaturity of civil society as dominant factors inhibiting advancement of democracy. Considering the lack of experiences in self-governance by grassroots Korean people, where such experience is only recently (since 1988 at most) beginning to accumulate, such a claim may mislead the true nature of the obstacles in advancement of democracy as the Korean society as a whole face today: it may imply that the institutional context of Korean society has little effect on deterrence of democracy. It is the claim of this author that the maturing of civil society depends on cumulative experiences of self-governance and subsequent learning effect from such 'collective experience,' which in turn must shape the institutional context of a society and the role expectation of actors and institutions. This paper aims at identifying the relationship between civil society and 'collective experience' in the context of Korean society, especially in terms of the inherent limitations imposed by transplanted governance structure, independent of such 'collective experiences' and lack of consensus on role expectations, on the advancement of democracy.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133587229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If an agreement is reached, Kor-US FTA would be the US's largest FTA since the completion of NAFTA in 1992, and will have long term effects not only for economic, political but also geostrategic factors in Korea and East Asia. The FTA presents a unique opportunity for both countries to commit to a new and more meaningful level of cooperation that will be of profound mutual benefit and enhance the bilateral relationship in the long term. FTA negotiations are expected to be complicated by the expiration of trade promotion authority(TPA) in June 2007. Most issues except few impasses can be negotiated at the working level. Unless leaders in both Washington and Seoul properly manage these challenges, the two ot necessarily affected. Countries will be risking not only a trade agreement, but also the future of the alliance due to the short-term bilateral tensions and domestic political battle that can be expected to arise during negotiations. If there exist impasses, the exclusion of impasses in FTA is recommended than the collapse of the negotiation.
{"title":"Korea-Us FTA","authors":"Ji Hong Kim","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.959990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.959990","url":null,"abstract":"If an agreement is reached, Kor-US FTA would be the US's largest FTA since the completion of NAFTA in 1992, and will have long term effects not only for economic, political but also geostrategic factors in Korea and East Asia. The FTA presents a unique opportunity for both countries to commit to a new and more meaningful level of cooperation that will be of profound mutual benefit and enhance the bilateral relationship in the long term. FTA negotiations are expected to be complicated by the expiration of trade promotion authority(TPA) in June 2007. Most issues except few impasses can be negotiated at the working level. Unless leaders in both Washington and Seoul properly manage these challenges, the two ot necessarily affected. Countries will be risking not only a trade agreement, but also the future of the alliance due to the short-term bilateral tensions and domestic political battle that can be expected to arise during negotiations. If there exist impasses, the exclusion of impasses in FTA is recommended than the collapse of the negotiation.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122385145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we attempt to forecast the fiscal balance of Cambodia in years 2007-2011, based on the revenue and expenditure data since the political stabilization which started in 1993. Major tool for the analysis is OLS, and the huge deficit is forecasted. To cover the deficit, Cambodian government should issue government bond, which is not an easy task considering the development stage of her bond markets. A few policy recommendations on its development will be given.
{"title":"Fiscal Balance Forecast of Cambodia 2007-2011","authors":"Ilho Yoo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.953568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.953568","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we attempt to forecast the fiscal balance of Cambodia in years 2007-2011, based on the revenue and expenditure data since the political stabilization which started in 1993. Major tool for the analysis is OLS, and the huge deficit is forecasted. To cover the deficit, Cambodian government should issue government bond, which is not an easy task considering the development stage of her bond markets. A few policy recommendations on its development will be given.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124554449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a recent paper (2006), Pestieu et.al. showed that the optimal payroll tax rate for the PAYG pension in an open large economy should increase as number of countries increases. This rather counterintuitive result -increasing the factor mobility makes redistribution easier-depends on a crucial assumption of the only one tax ; payroll tax. In this paper, analysis of the optimal PAYG pension in the small open economy setting is attempted. Under this new situation, it is shown here that the standard result of trade-off between equity and increase in the capital mobility could be restored. In deriving such result the assumption of variable labor supply plays an important part.
{"title":"Payg Pension in a Small Open Economy","authors":"Ilho Yoo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.953589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.953589","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent paper (2006), Pestieu et.al. showed that the optimal payroll tax rate for the PAYG pension in an open large economy should increase as number of countries increases. This rather counterintuitive result -increasing the factor mobility makes redistribution easier-depends on a crucial assumption of the only one tax ; payroll tax. In this paper, analysis of the optimal PAYG pension in the small open economy setting is attempted. Under this new situation, it is shown here that the standard result of trade-off between equity and increase in the capital mobility could be restored. In deriving such result the assumption of variable labor supply plays an important part.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123420669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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