Research work analyzes current situation and development of tourism in the region of Baltic Sea. Specific case study of this paper is Pärnu Bay, Estonia. This region is known for unique environmental settings: mild maritime climate, broad beaches, coniferous pine forests on the coastal zone and high esthetic value of the surrounding landscapes. However, after the end of USSR, Estonia survived a difficult period of re-structuring of economic and social system. This affected touristic cluster, rapidly developing in new directions. Soviet touristic areas became abandoned and re-constructed, new hotels are being actively created, intensive privatization of recreation houses is actively ongoing. Main problem in the touristic cluster in Estonia consists in its specific location on the Baltic Sea with cold climate in summer period. It causes low popularity among tourists, comparing to Mediterranean. Another problem consists in ongoing development of the country, reflected in low investments into tourism, comparing to other European countries. Therefore, the main perspective for the tourism development in Estonia includes active redirection towards eco-style sustainable tourism: camping, biking, sea side recreation, construction of summer cottages for vacations, organized tours to Natural Parks. This paper, supported by fieldwork, has analytical character reviewing current Estonian tourism dynamics. Sociopolitical effects on current tourism directions are discussed, while modern touristic system in Estonia compared to Soviet. The overview of the recreation resort places was performed in Häädemeeste municipality, Pärnu district, and resulted in series of thematic author photos. The research was performed at the University of Tartu.
{"title":"Current Development of Tourism and Recreation on Baltic Sea Coasts: New Directions and Perspectives (Presentation Slides)","authors":"Polina Lemenkova","doi":"10.31223/osf.io/ptj4r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31223/osf.io/ptj4r","url":null,"abstract":"Research work analyzes current situation and development of tourism in the region of Baltic Sea. Specific case study of this paper is Pärnu Bay, Estonia. This region is known for unique environmental settings: mild maritime climate, broad beaches, coniferous pine forests on the coastal zone and high esthetic value of the surrounding landscapes. However, after the end of USSR, Estonia survived a difficult period of re-structuring of economic and social system. This affected touristic cluster, rapidly developing in new directions. Soviet touristic areas became abandoned and re-constructed, new hotels are being actively created, intensive privatization of recreation houses is actively ongoing. Main problem in the touristic cluster in Estonia consists in its specific location on the Baltic Sea with cold climate in summer period. It causes low popularity among tourists, comparing to Mediterranean. Another problem consists in ongoing development of the country, reflected in low investments into tourism, comparing to other European countries. Therefore, the main perspective for the tourism development in Estonia includes active redirection towards eco-style sustainable tourism: camping, biking, sea side recreation, construction of summer cottages for vacations, organized tours to Natural Parks. This paper, supported by fieldwork, has analytical character reviewing current Estonian tourism dynamics. Sociopolitical effects on current tourism directions are discussed, while modern touristic system in Estonia compared to Soviet. The overview of the recreation resort places was performed in Häädemeeste municipality, Pärnu district, and resulted in series of thematic author photos. The research was performed at the University of Tartu.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125125815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The core of the neoclassical growth theory is the capital investment. Solow proposed that the diminishing return is key to such growth process in establishing the stability of the equilibrium growth path. This key postulation has critical implications on the sustainable and effective development policy, suggesting the importance of productivity and human capital in both steady-state and capital-driven transitional growth. This paper suggests a novel way to test the diminishing return assumption and confirmed its strong presence using the Penn World Tables version 8.0 data, hence validates Solows implications on effective development policies.
新古典增长理论的核心是资本投资。索洛提出，在建立均衡增长路径的稳定性时，收益递减是这种增长过程的关键。这一关键假设对可持续和有效的发展政策具有重要意义，表明生产力和人力资本在稳态和资本驱动的过渡增长中的重要性。本文提出了一种新的方法来检验收益递减假设，并使用Penn World Tables version 8.0的数据证实了它的强大存在性，从而验证了索洛对有效发展政策的影响。
{"title":"Testing Solow's Implications on the Effective Development Policy","authors":"Hyeok Jeong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2373350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2373350","url":null,"abstract":"The core of the neoclassical growth theory is the capital investment. Solow proposed that the diminishing return is key to such growth process in establishing the stability of the equilibrium growth path. This key postulation has critical implications on the sustainable and effective development policy, suggesting the importance of productivity and human capital in both steady-state and capital-driven transitional growth. This paper suggests a novel way to test the diminishing return assumption and confirmed its strong presence using the Penn World Tables version 8.0 data, hence validates Solows implications on effective development policies.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115147457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Can we predict long-term crime rates? In this paper, we offer the use of simple experience curve models as an alternative forecasting method. We use the experience curve models to project total crime and violent crime rates in 2030 for 50 individual states and Washington D.C. in the United States. Results are encouraging in that projection models developed from historical data for respective states show, in general, high values of R2 over .85. Our projected crime rates show both increasing trends as well as declining trends compared to 2010. A large variation among individual states is due to highly variable experience curve slopes we estimated across respective states.
{"title":"Can We Predict Long-Term Future Crime Rates?","authors":"Yu Sang Chang, C. Choi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2307350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2307350","url":null,"abstract":"Can we predict long-term crime rates? In this paper, we offer the use of simple experience curve models as an alternative forecasting method. We use the experience curve models to project total crime and violent crime rates in 2030 for 50 individual states and Washington D.C. in the United States. Results are encouraging in that projection models developed from historical data for respective states show, in general, high values of R2 over .85. Our projected crime rates show both increasing trends as well as declining trends compared to 2010. A large variation among individual states is due to highly variable experience curve slopes we estimated across respective states.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134320384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his recent paper in JET, Gonzalez (2007) issues a warning that gradual improvement in property rights enforcement may sometimes backfire and hurt social welfare through its unintended instigation of appropriative activities. By introducing a new property-rights parameter within the Gonzalez’ growth model, however, this note reinstates the monotone relationship between property rights and social welfare discredited by Gonzalez.
{"title":"Stronger Property Rights Enforcement Does Not Hurt Social Welfare - A Comment on Gonzalez’ 'Effective Property Rights, Conflict and Growth (JET, 2007)'","authors":"Y. Yoo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2282387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2282387","url":null,"abstract":"In his recent paper in JET, Gonzalez (2007) issues a warning that gradual improvement in property rights enforcement may sometimes backfire and hurt social welfare through its unintended instigation of appropriative activities. By introducing a new property-rights parameter within the Gonzalez’ growth model, however, this note reinstates the monotone relationship between property rights and social welfare discredited by Gonzalez.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122005383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Reduction of under-five year mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015 compared to 1990 level has been adopted as Target 4A in the Millennium Development Goals. Since infant deaths account for over seventy percents of under-five year mortality, the same two-thirds reduction Target of infant mortality rate (IMR) will be a prerequisite for achieving the Target 4A. Methods: We develop classical and kinked experience curve equations as our models to project IMR for 21 OECD countries for 2015 and 2050 We also use projected IMR by the UN and by the U.S. Census Bureau for comparison. Findings: Our projection indicates that only two countries will meet the reduction goal by 2015. However, all but four countries will achieve the garget by 205'3 On the other hand, projections by UN and the U.S. Census are more pessimistic in that only seven or four countries are expected to meet the target by 2050. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that the kinked experience curve model may be a useful alternative projection methodology. The results from all three projection methodologies suggest that each country may need a comprehensive review of its policy and programs of infant mortality control for major improvement.
{"title":"When Will the Millennium Development Goal on Infant Mortality Rate Be Realized? Projections for 21 OECD Countries Through 2050","authors":"Yu Sang Chang, Jinsoo Lee, Hyuk Ju Kwon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2252404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2252404","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Reduction of under-five year mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015 compared to 1990 level has been adopted as Target 4A in the Millennium Development Goals. Since infant deaths account for over seventy percents of under-five year mortality, the same two-thirds reduction Target of infant mortality rate (IMR) will be a prerequisite for achieving the Target 4A. Methods: We develop classical and kinked experience curve equations as our models to project IMR for 21 OECD countries for 2015 and 2050 We also use projected IMR by the UN and by the U.S. Census Bureau for comparison. Findings: Our projection indicates that only two countries will meet the reduction goal by 2015. However, all but four countries will achieve the garget by 205'3 On the other hand, projections by UN and the U.S. Census are more pessimistic in that only seven or four countries are expected to meet the target by 2050. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that the kinked experience curve model may be a useful alternative projection methodology. The results from all three projection methodologies suggest that each country may need a comprehensive review of its policy and programs of infant mortality control for major improvement.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114341812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the impact of the Intergovernmental transfer (Balance Fund) and Local Own Revenue to the local government expenditure as well as to know the occurrence of flypaper effect phenomenon in the relationship between those variables. This study is performed in two parts, firstly, using cross section data of 188 municipalities and regencies from 2006 to 2008, and secondly, using panel data of 484 Regencies and Municipalities during 2001 to 2008. The study showed that, firstly, Balance Fund and Local Own Revenue both partially and simultaneously have a significant impact on Local Government Expenditure. Second, the effect of Local Own revenue on Local Expenditure is stronger than the effect of Balance Fund. This proves the non-occurrence of flypaper effect in the local government response to the central government transfer fund.
{"title":"Intergovernmental Transfer and the Flypaper Effect – Evidence from Municipalities/Regencies in Indonesia","authors":"Younguck Kang, Dhani Setyawan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2065638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2065638","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the impact of the Intergovernmental transfer (Balance Fund) and Local Own Revenue to the local government expenditure as well as to know the occurrence of flypaper effect phenomenon in the relationship between those variables. This study is performed in two parts, firstly, using cross section data of 188 municipalities and regencies from 2006 to 2008, and secondly, using panel data of 484 Regencies and Municipalities during 2001 to 2008. The study showed that, firstly, Balance Fund and Local Own Revenue both partially and simultaneously have a significant impact on Local Government Expenditure. Second, the effect of Local Own revenue on Local Expenditure is stronger than the effect of Balance Fund. This proves the non-occurrence of flypaper effect in the local government response to the central government transfer fund.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115932231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I examine whether firms’ openness improves innovative performance of the firms and what factors make the openness more effective in generating innovation. Using 2006 Korean Innovation Survey in service sector, I test whether openness improves innovative performance and how absorptive capacity, new startup and use of appropriation methods influence the effect of openness on Korean service firms’ innovation respectively. I find the following: First, the effect of openness varies depending on type of innovation. Openness is more effective for radical innovation than for incremental innovation. Second, there is complementarity between openness and R&D intensity when innovation is radical. When the R&D intensity level is high, the effect of openness becomes stronger. However, there is no complementarity when innovation is incremental. Third, openness is more effective for a new startup to perform radical innovation than incremental innovation. Fourth, when a firm uses too many appropriation methods, openness is not effective for innovation.
{"title":"How Will Openness to External Knowledge Impact Service Innovation? Evidence from Korean Service Sector","authors":"Seongwuk Moon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1976896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1976896","url":null,"abstract":"I examine whether firms’ openness improves innovative performance of the firms and what factors make the openness more effective in generating innovation. Using 2006 Korean Innovation Survey in service sector, I test whether openness improves innovative performance and how absorptive capacity, new startup and use of appropriation methods influence the effect of openness on Korean service firms’ innovation respectively. I find the following: First, the effect of openness varies depending on type of innovation. Openness is more effective for radical innovation than for incremental innovation. Second, there is complementarity between openness and R&D intensity when innovation is radical. When the R&D intensity level is high, the effect of openness becomes stronger. However, there is no complementarity when innovation is incremental. Third, openness is more effective for a new startup to perform radical innovation than incremental innovation. Fourth, when a firm uses too many appropriation methods, openness is not effective for innovation.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127068333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A natural field experiment is designed to explore the crowding effects of a timely feedback system on voluntary contributions according to their original dominant motivation (intrinsic/extrinsic). This paper finds crowding-in effect of a one-way timely feedback for both types of volunteers. However, a two-way timely feedback has a detrimental effect for intrinsic volunteers (crowding-out), while enhances extrinsic volunteers’ performance (crowding-in). Furthermore, the crowding effect is robust to those aware of the feedback in advance or with access to the median score. These findings show the significance of original dominant motivation, since it will affect the change rate of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation.
{"title":"Time is Money: A Natural Field Experiment on How a Non-Monetary Timely Feedback System Motivates Volunteers","authors":"Xiaoye Li","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2033631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2033631","url":null,"abstract":"A natural field experiment is designed to explore the crowding effects of a timely feedback system on voluntary contributions according to their original dominant motivation (intrinsic/extrinsic). This paper finds crowding-in effect of a one-way timely feedback for both types of volunteers. However, a two-way timely feedback has a detrimental effect for intrinsic volunteers (crowding-out), while enhances extrinsic volunteers’ performance (crowding-in). Furthermore, the crowding effect is robust to those aware of the feedback in advance or with access to the median score. These findings show the significance of original dominant motivation, since it will affect the change rate of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121086568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why China’s approach mattersOnly a few years ago, China’s approach to innovation and standardization barely played a role in international economic diplomacy. With its economic power on the rise, that assessment has changed dramatically. Today, China’s innovation policy and its perceived threat to American innovation and competitiveness are a hot topic in U.S.-China economic relations, adding further to contentious disputes about exchange rates, trade, and foreign direct investment. The role of standardization, together with intellectual property rights and government procurement, are at the center of this conflict.As the United States and China display fundamental differences in their levels of development and in their economic institutions, they pursue quite different approaches to standards and innovation policy. The American consensus is that market forces and the private sector should play a primary role in innovation and standardization. China, on the other hand, relies much more on the government to define the strategic objectives and key parameters.In the United States, there is a widespread expectation that further reforms of China’s standards system will “naturally” converge to (almost) full compliance with a U.S.-style, market-led, voluntary standards system. That expectation can be found, for instance, in the “United States Standards Strategy,” approved by the Board of Directors of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on December 8, 2005, which proposes a “universal application of the globally accepted principles for development of global standards” which is based on the U.S. voluntary standards system.Limited ConvergenceYet, as documented in a new study , China’s evolving standards system provides little evidence that convergence to the American system is likely to materialize. When Chinese reformers argue for a transition to a more market-driven standards system, they emphasize that the government will continue to play an important role as a promoter, enabler, and coordinator of an integrated standards and innovation policy.
{"title":"Toward Greater Pragmatism? China's Approach to Innovation and Standardization","authors":"D. Ernst","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2742918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2742918","url":null,"abstract":"Why China’s approach mattersOnly a few years ago, China’s approach to innovation and standardization barely played a role in international economic diplomacy. With its economic power on the rise, that assessment has changed dramatically. Today, China’s innovation policy and its perceived threat to American innovation and competitiveness are a hot topic in U.S.-China economic relations, adding further to contentious disputes about exchange rates, trade, and foreign direct investment. The role of standardization, together with intellectual property rights and government procurement, are at the center of this conflict.As the United States and China display fundamental differences in their levels of development and in their economic institutions, they pursue quite different approaches to standards and innovation policy. The American consensus is that market forces and the private sector should play a primary role in innovation and standardization. China, on the other hand, relies much more on the government to define the strategic objectives and key parameters.In the United States, there is a widespread expectation that further reforms of China’s standards system will “naturally” converge to (almost) full compliance with a U.S.-style, market-led, voluntary standards system. That expectation can be found, for instance, in the “United States Standards Strategy,” approved by the Board of Directors of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on December 8, 2005, which proposes a “universal application of the globally accepted principles for development of global standards” which is based on the U.S. voluntary standards system.Limited ConvergenceYet, as documented in a new study , China’s evolving standards system provides little evidence that convergence to the American system is likely to materialize. When Chinese reformers argue for a transition to a more market-driven standards system, they emphasize that the government will continue to play an important role as a promoter, enabler, and coordinator of an integrated standards and innovation policy.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134480664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers the consequences of public procurement reform in Russia in 2005-2006. We show that before the reform, manufacturing firms with government stakes, old firms and larger firms had advantages in access to government orders. In 2009 large firms retain their advantages in access to government orders. Estimated scales of 'kickback' in 2009 were virtually the same as in 2005. Active restructuring of the enterprises had no influence on the enterprises' access to government orders. We discuss the reasons for this failure of the radical reform of public procurement in Russia, and provide some policy implications.
{"title":"Access of Firms to Public Procurement in Russia in the 2000s: Before and After Radical Reform of Regulation","authors":"A. Yakovlev, O. Demidova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1918158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1918158","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the consequences of public procurement reform in Russia in 2005-2006. We show that before the reform, manufacturing firms with government stakes, old firms and larger firms had advantages in access to government orders. In 2009 large firms retain their advantages in access to government orders. Estimated scales of 'kickback' in 2009 were virtually the same as in 2005. Active restructuring of the enterprises had no influence on the enterprises' access to government orders. We discuss the reasons for this failure of the radical reform of public procurement in Russia, and provide some policy implications.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133924513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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