In this paper, we examine the dynamic effect of tobacco control policies on tobacco consumption using the recent implementation of such policies in Korea. The results show that such policies discretely reduce the incidence and amount of tobacco consumptions. We document that after the initial drop, spending on tobacco products gradually recovered towards the pre-policy level. We also find that there is considerable heterogeneity in the persistence of the impact of tobacco control policies. For higher income households, the impact dissipated approximately six months after the implementation of the policy whereas for low-income households, it persisted through the first year.
{"title":"How Does the Impact of Tobacco Control Policies Change Over Time?: Evidence from South Korea","authors":"Jisun Baek, WooRam Park","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2889295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2889295","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we examine the dynamic effect of tobacco control policies on tobacco consumption using the recent implementation of such policies in Korea. The results show that such policies discretely reduce the incidence and amount of tobacco consumptions. We document that after the initial drop, spending on tobacco products gradually recovered towards the pre-policy level. We also find that there is considerable heterogeneity in the persistence of the impact of tobacco control policies. For higher income households, the impact dissipated approximately six months after the implementation of the policy whereas for low-income households, it persisted through the first year.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117046923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
South Korea has experienced a great U-turn in its inequality trends during the past few decades. In this paper, we explore the role of international trade in its wage inequality dynamics over the 1998–2012 period, using a unique household panel survey. Our analysis reveals that most of the overall wage inequality occurs within sectors and educational groups rather than between them. However, the share in total inequality of the “between” variation across sectors and educational groups has moderately increased over time. Furthermore, we document that almost the entire aggregate wage inequality in both manufacturing and services occurs within different trade-exposure categories rather than between them, and this pattern is persistent through time. These results suggest that international trade might not be the main driving force behind the rising wage dispersion in South Korea in the last two decades.
{"title":"Wage Inequality Dynamics and Trade Exposure in South Korea","authors":"Baybars Karacaovali, Chrysostomos Tabakis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2889547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2889547","url":null,"abstract":"South Korea has experienced a great U-turn in its inequality trends during the past few decades. In this paper, we explore the role of international trade in its wage inequality dynamics over the 1998–2012 period, using a unique household panel survey. Our analysis reveals that most of the overall wage inequality occurs within sectors and educational groups rather than between them. However, the share in total inequality of the “between” variation across sectors and educational groups has moderately increased over time. Furthermore, we document that almost the entire aggregate wage inequality in both manufacturing and services occurs within different trade-exposure categories rather than between them, and this pattern is persistent through time. These results suggest that international trade might not be the main driving force behind the rising wage dispersion in South Korea in the last two decades.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122082301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Like many countries, Ghana provides tax incentives to encourage private investments and reduce the tax burden of certain sectors and the poor. However, these exemptions come at a cost. This chapter uses data provided by the Ministry of Finance of Ghana to estimate the cost of these exemptions, which are also known as tax expenditures. The data provided included the customs import data on exemptions, Ghana’s Supply and Use Tables, Value Added Tax (VAT) returns and data collected by the committee from income tax returns. The overall tax expenditure for the year 2013 was 5.2 percent of GDP, with tax expenditures on VAT constituting the biggest part at 4.2 percent followed by customs duty exemptions at 0.9 percent. This makes Ghana’s tax expenditure the 14th highest in a list of 30 countries for which tax expenditures estimates are publicly available. While data on the 2014 income tax and external VAT is not fully available, the tax expenditure for domestic VAT and customs was 5.1 percent in 2013 compared to 5 percent in 2014.
{"title":"Tax Expenditure Estimates in Ghana","authors":"F. Oppong, S. James","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2841302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2841302","url":null,"abstract":"Like many countries, Ghana provides tax incentives to encourage private investments and reduce the tax burden of certain sectors and the poor. However, these exemptions come at a cost. This chapter uses data provided by the Ministry of Finance of Ghana to estimate the cost of these exemptions, which are also known as tax expenditures. The data provided included the customs import data on exemptions, Ghana’s Supply and Use Tables, Value Added Tax (VAT) returns and data collected by the committee from income tax returns. The overall tax expenditure for the year 2013 was 5.2 percent of GDP, with tax expenditures on VAT constituting the biggest part at 4.2 percent followed by customs duty exemptions at 0.9 percent. This makes Ghana’s tax expenditure the 14th highest in a list of 30 countries for which tax expenditures estimates are publicly available. While data on the 2014 income tax and external VAT is not fully available, the tax expenditure for domestic VAT and customs was 5.1 percent in 2013 compared to 5 percent in 2014.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127477303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In most literature it is particularly argued that the dichotomous basis of urban and rural definitions has many features that state rural areas as existing along a continuum within which individuals, households, communities and institutions distribute themselves. One important character of peri-urban environments is the dynamic nature in which social forms and arrangements are created, modified and discarded (Smit 1989, p.77). Mostly important, there are areas of social compression where the density of social forms, types and meanings increases, fomenting conflict and social evolution. Nevertheless, rural, peri-urban and urban forms a linkage system which is uneven multi-dimensional continuum. It can be highly contested that peri-urban environments are places of social compression and dynamic social change because migration and urbanization peri-urban environments play a mediating role between rural and urban settlements (Smit 1989, p.77).It is suggested that urbanization in developed nations has been attributed to such as urban welfare, regionalization processes and increasing urban population coupled with rural population decline. On the other hand, urbanization in developing nations relate to issues such as rural- urban migration, natural population increase, and rural urbanization (Adell 1999, p.3).
{"title":"Specific Development Theories: A Case for Rural-Urban Disparities","authors":"Jimmy Chulu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2837683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2837683","url":null,"abstract":"In most literature it is particularly argued that the dichotomous basis of urban and rural definitions has many features that state rural areas as existing along a continuum within which individuals, households, communities and institutions distribute themselves. One important character of peri-urban environments is the dynamic nature in which social forms and arrangements are created, modified and discarded (Smit 1989, p.77). Mostly important, there are areas of social compression where the density of social forms, types and meanings increases, fomenting conflict and social evolution. Nevertheless, rural, peri-urban and urban forms a linkage system which is uneven multi-dimensional continuum. It can be highly contested that peri-urban environments are places of social compression and dynamic social change because migration and urbanization peri-urban environments play a mediating role between rural and urban settlements (Smit 1989, p.77).It is suggested that urbanization in developed nations has been attributed to such as urban welfare, regionalization processes and increasing urban population coupled with rural population decline. On the other hand, urbanization in developing nations relate to issues such as rural- urban migration, natural population increase, and rural urbanization (Adell 1999, p.3).","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121394043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There has been a myth that the extended family is the most popular type of family in the pre-modern society. But it is not much supported by the historical data in European countries. This paper also tries to challenge the myth about the Korean family using Daegu Family Registry, which was recently digitalized. The data shows the family structure of Daegu DongSang-Myeon, DongJung-Myeon, DongHa-Myeon, and SeoSang-Myeon in Daegu-Bu from 1681~1876. The findings are:1) nuclear family was the most prevalent type among the variety of family structure, 2) the popularity of nuclear family was different by status- nuclear family is more popular at lower status, 3) the ratio of nuclear family was changing over times and its ratio increased sharply from the mid-19th century except the ruling class, Yangban.
{"title":"A Study on the Korean Family Structure Through Daegu Family Registry 1681~1876; Pre-modern Nuclear Family Theory Revisited","authors":"Seulki Choi","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2838007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2838007","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a myth that the extended family is the most popular type of family in the pre-modern society. But it is not much supported by the historical data in European countries. This paper also tries to challenge the myth about the Korean family using Daegu Family Registry, which was recently digitalized. The data shows the family structure of Daegu DongSang-Myeon, DongJung-Myeon, DongHa-Myeon, and SeoSang-Myeon in Daegu-Bu from 1681~1876. The findings are:1) nuclear family was the most prevalent type among the variety of family structure, 2) the popularity of nuclear family was different by status- nuclear family is more popular at lower status, 3) the ratio of nuclear family was changing over times and its ratio increased sharply from the mid-19th century except the ruling class, Yangban.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122470137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The K-Y Protocol envisages the introduction of RSBCs (Regulated and Sovereign Backed Cryptocurrencies). In this paper we discuss in detail the establishment of a Controlled Block Chain based on the K-Y Protocol. It is primarily accomplished using the NationCoin system. There are two aspects to the NationCoin system. The software and the hardware aspect. The software necessary to write and run the Block Chain on the hardware is envisaged. The hardware needed to run and sustain the blockchain is then deliberated. A host of institutions have also been envisioned to create, support and run the NationCoin system. The DAR will be the main institution responsible for creating the Controlled Block Chain architecture. The costing, timeline and the interplay of institutions are also outlined.
{"title":"Roadmap for a Controlled Block Chain Architecture","authors":"Kartik Hegadekatti, Yatish S G","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2822667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2822667","url":null,"abstract":"The K-Y Protocol envisages the introduction of RSBCs (Regulated and Sovereign Backed Cryptocurrencies). In this paper we discuss in detail the establishment of a Controlled Block Chain based on the K-Y Protocol. It is primarily accomplished using the NationCoin system. There are two aspects to the NationCoin system. The software and the hardware aspect. The software necessary to write and run the Block Chain on the hardware is envisaged. The hardware needed to run and sustain the blockchain is then deliberated. A host of institutions have also been envisioned to create, support and run the NationCoin system. The DAR will be the main institution responsible for creating the Controlled Block Chain architecture. The costing, timeline and the interplay of institutions are also outlined.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124963857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High quality manpower is a prerequisite to maintain and further improve national competiveness. As a strategy for acquiring talents, Korea has attempted to attract and retain high quality foreign students by implementing several policies like ‘Study Korea 2020’, ‘International Education Quality Assurance System’, and the ease of visa restrictions for employment and job search. Several ministries including Ministry of Education, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Employment and Labor, and Ministry of Health and Welfare have participated in the process of improving the policies related. However, the total number of foreign students tends to decrease since 2012. Masters’ and Ph.D. programs in national strategic areas of science and technology lack competent students. These facts imply that Korea needs more practical policy approach which is based on the collaboration between higher education institutions and enterprises along with administrative and financial support by the government. After analyzing the current status of foreign students and the government’s policies implemented to attract high quality foreign students with their limitations, this paper suggests that the government needs to (i) induce colleges and universities to design and provide diverse internationalized education and research programs that can meet demands from foreign students and countries; (ii) provide systematic employment services to foreign students and opportunities to adapt themselves to organizational culture; (iii) promote private companies’ recruitment of foreign graduates; and (iv) increase the budget to provide higher level of financial aids to foreign students, especially in strategic areas.
{"title":"Policies to Attract High Quality Foreign Students into Korea","authors":"S. Paik","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2703216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2703216","url":null,"abstract":"High quality manpower is a prerequisite to maintain and further improve national competiveness. As a strategy for acquiring talents, Korea has attempted to attract and retain high quality foreign students by implementing several policies like ‘Study Korea 2020’, ‘International Education Quality Assurance System’, and the ease of visa restrictions for employment and job search. Several ministries including Ministry of Education, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Employment and Labor, and Ministry of Health and Welfare have participated in the process of improving the policies related. However, the total number of foreign students tends to decrease since 2012. Masters’ and Ph.D. programs in national strategic areas of science and technology lack competent students. These facts imply that Korea needs more practical policy approach which is based on the collaboration between higher education institutions and enterprises along with administrative and financial support by the government. After analyzing the current status of foreign students and the government’s policies implemented to attract high quality foreign students with their limitations, this paper suggests that the government needs to (i) induce colleges and universities to design and provide diverse internationalized education and research programs that can meet demands from foreign students and countries; (ii) provide systematic employment services to foreign students and opportunities to adapt themselves to organizational culture; (iii) promote private companies’ recruitment of foreign graduates; and (iv) increase the budget to provide higher level of financial aids to foreign students, especially in strategic areas.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128872308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korean Abstract: 본 논문에서는 북한의 과학기술정책 변화와 일반 주민들의 휴대폰과 컴퓨터 이용 증가에 따른 북한 내 사회변동에 대해 살펴본다. 특히, IT기기 활용 증가와 더불어 최근 확산되고 있는 비공식시장경제활동이 향후 북한의 변화에 어떤 역할을 할 것인지에 주목한다. 대부분의 북한 연구가 거시적 측면에서 북한의 권력 변화, 핵 문제, 국제관계 등에 집중된 반면, 본 연구는 보다 미시적 수준에서 IT활용과 과학기술정책의 변화를 분석함으로써 북한 내 사회경제적 변화를 예측하고자 한다. 이를 위해 크게 세 가지 연구주제를 다룬다. 첫째, 1990년대 중반 경제난 이후 김정일과 김정은에 의해 강조되고 있는 과학기술정책 변화를 분석한다. 둘째, 북한 내 일반 주민들에 의한 IT 기기 이용에 따른 사회경제적 영향을 평가한다. 셋째, IT 이용 증가와 비공식시장경제확산에 따른 국가-사회관계 변화를 추적한다.English Abstract: This study explores current development stage of science and technology of North Korea through an analysis of journals in the field of science and technology published in Pyongyang. Since the Arduous March in the mid 1990s, North Korean regime has put emphasis on the development of science and technology and IT sectors, which aims at overcoming economic hardships and instability of the regime. Key findings of the study are as follows: first, North Korea has tried to develop both hardware and software programs to modernize obsolete means of production with less costs; second, the journals have introduced current trends and areas of IT sectors and even tried to commercialize software programs; third, North Korea has tried to enhance internal capacity to develop her own science and technology in the name of the 'New Industrial Revolution' through CNC and informatization of the industry, for instance, and; fourth, North Korean citizens have been exposed to IT and used cell phones and PCs for their daily life. Despite all these changes, North Korea has yet confronted obstacles and challenges in order to achieve her goals due to its adamant ideology and closeness of the economy.
Korean Abstract:本论文将对北韩的科学技术政策变化和普通居民手机和电脑使用增加导致的北韩内部社会变动进行分析。特别是，随着IT产品使用量的增加，最近不断扩散的非正式市场经济活动将对北韩今后的变化起到什么作用备受关注。大部分北韩研究从宏观角度集中在北韩权力变化、核问题、国际关系等方面，而本研究则在微观水平上分析IT应用和科学技术政策的变化，以预测北韩内部社会经济变化。为此，主要讨论三个研究主题。第一，对20世纪90年代中期经济困难以后金正日和金正银强调的科学技术政策变化进行分析。第二，评价北韩内普通居民使用IT产品带来的社会经济影响。第三，追踪IT利用增加和非正式市场经济扩散带来的国家-社会关系变化。英语:This study explores current development stage of science and technology of North Korea through an analysis of journals in the field of science and technology published in Pyongyang。Since the Arduous March in the mid 1990年s, North Korean regime has put emphasis on the development of science and technology and IT sectors;which aims at overcoming economic hardships and instability of the regime。关键findings of the study are as follows: first, North Korea has tried to develop both hardware and software programs to modernize obsolete means of production with less costs;journals have introduced current trends and areas of IT sectors and even tried to commercialize software programs;third, North Korea has tried to enhance internal capacity to develop her own science and technology in the name of the New Industrial Revolution' through CNC and informatization of the industry，for instance, and;fourth, North Korean citizens have been exposed to IT and used cell phones and PCs for their daily life。Despite all these changes, North Korea has yet confronted obstacles and challenges in order to achieve her goals due to its adamant ideology and closeness of the economy。
{"title":"�?한 정보통신 과학기술정책과 사회변�?� (An Analysis of Science and Technology Journals in North Korea)","authors":"Changyong Choi, Youngsil Kang","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2652556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2652556","url":null,"abstract":"Korean Abstract: 본 논문에서는 북한의 과학기술정책 변화와 일반 주민들의 휴대폰과 컴퓨터 이용 증가에 따른 북한 내 사회변동에 대해 살펴본다. 특히, IT기기 활용 증가와 더불어 최근 확산되고 있는 비공식시장경제활동이 향후 북한의 변화에 어떤 역할을 할 것인지에 주목한다. 대부분의 북한 연구가 거시적 측면에서 북한의 권력 변화, 핵 문제, 국제관계 등에 집중된 반면, 본 연구는 보다 미시적 수준에서 IT활용과 과학기술정책의 변화를 분석함으로써 북한 내 사회경제적 변화를 예측하고자 한다. 이를 위해 크게 세 가지 연구주제를 다룬다. 첫째, 1990년대 중반 경제난 이후 김정일과 김정은에 의해 강조되고 있는 과학기술정책 변화를 분석한다. 둘째, 북한 내 일반 주민들에 의한 IT 기기 이용에 따른 사회경제적 영향을 평가한다. 셋째, IT 이용 증가와 비공식시장경제확산에 따른 국가-사회관계 변화를 추적한다.English Abstract: This study explores current development stage of science and technology of North Korea through an analysis of journals in the field of science and technology published in Pyongyang. Since the Arduous March in the mid 1990s, North Korean regime has put emphasis on the development of science and technology and IT sectors, which aims at overcoming economic hardships and instability of the regime. Key findings of the study are as follows: first, North Korea has tried to develop both hardware and software programs to modernize obsolete means of production with less costs; second, the journals have introduced current trends and areas of IT sectors and even tried to commercialize software programs; third, North Korea has tried to enhance internal capacity to develop her own science and technology in the name of the 'New Industrial Revolution' through CNC and informatization of the industry, for instance, and; fourth, North Korean citizens have been exposed to IT and used cell phones and PCs for their daily life. Despite all these changes, North Korea has yet confronted obstacles and challenges in order to achieve her goals due to its adamant ideology and closeness of the economy.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132390635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper shows that heavy reliance on multiple choice questions for student assessment in Korean education has distorted human capital investment in a way that it centers only on cognitive skills that are testable through multiple choices. We conduct expert meetings with teachers and analyze performance assessment tools that are actually used by teachers to look into how and why the performance assessment, which has been implemented in Korea’s education for roughly fifteen years, has failed to take root in Korean classrooms. We found an enormous gap between institution and the classroom concerning performance assessment, which reflects the fact that policy makers, with their top-down approaches, have focused excessively on institutional changes while ignoring actual changes in classrooms. We suggest that Korea should take a bottom-up gradual approach that supports actual changes in the classroom in order to transform its assessment system from multiple choices to performance assessment.
{"title":"From Multiple Choices to Performance Assessment: Theory, Practice, and Strategy","authors":"Ju-Ho Lee, Sung Chang Ryoo, Sam‐Ho Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2543415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2543415","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows that heavy reliance on multiple choice questions for student assessment in Korean education has distorted human capital investment in a way that it centers only on cognitive skills that are testable through multiple choices. We conduct expert meetings with teachers and analyze performance assessment tools that are actually used by teachers to look into how and why the performance assessment, which has been implemented in Korea’s education for roughly fifteen years, has failed to take root in Korean classrooms. We found an enormous gap between institution and the classroom concerning performance assessment, which reflects the fact that policy makers, with their top-down approaches, have focused excessively on institutional changes while ignoring actual changes in classrooms. We suggest that Korea should take a bottom-up gradual approach that supports actual changes in the classroom in order to transform its assessment system from multiple choices to performance assessment.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131385789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a new conceptual framework of “education bubble” in analyzing the human capital investment and formation. We apply this concept to the Korean experience. Sixty years ago Korea was destitute not only of income but also of all sorts of education, but now it is one of the leading countries in educational attainment as well as in other conventional measures of human capital investment indices such as the PISA tests and the number of researchers. We argue, however, that such phenomenal expansion of these quantitative measures involved the problems of enormous burden of private tutoring and the mass production of low-quality higher education institutions, which did not contribute to increasing the effective unit of human capital particularly since the 1990s. We find that despite rapid increase in private educational expenditure for college entrance, the college wage premiums for the bottom two decile groups of 4-year college graduates and the bottom half of 2-year college graduates are both negative. This striking evidence from the microeconomic data suggests that such phenomenal expansion in aggregate quantity of human capital indices of Korea could be a bubble. We learn from this evidence that the quantitative expansion of education may not be good enough for sustainable development, which would guide the design of human capital policy not only for Korea but also for other developing countries.
{"title":"Is Korea Number One in Human Capital Accumulation?: Education Bubble Formation and Its Labor Market Evidence","authors":"Ju-Ho Lee, Hyeok Jeong, S. Hong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2476160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2476160","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new conceptual framework of “education bubble” in analyzing the human capital investment and formation. We apply this concept to the Korean experience. Sixty years ago Korea was destitute not only of income but also of all sorts of education, but now it is one of the leading countries in educational attainment as well as in other conventional measures of human capital investment indices such as the PISA tests and the number of researchers. We argue, however, that such phenomenal expansion of these quantitative measures involved the problems of enormous burden of private tutoring and the mass production of low-quality higher education institutions, which did not contribute to increasing the effective unit of human capital particularly since the 1990s. We find that despite rapid increase in private educational expenditure for college entrance, the college wage premiums for the bottom two decile groups of 4-year college graduates and the bottom half of 2-year college graduates are both negative. This striking evidence from the microeconomic data suggests that such phenomenal expansion in aggregate quantity of human capital indices of Korea could be a bubble. We learn from this evidence that the quantitative expansion of education may not be good enough for sustainable development, which would guide the design of human capital policy not only for Korea but also for other developing countries.","PeriodicalId":347047,"journal":{"name":"KDI School of Public Policy & Management Research Paper Series","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133963584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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