Pub Date : 2016-01-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1199931
T. Pałka, W. Błach, Grzegorz Lech, W. Pilch, A. Tyka, Dariusz Mucha, Ł. Tota, T. Ambroży, Renata Skalska-Izdebska
Scientific discoveries, the development of research techniques as well as long term observations allowed selection and hierarchization of the groups of factors determining the level of physical capacity. The great success of the past years was the development of the methods of blood lactate concentration assay, reflecting the anaerobic metabolic processes that occur during intensive physical work. The unquestioned success of these years was the measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). This is an integrated indicator determining physical capacity. The amount of oxygen that can be consumed by the human body during maximal effort is an aggregate indicator of the oxygen supply function and oxygen consumption in the tissues. The respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, blood morphotic elements (red blood cells) with their main component – haemoglobin, are engaged in oxygen transport. Generally, it is accepted that the higher the competitor’s VO2max value is, the more they are capable of intensive and sustained exercise performance and the better
{"title":"Differences in the levels of physiologicalbiochemical responses during physical exercise involving the lower and upper extremities in judo competitors","authors":"T. Pałka, W. Błach, Grzegorz Lech, W. Pilch, A. Tyka, Dariusz Mucha, Ł. Tota, T. Ambroży, Renata Skalska-Izdebska","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1199931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1199931","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific discoveries, the development of research techniques as well as long term observations allowed selection and hierarchization of the groups of factors determining the level of physical capacity. The great success of the past years was the development of the methods of blood lactate concentration assay, reflecting the anaerobic metabolic processes that occur during intensive physical work. The unquestioned success of these years was the measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). This is an integrated indicator determining physical capacity. The amount of oxygen that can be consumed by the human body during maximal effort is an aggregate indicator of the oxygen supply function and oxygen consumption in the tissues. The respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, blood morphotic elements (red blood cells) with their main component – haemoglobin, are engaged in oxygen transport. Generally, it is accepted that the higher the competitor’s VO2max value is, the more they are capable of intensive and sustained exercise performance and the better","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126366399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1195358
D. Boguszewski
Physical effort causes numerous changes in musclar tissue. They include among others fatigue, damages to muscle fibers, inflammatory changes, pain during physical effort, as well as after it [1]. Physical fatigue of muscles is a physiologi cal defensive reaction of the body, preventing muscular cell damage and formation of harmful products of metabolism. Rea sons for fatigue depend on intensity and duration of physical effort. They can be divided into two groups: muscular (peripheral fatigue) and depending on the central nervous system (central fatigue) [2]. An essential element of the training process is rest and regeneration of the body. Rest means pauses between efforts (trainings), while regenration involves restoration of exercise capacity of the body. For this purpose numerous physiotherapy treatments, such as massage, sauna or cryotherapy, are applied [3,4]. Application of the above mentioned treatments aims at accelerating and improving the process of post-exercise restitution, as well as injury prevention, treatment of al rea dy existing injuries, compensation of muscular dystonia or improving movement quality [5-7]. Selection of treatments supporting training and biological regeneration of athletes cannot be accidental. Planning and programming biological regeneration should be individualized and thought through, it should correspond to the trainng cycle, cooperate with the implemented training, complete it and prepare athletes for participation in contests. In biological regeneration numerous physiotherapeutic, psychoregulatory and kinesiotherapeutic treatments are applied. It is recom -
{"title":"Application of physiotherapeutic methods to support training and post-exercise recovery of combat sports and martial arts contestants","authors":"D. Boguszewski","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1195358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1195358","url":null,"abstract":"Physical effort causes numerous changes in musclar tissue. They include among others fatigue, damages to muscle fibers, inflammatory changes, pain during physical effort, as well as after it [1]. Physical fatigue of muscles is a physiologi cal defensive reaction of the body, preventing muscular cell damage and formation of harmful products of metabolism. Rea sons for fatigue depend on intensity and duration of physical effort. They can be divided into two groups: muscular (peripheral fatigue) and depending on the central nervous system (central fatigue) [2]. An essential element of the training process is rest and regeneration of the body. Rest means pauses between efforts (trainings), while regenration involves restoration of exercise capacity of the body. For this purpose numerous physiotherapy treatments, such as massage, sauna or cryotherapy, are applied [3,4]. Application of the above mentioned treatments aims at accelerating and improving the process of post-exercise restitution, as well as injury prevention, treatment of al rea dy existing injuries, compensation of muscular dystonia or improving movement quality [5-7]. Selection of treatments supporting training and biological regeneration of athletes cannot be accidental. Planning and programming biological regeneration should be individualized and thought through, it should correspond to the trainng cycle, cooperate with the implemented training, complete it and prepare athletes for participation in contests. In biological regeneration numerous physiotherapeutic, psychoregulatory and kinesiotherapeutic treatments are applied. It is recom -","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128658063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1196204
I. Cieśliński, D. Gierczuk, J. Sadowski, Jerzy Miller
Since WTF (World Taekwondo Federation) taekwondo was introduced into the programme of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, it has been the subject of extensive scientific investigations, where one of the areas of interest is the identification of sports success factors. In sport the effectiveness of training is measured with the best possible results achieved in the most important competitions. There are a lot of different factors that determine success in taekwondo. A lot of researchers have been interested in defining them [1-14]. The identification of success factors in taekwondo is a significant element that directs the work of coaches and competitors. However, the selection and measurement of the above-mentioned factors is often quite random. The tests applied most frequently are popular field tests supported with specialist laboratory tests, e.g. physiological, biochemical, biomechanical or psychological tests on the basis of connections between these areas of science and the specificity of a given sport. The most important factors determining success in sport include body build, conditioning, technical and tactical skills, mental features and experience [15]. Information received from tests assessing such factors often enriches the knowledge concerning e.g. processes occurring in a body or mind of a competitor. However, it is rarely put into practice. It means that coaches or competitors are solely interested in what contributes to their successes or failures. From this point of view, it is useless to undergo expensive procedures that are not applied in practice. Therefore, a question arises as to whether a certain subset of trials or tests which competitors are subjected to can be reduced to a smaller subset without a significant loss of its informative value (in terms of determinants of successes or failures). If the answer to this question is positive, it will open the door to a discussion on the causes of this phenomenon in taekwondo (as far as selecting measurement tools and concepts of training and diagnosing is concerned). The aim of the present study was to estimate predictive value of selected tests used to assess factors determining very good sports results in WTF taekwondo.
{"title":"Predictive value of selected tests used to assess factors determining sports results of WTF taekwondo athletes","authors":"I. Cieśliński, D. Gierczuk, J. Sadowski, Jerzy Miller","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1196204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1196204","url":null,"abstract":"Since WTF (World Taekwondo Federation) taekwondo was introduced into the programme of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, it has been the subject of extensive scientific investigations, where one of the areas of interest is the identification of sports success factors. In sport the effectiveness of training is measured with the best possible results achieved in the most important competitions. There are a lot of different factors that determine success in taekwondo. A lot of researchers have been interested in defining them [1-14]. The identification of success factors in taekwondo is a significant element that directs the work of coaches and competitors. However, the selection and measurement of the above-mentioned factors is often quite random. The tests applied most frequently are popular field tests supported with specialist laboratory tests, e.g. physiological, biochemical, biomechanical or psychological tests on the basis of connections between these areas of science and the specificity of a given sport. The most important factors determining success in sport include body build, conditioning, technical and tactical skills, mental features and experience [15]. Information received from tests assessing such factors often enriches the knowledge concerning e.g. processes occurring in a body or mind of a competitor. However, it is rarely put into practice. It means that coaches or competitors are solely interested in what contributes to their successes or failures. From this point of view, it is useless to undergo expensive procedures that are not applied in practice. Therefore, a question arises as to whether a certain subset of trials or tests which competitors are subjected to can be reduced to a smaller subset without a significant loss of its informative value (in terms of determinants of successes or failures). If the answer to this question is positive, it will open the door to a discussion on the causes of this phenomenon in taekwondo (as far as selecting measurement tools and concepts of training and diagnosing is concerned). The aim of the present study was to estimate predictive value of selected tests used to assess factors determining very good sports results in WTF taekwondo.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128916911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1196205
W. Cynarski, Jan Słopecki
Generally, martial arts are the phenomenon from area of physical culture [1]. But, similarly as sport (ports event) they are present in mass culture [2]. They are in fact extremely spectacular form of physical or psycho-physical culture. The theoretical framework for the research gives here the sociology of culture and anthropology of martial arts [3,4,5]. Aim of the scientific exploration were description and attempt to explain the manifestations of the phenomenon of martial arts in today’s global mass culture. It is interesting to approach the dimensions of showmanship and expression in the martial arts, as pointed out by some cultural anthropologists [6, 7]. In turn, other researchers suggest an association of media and martial arts with myth and archetype [8,p.75-86,9]. What archetype here is the most popular? The authors have adopted the distinction between mass culture and popular culture, „mass culture is content transmitted by technical means of mass media (press, radio and television), which are characterized by, on the one hand, a big centralization of the process for granting and, on the other hand, highly fragmented very numerous and diverse audiences”. And „popular culture can be defined as content that – regardless of the medium – are easy to read, often very conventionalized, and contain clear elements entertainment and thus attract a large audience” [3,p.146]. ‘Physical culture‘ is defined as: „a relatively integrated and rooted system of behaviour in the field of care for the physical development, mobility, health, beauty, physical perfection and the expression of a man running according to accepted patterns within the community, as well as the results of that behaviour” [10,p.28]. In turn, the ‘martial arts‘ we mean: a historic category of flawless methods of unarmed combat fights and the use of weapon combined with spiritual element (personal development, also in its transcendent sphere) [11].
{"title":"Martial arts in area of mass culture – chosen examples of presence","authors":"W. Cynarski, Jan Słopecki","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1196205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1196205","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, martial arts are the phenomenon from area of physical culture [1]. But, similarly as sport (ports event) they are present in mass culture [2]. They are in fact extremely spectacular form of physical or psycho-physical culture. The theoretical framework for the research gives here the sociology of culture and anthropology of martial arts [3,4,5]. Aim of the scientific exploration were description and attempt to explain the manifestations of the phenomenon of martial arts in today’s global mass culture. It is interesting to approach the dimensions of showmanship and expression in the martial arts, as pointed out by some cultural anthropologists [6, 7]. In turn, other researchers suggest an association of media and martial arts with myth and archetype [8,p.75-86,9]. What archetype here is the most popular? The authors have adopted the distinction between mass culture and popular culture, „mass culture is content transmitted by technical means of mass media (press, radio and television), which are characterized by, on the one hand, a big centralization of the process for granting and, on the other hand, highly fragmented very numerous and diverse audiences”. And „popular culture can be defined as content that – regardless of the medium – are easy to read, often very conventionalized, and contain clear elements entertainment and thus attract a large audience” [3,p.146]. ‘Physical culture‘ is defined as: „a relatively integrated and rooted system of behaviour in the field of care for the physical development, mobility, health, beauty, physical perfection and the expression of a man running according to accepted patterns within the community, as well as the results of that behaviour” [10,p.28]. In turn, the ‘martial arts‘ we mean: a historic category of flawless methods of unarmed combat fights and the use of weapon combined with spiritual element (personal development, also in its transcendent sphere) [11].","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122550232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1195357
H. Karninčić, D. Curby, M. Čavala
Achievement in contemporary Olympic wrestling depends largely on upper body strength, endurance and anaerobic power [1-3]. Studies have found that elite wrestlers possess a higher fat free mass, vertical jump height, anaerobic Wingate power, dynamic and isokinetic strength, in comparison to their less successful peers [1,4,5]. Due to biomechanical and anatomical similarity to sport of wrestling, different arm-cranking test protocols were applied in testing the physical capacities of the wrestlers [6-9]. This test was applied in wrestling as a common arm Wingate, or modified arm Wingate or variable intensity arm crank test designed to be similar to wrestling match conditions [1,3,4,10]. Transcutaneous monitoring is a noninvasive method to estimate the partial pressure of oxygen (tcpO2) on the skin surface by employing noninvasive heated electrodes [11,12]. It has been shown that arterial and transcutaneous blood gas values are highly correlated [13]. The tcp O2 is a known diagnostic tool in several medical treatments (wound evaluation, hyperbaric therapy, amputation level determination, plastic surgery, and peripheral vascular disease assessment), but it’s usage is suggested for assessment of the intramuscular oxygen partial pressure among healthy subjects during exercise [14,15]. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between high-level and top-level wrestling athletes in several fitness parameters including tcpO2 measures. This included the validation of the applied tests in defining the differences between top-level and high-level wrestlers, apart from the fact that very few studies investigated fitness factors which contribute to success in competitive wrestling, we have found no study which investigated differences between high-level wrest lers in pursuit of small gains performance (i.e. high-level and toplevel athletes). Apart from standard and known sport-specific measuring protocols, in this study the arm-cranking test is modified in order to design the measuring procedure of si mi lar physical demands as they appear throughout a wrestling match.
{"title":"Factors of success in advanced level wrestling; reliability and validity of several diagnostic methods","authors":"H. Karninčić, D. Curby, M. Čavala","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1195357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1195357","url":null,"abstract":"Achievement in contemporary Olympic wrestling depends largely on upper body strength, endurance and anaerobic power [1-3]. Studies have found that elite wrestlers possess a higher fat free mass, vertical jump height, anaerobic Wingate power, dynamic and isokinetic strength, in comparison to their less successful peers [1,4,5]. Due to biomechanical and anatomical similarity to sport of wrestling, different arm-cranking test protocols were applied in testing the physical capacities of the wrestlers [6-9]. This test was applied in wrestling as a common arm Wingate, or modified arm Wingate or variable intensity arm crank test designed to be similar to wrestling match conditions [1,3,4,10]. Transcutaneous monitoring is a noninvasive method to estimate the partial pressure of oxygen (tcpO2) on the skin surface by employing noninvasive heated electrodes [11,12]. It has been shown that arterial and transcutaneous blood gas values are highly correlated [13]. The tcp O2 is a known diagnostic tool in several medical treatments (wound evaluation, hyperbaric therapy, amputation level determination, plastic surgery, and peripheral vascular disease assessment), but it’s usage is suggested for assessment of the intramuscular oxygen partial pressure among healthy subjects during exercise [14,15]. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between high-level and top-level wrestling athletes in several fitness parameters including tcpO2 measures. This included the validation of the applied tests in defining the differences between top-level and high-level wrestlers, apart from the fact that very few studies investigated fitness factors which contribute to success in competitive wrestling, we have found no study which investigated differences between high-level wrest lers in pursuit of small gains performance (i.e. high-level and toplevel athletes). Apart from standard and known sport-specific measuring protocols, in this study the arm-cranking test is modified in order to design the measuring procedure of si mi lar physical demands as they appear throughout a wrestling match.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132160486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1195355
Z. Obmiński, H. Mroczkowska
{"title":"Verbal encouragement does not improve maximal isometric hand grip strength in male judokas. A short report","authors":"Z. Obmiński, H. Mroczkowska","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1195355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1195355","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":" 46","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132041352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1193625
K. Szafranski, D. Boguszewski
In martial arts the key element of the initial preparation is shaping specific coordination skills – appropriate reactions to the opponent’s actions, optimal use of their own technical skills [1-3]. Nonetheless, motor training constitutes an important link of the training process. As proven by studies athletes who achieve the highest sports results are characterized by a similar level of fitness [4-7]. An essential element of rational motor training is diagnostics of its effects. Each training reduces exercise capacity of the body. It is restored only after some time, and then if training was conducted properly, exceeding of the initial values takes place – supercompensation [8]. Simple and objective assessment methods of training effects include the methods of assessing muscular force moments. They are used under static and isokinetic conditions. They provide various information regarding a given muscle group [9-11]. In martial arts competition involves a clash of two sportsmen in a form of impacting the opponent’s body in order to document own advantage. Kickboxing and taekwondo are sports disciplines in which the form of clash of competing athletes includes strikes using arms and legs. In both disciplines harsh measures of impact on the opponent’s body are used. It can be stated that kickboxing and taekwondo have numerous common features [12]. The main cognitive objective of the article was to compare muscular force moment values of extensors and flexors of the knee joint measured under static and isokinetic conditions in kickboxing and ITF taekwondo athletes.
{"title":"Comparison of maximum muscle torque values of extensors and flexors of the knee joint in kickboxing and taekwondo athletes","authors":"K. Szafranski, D. Boguszewski","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1193625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1193625","url":null,"abstract":"In martial arts the key element of the initial preparation is shaping specific coordination skills – appropriate reactions to the opponent’s actions, optimal use of their own technical skills [1-3]. Nonetheless, motor training constitutes an important link of the training process. As proven by studies athletes who achieve the highest sports results are characterized by a similar level of fitness [4-7]. An essential element of rational motor training is diagnostics of its effects. Each training reduces exercise capacity of the body. It is restored only after some time, and then if training was conducted properly, exceeding of the initial values takes place – supercompensation [8]. Simple and objective assessment methods of training effects include the methods of assessing muscular force moments. They are used under static and isokinetic conditions. They provide various information regarding a given muscle group [9-11]. In martial arts competition involves a clash of two sportsmen in a form of impacting the opponent’s body in order to document own advantage. Kickboxing and taekwondo are sports disciplines in which the form of clash of competing athletes includes strikes using arms and legs. In both disciplines harsh measures of impact on the opponent’s body are used. It can be stated that kickboxing and taekwondo have numerous common features [12]. The main cognitive objective of the article was to compare muscular force moment values of extensors and flexors of the knee joint measured under static and isokinetic conditions in kickboxing and ITF taekwondo athletes.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114259808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1193158
Aleksandra Stachoń, A. Burdukiewicz, J. Pietraszewska, Justyna Andrzejewska
While jiu-jitsu and judo are martial arts that traditionally place an emphasis on mental and spiritual development, a direct fight constitutes their essential element. Today they are largely practiced within the realm of combat sports. Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a Brazilian sport that originated by adapting techniques from traditional Japanese jujutsu [1]. Focus has shifted in these fighting disciplines to the recruitment and selection of athletes and deciding which anthropometric, mechanical, and physiological factors are the most important for competitive success [2-8]. It was proved, that among the others, physical fitness with great muscular strength is important factor of success in combat sports [4,9,10]. Other studies have reported that performance and competitive success in combat sports are influenced by body size and other anthropometric variables [2,4,5,11]. These aspects are intertwined with combat sport training, which also introduces changes in the physical fitness and some elements of body build of its practitioners [12,13]. Franchini et al. [2,14] concluded that in the group of the best athletes, the morphological variables do not discriminate performance, but the higher percent body fat is negatively correlated with performance, especially in activities with body mass locomotion. Jiu-jitsu and judo both have a lot of elements of fight technique in vertical and horizontal positions, however, in Bra zi lian ju-jitsu there are more elements of technique which are not permissible in judo. In judo bouts competitors struggle in vertical (tachi-waza) and horizontal (ne-waza) positions. The fight ends when one judoka (tori) performs the throw (on the large part of back, with power and control) and the referee announces ippon [15]. The amount of time of the fight in tachiwaza and ne-waza depends on the rules [16]. In ju-jitsu bouts there are 3 phases: fight in distance (striking), fight with grip (throws) and fight in horizontal position – ne-waza [17]. Bra zilian jiu-jitsu is considered a predominantly aerobic sport [18] with significantly higher proportion of an effort/ pause (ratio of ap proximately 10:1) when compared to judo which have presented an effort-pause ratio of approximately 2:1 [19]. Brazilian jiu-jitsu has more longer combat phases than judo [18].
{"title":"A comparative analysis of male judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners based on motor performance and body build","authors":"Aleksandra Stachoń, A. Burdukiewicz, J. Pietraszewska, Justyna Andrzejewska","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1193158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1193158","url":null,"abstract":"While jiu-jitsu and judo are martial arts that traditionally place an emphasis on mental and spiritual development, a direct fight constitutes their essential element. Today they are largely practiced within the realm of combat sports. Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a Brazilian sport that originated by adapting techniques from traditional Japanese jujutsu [1]. Focus has shifted in these fighting disciplines to the recruitment and selection of athletes and deciding which anthropometric, mechanical, and physiological factors are the most important for competitive success [2-8]. It was proved, that among the others, physical fitness with great muscular strength is important factor of success in combat sports [4,9,10]. Other studies have reported that performance and competitive success in combat sports are influenced by body size and other anthropometric variables [2,4,5,11]. These aspects are intertwined with combat sport training, which also introduces changes in the physical fitness and some elements of body build of its practitioners [12,13]. Franchini et al. [2,14] concluded that in the group of the best athletes, the morphological variables do not discriminate performance, but the higher percent body fat is negatively correlated with performance, especially in activities with body mass locomotion. Jiu-jitsu and judo both have a lot of elements of fight technique in vertical and horizontal positions, however, in Bra zi lian ju-jitsu there are more elements of technique which are not permissible in judo. In judo bouts competitors struggle in vertical (tachi-waza) and horizontal (ne-waza) positions. The fight ends when one judoka (tori) performs the throw (on the large part of back, with power and control) and the referee announces ippon [15]. The amount of time of the fight in tachiwaza and ne-waza depends on the rules [16]. In ju-jitsu bouts there are 3 phases: fight in distance (striking), fight with grip (throws) and fight in horizontal position – ne-waza [17]. Bra zilian jiu-jitsu is considered a predominantly aerobic sport [18] with significantly higher proportion of an effort/ pause (ratio of ap proximately 10:1) when compared to judo which have presented an effort-pause ratio of approximately 2:1 [19]. Brazilian jiu-jitsu has more longer combat phases than judo [18].","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114518105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1193157
Paweł Piepiora, Jan Supiński, K. Witkowski
Currently karate is one of the most popular martial arts in the world. Karate has been evolving for many years from plebeian form of self-defence into budo martial art and then – into sports disciplines. Different views of masters concerning the development of karate in the world contributed to the division of styles of this martial art. Organizations promoting various forms of karate were created. In karate there are two competitions – kata and kumite. Kata consists in the so-called formal exercises that are sets consisting of fragments of a fight without competitors according to a predefined scheme. On the other hand, kumite is a sports fight according to specified rules. All karate styles are characterised by distinct kumite rules. This fact is caused by a different philosophy of masters of various styles concerning the fight and sporty settlement of contest. For the sake of kumite fighting rules developed by various karate styles or organizing these styles, there can be distinguished four kumi te systems: semi contact, knockdown, full contact and mix fighting. From the system of rules that is least close to non-sport fight to a formula that is most similar to a non-sport clash. The temperament of sportspeople is the subject of re search es because of a belief that it can constitute a factor of natural and possibly sport results selection. According to J. Strelau a temperament denotes „relatively constant traits of an organism that are originally biologically determined manifesting themselves in formal traits of behaviour, that is in its energetic level and in a characteristic of time reaction” [1]. “In the common meaning temperament is defined as a man’s disposition e.g. he/she is characterised as lively, hot-blooded, mild, sometimes it is also said that somebody has a calm (phlegmatic) or weak temperament” [2]. All psychological elements of karate, the transmission of bushido knowledge and upbringing in the spirit of budo, attitudes and values, but also etiquette and symbols adopted by karate adepts form some kind of culture – karate culture. Karate culture gives a possibility to present a psychological profile of persons who practice karate. The values and ideals of karate culture should shape the mind of people practicing karate regardless of training aims – self-improvement, sports competition, self-defence or recreation. Namely, kara te kas-sportspersons (kumite competitors ) and other adepts of „empty hand” art as people of karate culture should stand out with superlative temperament indexes in comparison with other sportspersons and population. The intent of this re search is the evaluation if this is really the case. Having accepted an assumption about a full, regulatory influence of the values of karate culture on the sphere of psychical functioning of competitors, they should be characterized by an
{"title":"The temperament of karate competitors versus the systems of kumite sports fight","authors":"Paweł Piepiora, Jan Supiński, K. Witkowski","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1193157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1193157","url":null,"abstract":"Currently karate is one of the most popular martial arts in the world. Karate has been evolving for many years from plebeian form of self-defence into budo martial art and then – into sports disciplines. Different views of masters concerning the development of karate in the world contributed to the division of styles of this martial art. Organizations promoting various forms of karate were created. In karate there are two competitions – kata and kumite. Kata consists in the so-called formal exercises that are sets consisting of fragments of a fight without competitors according to a predefined scheme. On the other hand, kumite is a sports fight according to specified rules. All karate styles are characterised by distinct kumite rules. This fact is caused by a different philosophy of masters of various styles concerning the fight and sporty settlement of contest. For the sake of kumite fighting rules developed by various karate styles or organizing these styles, there can be distinguished four kumi te systems: semi contact, knockdown, full contact and mix fighting. From the system of rules that is least close to non-sport fight to a formula that is most similar to a non-sport clash. The temperament of sportspeople is the subject of re search es because of a belief that it can constitute a factor of natural and possibly sport results selection. According to J. Strelau a temperament denotes „relatively constant traits of an organism that are originally biologically determined manifesting themselves in formal traits of behaviour, that is in its energetic level and in a characteristic of time reaction” [1]. “In the common meaning temperament is defined as a man’s disposition e.g. he/she is characterised as lively, hot-blooded, mild, sometimes it is also said that somebody has a calm (phlegmatic) or weak temperament” [2]. All psychological elements of karate, the transmission of bushido knowledge and upbringing in the spirit of budo, attitudes and values, but also etiquette and symbols adopted by karate adepts form some kind of culture – karate culture. Karate culture gives a possibility to present a psychological profile of persons who practice karate. The values and ideals of karate culture should shape the mind of people practicing karate regardless of training aims – self-improvement, sports competition, self-defence or recreation. Namely, kara te kas-sportspersons (kumite competitors ) and other adepts of „empty hand” art as people of karate culture should stand out with superlative temperament indexes in comparison with other sportspersons and population. The intent of this re search is the evaluation if this is really the case. Having accepted an assumption about a full, regulatory influence of the values of karate culture on the sphere of psychical functioning of competitors, they should be characterized by an","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115808607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1195356
Paweł Zembura, J. Żyśko
From the perspective of attendance and viewership, mix ed martial arts (MMA) rapidly became one of the most de man ded spectator sport in Poland [1,2]. Despite this popularity, MMA in some circles is still considered controversial, primarily due to an amount of sanctioned violence [3]. Further more, the reasons behind the attractiveness of MMA from the spectators’ perspective are scarce, especially in Europe. In this study, starting from the framework, which divides people attending sporting events to spectators and fans, we constructed a theoretical model of relations between motives and multiple points of attachment in MMA [4,5,6]. Next, it was tested on the data obtained at the MMA events. People attend sporting events in order to fulfil some social or psychological needs [7]. Therefore, motives like vicarious achie vement, aesthetics, socializing, escape, eustress are considered antecedent of sport consumption behaviours [7]. The concept closely related to motives is attachment to a specific sport object, used sometimes interchangeably with identification [8]. It was recognized that identification is not one-dimensional, as fans relate themselves to different entities involved in an event like a type of sport, its level, town, university, team, players, and coach [5,9,10]. Based on the framework of Sloan [4] and Fisher and Wake field [11], Trail et al. [5] developed models, where it was hypo the sized that motives would lead to stronger attachment [12]. In the Model C Trail et al. [5] separated motives to those espe cially relevant to spectators, who are foremost observers; fans, who are devoted to a team; and motives similarly important for both groups. Spectator Motives consisted of aesthetics, physical skill of the athletes, eustress (drama) and knowledge while Fan Motives reflected to vicarious achievement. Mo tives of escape and social interactions were assumed to be similarly relevant to both groups and were represented by the latent variable labelled as Overarching Motives [5]. The dime nsions of attachment were gathered under the two latent variables: Sport Identification (consisting of attachment to a level of sport and to a particular sport) and Organizational Identifi cation (involving attachment to a team, coach, community, uni versity and players). Spectator Motives were considered to predict the Sport Identification while vicarious achievement was directly linked to Organizational Identification [5,6,13]. We used Trail et al.’s [5] model as a framework to develop a research hypothesis. As the previous studies examining the relationships between points of attachment and motives were conducted in team sports, essential changes had to be made to adapt the model to the context of individual, combat sport [5,6,14].
从出勤率和观众的角度来看，综合格斗(MMA)迅速成为波兰最受欢迎的观赛运动之一[1,2]。尽管如此受欢迎，综合格斗在一些圈子里仍然被认为是有争议的，主要是由于大量的制裁暴力[3]。此外，从观众的角度来看，综合格斗的吸引力背后的原因很少，尤其是在欧洲。本研究从将体育赛事观赛人群划分为观众和粉丝的框架出发，构建了综合格斗中动机与多点依恋关系的理论模型[4,5,6]。接下来，它在综合格斗比赛中获得的数据上进行了测试。人们参加体育赛事是为了满足某些社会或心理需求[7]。因此，替代成就运动、审美、社交、逃避、压力等动机被认为是体育消费行为的先决条件[7]。与动机密切相关的概念是对特定运动对象的依恋，有时与识别交替使用[8]。人们认识到，认同不是一维的，因为球迷将自己与一项运动的类型、级别、城镇、大学、球队、球员和教练等事件中涉及的不同实体联系起来[5,9,10]。Trail等人[5]在Sloan[4]和Fisher and Wake field[11]的框架下建立了模型，假设动机会导致更强的依恋[12]。在Model C Trail等人[5]中，将动机分离为与观众特别相关的动机，他们是最重要的观察者;忠实于一个球队的球迷;动机对两个群体同样重要。观众动机包括审美动机、运动员身体技术动机、压力动机(戏剧动机)和知识动机，而粉丝动机则反映为替代成就动机。逃跑和社会互动的动机被认为与两组相似，并由标记为总体动机的潜在变量表示[5]。在两个潜在变量下收集依恋的大小:运动认同(包括对某一运动水平的依恋和对某一特定运动的依恋)和组织认同(包括对团队、教练、社区、大学和运动员的依恋)。观众动机被认为可以预测体育认同，而代理成就与组织认同直接相关[5,6,13]。我们使用Trail等人的[5]模型作为框架来发展研究假设。由于之前的研究都是在团队运动中考察依恋点与动机之间的关系，因此必须做出根本性的改变，以使模型适应个人、格斗运动的背景[5,6,14]。
{"title":"Testing relationships between spectator’s motives and points of attachment in mixed martial arts in Poland","authors":"Paweł Zembura, J. Żyśko","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1195356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1195356","url":null,"abstract":"From the perspective of attendance and viewership, mix ed martial arts (MMA) rapidly became one of the most de man ded spectator sport in Poland [1,2]. Despite this popularity, MMA in some circles is still considered controversial, primarily due to an amount of sanctioned violence [3]. Further more, the reasons behind the attractiveness of MMA from the spectators’ perspective are scarce, especially in Europe. In this study, starting from the framework, which divides people attending sporting events to spectators and fans, we constructed a theoretical model of relations between motives and multiple points of attachment in MMA [4,5,6]. Next, it was tested on the data obtained at the MMA events. People attend sporting events in order to fulfil some social or psychological needs [7]. Therefore, motives like vicarious achie vement, aesthetics, socializing, escape, eustress are considered antecedent of sport consumption behaviours [7]. The concept closely related to motives is attachment to a specific sport object, used sometimes interchangeably with identification [8]. It was recognized that identification is not one-dimensional, as fans relate themselves to different entities involved in an event like a type of sport, its level, town, university, team, players, and coach [5,9,10]. Based on the framework of Sloan [4] and Fisher and Wake field [11], Trail et al. [5] developed models, where it was hypo the sized that motives would lead to stronger attachment [12]. In the Model C Trail et al. [5] separated motives to those espe cially relevant to spectators, who are foremost observers; fans, who are devoted to a team; and motives similarly important for both groups. Spectator Motives consisted of aesthetics, physical skill of the athletes, eustress (drama) and knowledge while Fan Motives reflected to vicarious achievement. Mo tives of escape and social interactions were assumed to be similarly relevant to both groups and were represented by the latent variable labelled as Overarching Motives [5]. The dime nsions of attachment were gathered under the two latent variables: Sport Identification (consisting of attachment to a level of sport and to a particular sport) and Organizational Identifi cation (involving attachment to a team, coach, community, uni versity and players). Spectator Motives were considered to predict the Sport Identification while vicarious achievement was directly linked to Organizational Identification [5,6,13]. We used Trail et al.’s [5] model as a framework to develop a research hypothesis. As the previous studies examining the relationships between points of attachment and motives were conducted in team sports, essential changes had to be made to adapt the model to the context of individual, combat sport [5,6,14].","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121495822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：