Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090660
K. Sterkowicz-Przybycień, T. Ambroży
A ju-jitsu fight is characterized by a great variety of complex technical and tactical actions which can be used by both men and women in vertical and horizontal positions. Division into weight categories helps provide equal chances for the competitors, not only in terms of body weight but also their locomotor abilities, range of punches and kicks (used in the first phase of the fight), strength and leverage after catching the clothes to perform a throw (the second phase of the fight) and using immobilization, choke and joint manipulation techniques during groundwork (in the third phase of the fight). A popular tendency before tournaments is body mass reduction that affects body composition. The athletes usually aim at increasing the percentage of fat-free mass in overall body mass in order to improve relative strength when competing in a particular weight category [1]. The fight is characterized by increased activity in both attack and defence, which represent a high-intensity exercise. Duration of these intermittent efforts largely depends on the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions in individual phases of the fight. Fighting according to the regulations for sport ju-jitsu is a combination of the skills typical of karate and judo competition [2,3]. Therefore, it was adopted that special fitness tests developed for karate (SPFT) and judo (SJFT), although having its individual specificity, might be used in ju-jitsu [4]. Conception of study. It was assumed that a sport ju-jitsu fight makes similar demands on both women and men [5]. Division into weight categories in both genders provides equal chances for all the competitors. We propose a hypothesis that women differ more in body build and composition than men rather than in quality of performing specific fitness tests which contain technical skills typical of the judo fight. The aim of this study is to compare anthropometric data, body composition and sport-specific fitness of male and fe male subjects, and to establish an anthropometric profile and fitness patterns of elite ju-jitsu athletes.
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in anthropometric and fitness measurements of top ju-jitsu contestants","authors":"K. Sterkowicz-Przybycień, T. Ambroży","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090660","url":null,"abstract":"A ju-jitsu fight is characterized by a great variety of complex technical and tactical actions which can be used by both men and women in vertical and horizontal positions. Division into weight categories helps provide equal chances for the competitors, not only in terms of body weight but also their locomotor abilities, range of punches and kicks (used in the first phase of the fight), strength and leverage after catching the clothes to perform a throw (the second phase of the fight) and using immobilization, choke and joint manipulation techniques during groundwork (in the third phase of the fight). A popular tendency before tournaments is body mass reduction that affects body composition. The athletes usually aim at increasing the percentage of fat-free mass in overall body mass in order to improve relative strength when competing in a particular weight category [1]. The fight is characterized by increased activity in both attack and defence, which represent a high-intensity exercise. Duration of these intermittent efforts largely depends on the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions in individual phases of the fight. Fighting according to the regulations for sport ju-jitsu is a combination of the skills typical of karate and judo competition [2,3]. Therefore, it was adopted that special fitness tests developed for karate (SPFT) and judo (SJFT), although having its individual specificity, might be used in ju-jitsu [4]. Conception of study. It was assumed that a sport ju-jitsu fight makes similar demands on both women and men [5]. Division into weight categories in both genders provides equal chances for all the competitors. We propose a hypothesis that women differ more in body build and composition than men rather than in quality of performing specific fitness tests which contain technical skills typical of the judo fight. The aim of this study is to compare anthropometric data, body composition and sport-specific fitness of male and fe male subjects, and to establish an anthropometric profile and fitness patterns of elite ju-jitsu athletes.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130633110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090740
A. Rogowska, Cezary Kuśnierz
The development of combat sports and martial arts oc curred in Poland at the beginning of the 1980s, mainly thanks to the mass media, which stimulated social interest in Eastern martial arts by presenting the unusual physical fitness of training persons and hand-to-hand fighting skills. Martial arts with a centuries-long tradition are regarded in social opinions as a carrier of many desired values and function as an education system for young people in Eastern societies. Apart from health benefits, they have supported moral education, have decreased social brutality and have provided positive models of behaviour, being a source of self-satisfaction at the same time [1,2,3,4,5,6]. According to ideological principles, on the basis of the tradition of warrior cultures, training persons try to achieve psychophysical improvement and self-fulfilment by practicing combat techniques [7]. Positive asceticism combines body exercises with conscious self-discipline and is oriented towards moral and spiritual development [8]. When de scribing advantages brought by this type of exercises, Herri gel [9] mentions the aggression prevention skill, the skill in controlling one’s own emotions and the ability to react calmly in emergency situations. It must be noticed, however, that studies conducted in Central Europe indicate different specific ways of perception of martial arts, which may be influenced
{"title":"Determinants of the attitude towards combat sports and martial arts","authors":"A. Rogowska, Cezary Kuśnierz","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090740","url":null,"abstract":"The development of combat sports and martial arts oc curred in Poland at the beginning of the 1980s, mainly thanks to the mass media, which stimulated social interest in Eastern martial arts by presenting the unusual physical fitness of training persons and hand-to-hand fighting skills. Martial arts with a centuries-long tradition are regarded in social opinions as a carrier of many desired values and function as an education system for young people in Eastern societies. Apart from health benefits, they have supported moral education, have decreased social brutality and have provided positive models of behaviour, being a source of self-satisfaction at the same time [1,2,3,4,5,6]. According to ideological principles, on the basis of the tradition of warrior cultures, training persons try to achieve psychophysical improvement and self-fulfilment by practicing combat techniques [7]. Positive asceticism combines body exercises with conscious self-discipline and is oriented towards moral and spiritual development [8]. When de scribing advantages brought by this type of exercises, Herri gel [9] mentions the aggression prevention skill, the skill in controlling one’s own emotions and the ability to react calmly in emergency situations. It must be noticed, however, that studies conducted in Central Europe indicate different specific ways of perception of martial arts, which may be influenced","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125258199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090656
Z. Obmiński, R. Zdanowicz, Elżbieta Grądzka
Exercise stress induced by a training session may be estimated quantitatively using basic two kind of ways, subjective self-reported feelings and objective parameters. One of the most widely used subjective indicator of somatic or psychological stress is state anxiety. Long since is known, that state anxiety [1-7] is higher in scores for more intensive and ex haustive bouts, but tended to decrease during short-lasting recovery. Another similar indicator of perceived physical fa ti gue induced by exercise is Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE). During long-lasting and endurance athletes like triathlon competition RPE significantly and negatively correlated (r=-0.911) with speed of run segments, and positively (r=+0.826) with overall race time. State anxiety prior to this event was higher than that at neutral condition [8]. It should be stressed, that both state anxiety and RPE reflex current feelings, but they are closely related to post effort bodily sensations. For this reasons these variables correlated significantly with some objective, physiological parameters, like heart rate and blood lactate concentration (LA) [9-14]. Interestingly, that various exertions are varied by their intensity and time duration de monstrated differentiated contribution of RPE for exercising body extremities, and for breathing effort, associated especially with experience of the sensation of shortness of breath and breathlessness. That latest symptom is expressed as chest RPE, while RPE extremities is often related to local pain and fatigue which are expressed as impairment of power output [11-14]. These symptoms are noted for instance at the end of Wingate-test and other anaerobic bouts. During an interval training overall RPE, aggregated lactate and HR values after several intensive efforts are useful tools for estimation of individual training tolerance/adaptation among exercising athletes. More comprehensive studies on biological res ponse to a single training involve also hormonal behavior in capillary blood. However, decision-making regarding the use of hormonal tests is cost-dependent and as well as depend-
{"title":"Relationships between rating of perceived exertion and blood indices during training sessions of various intensity in female taekwondo players","authors":"Z. Obmiński, R. Zdanowicz, Elżbieta Grądzka","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090656","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise stress induced by a training session may be estimated quantitatively using basic two kind of ways, subjective self-reported feelings and objective parameters. One of the most widely used subjective indicator of somatic or psychological stress is state anxiety. Long since is known, that state anxiety [1-7] is higher in scores for more intensive and ex haustive bouts, but tended to decrease during short-lasting recovery. Another similar indicator of perceived physical fa ti gue induced by exercise is Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE). During long-lasting and endurance athletes like triathlon competition RPE significantly and negatively correlated (r=-0.911) with speed of run segments, and positively (r=+0.826) with overall race time. State anxiety prior to this event was higher than that at neutral condition [8]. It should be stressed, that both state anxiety and RPE reflex current feelings, but they are closely related to post effort bodily sensations. For this reasons these variables correlated significantly with some objective, physiological parameters, like heart rate and blood lactate concentration (LA) [9-14]. Interestingly, that various exertions are varied by their intensity and time duration de monstrated differentiated contribution of RPE for exercising body extremities, and for breathing effort, associated especially with experience of the sensation of shortness of breath and breathlessness. That latest symptom is expressed as chest RPE, while RPE extremities is often related to local pain and fatigue which are expressed as impairment of power output [11-14]. These symptoms are noted for instance at the end of Wingate-test and other anaerobic bouts. During an interval training overall RPE, aggregated lactate and HR values after several intensive efforts are useful tools for estimation of individual training tolerance/adaptation among exercising athletes. More comprehensive studies on biological res ponse to a single training involve also hormonal behavior in capillary blood. However, decision-making regarding the use of hormonal tests is cost-dependent and as well as depend-","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116495078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090655
Z. Obmiński, M. Ładyga, L. Borkowski, K. Wiśniewska
The best way for rating of effectiveness of training period is the examination of a post training changes in physical fitness using standardized exercise test performed on ergometer, motorized treadmill or the others equipped with system for reliable determination of biomechanical parameters. For de termination of anaerobic capacity, the most frequently utilized type of maximal bout performed by lower(legs cycling), and upper body limbs (arms cranking) are Wingate tests lasting from 10 to 30 seconds. These exertions are of high diagnostic value, and their performance are related to the other physical abilities like maximal bench press, which performance level is related to a high extent with Wingate peak power [1]. During high intensity exertion predominant source of ener gy originates from anaerobic processes, that is confirmed by rise of blood lactate level (LA). However, as has been shown, LA peak did not appeared directly after short anaerobic exertion. Studies on LA time course following judo match showed bi-phase changes (risedrop), and that dynamics within the period from +1 to +15 minutes is the best fitted by an equation of the parabola [2], but for longer recovery period (0.5h) that way of approximation is not adequate. The LA behavior in blood were recorded after various supra-maximal exertions including classic Wingate (30s) test [3-11]. An alternative to parabola approximation non-linear curves was proposed by other authors. It is bi-exponential 3or fourparameter functions describing the compartmental model
{"title":"The effect on 4-month judo training period on anaerobic capacity, blood lactate changes during the post Wingate test recovery, and resting plasma cortisol, and testosterone levels in male senior judokas","authors":"Z. Obmiński, M. Ładyga, L. Borkowski, K. Wiśniewska","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090655","url":null,"abstract":"The best way for rating of effectiveness of training period is the examination of a post training changes in physical fitness using standardized exercise test performed on ergometer, motorized treadmill or the others equipped with system for reliable determination of biomechanical parameters. For de termination of anaerobic capacity, the most frequently utilized type of maximal bout performed by lower(legs cycling), and upper body limbs (arms cranking) are Wingate tests lasting from 10 to 30 seconds. These exertions are of high diagnostic value, and their performance are related to the other physical abilities like maximal bench press, which performance level is related to a high extent with Wingate peak power [1]. During high intensity exertion predominant source of ener gy originates from anaerobic processes, that is confirmed by rise of blood lactate level (LA). However, as has been shown, LA peak did not appeared directly after short anaerobic exertion. Studies on LA time course following judo match showed bi-phase changes (risedrop), and that dynamics within the period from +1 to +15 minutes is the best fitted by an equation of the parabola [2], but for longer recovery period (0.5h) that way of approximation is not adequate. The LA behavior in blood were recorded after various supra-maximal exertions including classic Wingate (30s) test [3-11]. An alternative to parabola approximation non-linear curves was proposed by other authors. It is bi-exponential 3or fourparameter functions describing the compartmental model","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124925273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090661
M. Rynkiewicz, P. Żurek, H. Kos, Włodzimierz Stronczyński, T. Rynkiewicz
Excessive content of adipose tissue is directly associated with the incidence of such civilization-related diseases as coronary heart disease, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary disorders, and osteoarthritis [1]. As an overweight-associated rise in mortality rates has been observed [2], community awareness of the positive consequences of maintaining proper values of Body Mass Index (BMI) and fat mass (FM) has been increasingly promoted. In most individuals, BMI constitutes a reliable indicator of overweight and obesity. The only exception pertains to sportspersons, particularly those practicing disciplines that require weight training, in whom frequently higher BMI results from higher muscle mass rather than higher content of adipose tissue [3]. However, for all persons physical activity is the recommended way of maintaining the normal body mass [1,2,4]. In sumo, one wrestler attempts to force the opponent out of a circular ring or knock him down to the ground with an aid of specific throws, shoves, and body hits [5,6]. Strength and dynamics of undertaken activities and the necessity of maintaining body balance are vital during sumo bouts [7]. Achiev ing a high level of strength abilities requires building muscle mass as well as attaining a sufficient area of transverse cross-sections of skeletal muscles [8-12]. Higher body mass additionally increases athlete’s inertia, impeding the efforts to force him out of the ring. Therefore, athletes with higher body mass are more effective during the match and are harder to
{"title":"Body composition of male and female elite Polish sumo wrestlers in different weight category","authors":"M. Rynkiewicz, P. Żurek, H. Kos, Włodzimierz Stronczyński, T. Rynkiewicz","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090661","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive content of adipose tissue is directly associated with the incidence of such civilization-related diseases as coronary heart disease, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary disorders, and osteoarthritis [1]. As an overweight-associated rise in mortality rates has been observed [2], community awareness of the positive consequences of maintaining proper values of Body Mass Index (BMI) and fat mass (FM) has been increasingly promoted. In most individuals, BMI constitutes a reliable indicator of overweight and obesity. The only exception pertains to sportspersons, particularly those practicing disciplines that require weight training, in whom frequently higher BMI results from higher muscle mass rather than higher content of adipose tissue [3]. However, for all persons physical activity is the recommended way of maintaining the normal body mass [1,2,4]. In sumo, one wrestler attempts to force the opponent out of a circular ring or knock him down to the ground with an aid of specific throws, shoves, and body hits [5,6]. Strength and dynamics of undertaken activities and the necessity of maintaining body balance are vital during sumo bouts [7]. Achiev ing a high level of strength abilities requires building muscle mass as well as attaining a sufficient area of transverse cross-sections of skeletal muscles [8-12]. Higher body mass additionally increases athlete’s inertia, impeding the efforts to force him out of the ring. Therefore, athletes with higher body mass are more effective during the match and are harder to","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127031913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090675
D. Boguszewski, J. Adamczyk, M. Buda, D. Białoszewski
Combat sports are a discipline of sport in which the rivalry consists of direct encounter of two sportsmen, in the form of immediate influence on the body of the competitor with the purpose of the documentary evidence of one’s own superiority. The sports-fight relies among other things on the infliction of knocks (boxing, kick boxing, taekwondo), or the usage of throwing or grappling (wrestling, judo) [1,2]. The identity of combat sports and martial arts consists of the integration of three specific factors: pragmatic, utilitarian and mental. They influence on the psychophysical and moral education of a man. Therefore, sports and martial arts are much more than disciplines of sport. They are the form of the physical education, the civil (defensive) education and the philosophy [3]. Judo is modified form of the old Japanese martial art – jujitsu. The goal of the creator of judo – Jigoro Kano, was the creation of wholly developmental, utilitarian system of exercises, applied in the physical education of children and young people, the defensive instruction of policeand military formations, and also disciplines of sport in the Olympian dimension and recreational one. Judo can be practiced by men in every age, of different physique and different fitness level. For Jigoro Kano, judo was not only the martial art, but also the kind of specific philosophy. Students of his school were obliged to obey strict regulations instituted by the master. The word ‘judo’ in the literal translation from Japanese means ‘the way’ (a rule, manner) of gentleness (agility, compliance). The idea of judo according to his creator had to be the fight with the utilization of the opponent’s power [4,5]. In the judo train-
{"title":"The estimation of health-related behaviours of male judokas","authors":"D. Boguszewski, J. Adamczyk, M. Buda, D. Białoszewski","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090675","url":null,"abstract":"Combat sports are a discipline of sport in which the rivalry consists of direct encounter of two sportsmen, in the form of immediate influence on the body of the competitor with the purpose of the documentary evidence of one’s own superiority. The sports-fight relies among other things on the infliction of knocks (boxing, kick boxing, taekwondo), or the usage of throwing or grappling (wrestling, judo) [1,2]. The identity of combat sports and martial arts consists of the integration of three specific factors: pragmatic, utilitarian and mental. They influence on the psychophysical and moral education of a man. Therefore, sports and martial arts are much more than disciplines of sport. They are the form of the physical education, the civil (defensive) education and the philosophy [3]. Judo is modified form of the old Japanese martial art – jujitsu. The goal of the creator of judo – Jigoro Kano, was the creation of wholly developmental, utilitarian system of exercises, applied in the physical education of children and young people, the defensive instruction of policeand military formations, and also disciplines of sport in the Olympian dimension and recreational one. Judo can be practiced by men in every age, of different physique and different fitness level. For Jigoro Kano, judo was not only the martial art, but also the kind of specific philosophy. Students of his school were obliged to obey strict regulations instituted by the master. The word ‘judo’ in the literal translation from Japanese means ‘the way’ (a rule, manner) of gentleness (agility, compliance). The idea of judo according to his creator had to be the fight with the utilization of the opponent’s power [4,5]. In the judo train-","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128383124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-11DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1073953
A. Daniluk, Artur Litwiniuk, W. Błach, Z. Obmiński
The analysis of anger is definitely more common in sport; the results of aggressive behaviour or its consequences are very often discussed whereas feelings which trigger aggression are often omitted. Aggressive states are very frequently related to the feeling of anger. There are various forms of ag gression in sport; mainly these are instrumental and hostile aggression. Hostile aggression is an aggressive behaviour provoked by the feeling of anger. Instrumental aggression is an aggressive behaviour directed to the obstacle which is be tween an aggressor and aim which he/she wants to achieve. What’s more, it is not triggered by anger as such [1,2]. Re viewing the psychological concept of anger, Spielberger, Rit ter band and other authors [3] indicate significant incoherence and ambiguity of the following notions: anger, hostility and aggression. The authors also suggest the way to systematize the notions. They claim that although the above concepts are related to each other, they cannot be used interchangeably. They suggest to use the following term to define three phenomena: „AHA! Syndrome” (anger, hostility, aggression). Spielberger [4] defines anger as an emotional state which involves different feelings in terms of intensity ranging from subtle annoyance, irritation to strong fury and rage. Hostility is related to frequent experiencing angry feeling, however itself it refers to the complex set of behaviours such as: malice, scorn, revengefulness, cynicism, which provoke aggressive atti tude towards other people [5]. Whereas the concept of aggression refers to the states of destructive and penalizing nature directed towards other people or objects in the environment [6,7]. Anger is undoubtedly the core (nucleus) of AHA! Syndrome, however neither hostility nor aggression should be identified with anger. The basic difference between them is that anger is an emotion, hostility – an attitude and aggression – a behaviour [8]. The real problem is the lack of adequate methods to measure emotions of anger. Most frequently researchers use the R.B. Catell’s Questionnaires of personality, The Buss – Durke’s Inventory or the Z. Gas’s Inventory of Psychological Aggression Syndrome, which measure the level of aggression (behaviours), not of anger [9,10,11] Spielberger’s STAXI2 test may be an alternative to the above tests.
对愤怒的分析肯定在体育运动中更为常见;攻击行为的结果或后果经常被讨论，而触发攻击的感觉往往被忽略。攻击性状态通常与愤怒的感觉有关。体育运动中有各种形式的攻击;主要是工具性和敌对性侵略。敌意攻击是一种由愤怒情绪引发的攻击行为。工具性攻击是一种针对攻击者和他/她想要达到的目标之间的障碍的攻击行为。更重要的是，它不是由愤怒引发的[1,2]。在回顾愤怒的心理学概念时，Spielberger、Rit ter band等人[3]指出，愤怒、敌意和侵略这三个概念之间存在显著的不连贯和歧义。作者还提出了将这些概念系统化的方法。他们声称，尽管上述概念相互关联，但它们不能互换使用。他们建议用以下术语来定义三种现象:“啊哈!“综合症”(愤怒、敌意、攻击性)。Spielberger[4]将愤怒定义为一种情绪状态，这种情绪状态涉及不同程度的感受，从轻微的烦恼、恼怒到强烈的愤怒和愤怒。敌意与频繁体验愤怒感有关，但其本身指的是一系列复杂的行为，如:恶意、蔑视、报复、玩世不恭等，这些行为引发了对他人的攻击态度[5]。而侵略的概念是指对环境中的其他人或物体具有破坏性和惩罚性的自然状态[6,7]。愤怒无疑是AHA的核心(核)!但敌意和攻击性都不应该等同于愤怒。两者的基本区别在于，愤怒是一种情绪，敌意是一种态度，攻击是一种行为[8]。真正的问题是缺乏适当的方法来衡量愤怒的情绪。研究人员通常使用R.B. Catell的人格问卷、Buss - Durke量表或Z. Gas的心理攻击综合征量表，这些量表测量的是攻击(行为)水平，而不是愤怒水平[9,10,11]。
{"title":"The level of anger experienced by the champions training judo measured by Spielberger’s Staxi-2 test","authors":"A. Daniluk, Artur Litwiniuk, W. Błach, Z. Obmiński","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1073953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1073953","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of anger is definitely more common in sport; the results of aggressive behaviour or its consequences are very often discussed whereas feelings which trigger aggression are often omitted. Aggressive states are very frequently related to the feeling of anger. There are various forms of ag gression in sport; mainly these are instrumental and hostile aggression. Hostile aggression is an aggressive behaviour provoked by the feeling of anger. Instrumental aggression is an aggressive behaviour directed to the obstacle which is be tween an aggressor and aim which he/she wants to achieve. What’s more, it is not triggered by anger as such [1,2]. Re viewing the psychological concept of anger, Spielberger, Rit ter band and other authors [3] indicate significant incoherence and ambiguity of the following notions: anger, hostility and aggression. The authors also suggest the way to systematize the notions. They claim that although the above concepts are related to each other, they cannot be used interchangeably. They suggest to use the following term to define three phenomena: „AHA! Syndrome” (anger, hostility, aggression). Spielberger [4] defines anger as an emotional state which involves different feelings in terms of intensity ranging from subtle annoyance, irritation to strong fury and rage. Hostility is related to frequent experiencing angry feeling, however itself it refers to the complex set of behaviours such as: malice, scorn, revengefulness, cynicism, which provoke aggressive atti tude towards other people [5]. Whereas the concept of aggression refers to the states of destructive and penalizing nature directed towards other people or objects in the environment [6,7]. Anger is undoubtedly the core (nucleus) of AHA! Syndrome, however neither hostility nor aggression should be identified with anger. The basic difference between them is that anger is an emotion, hostility – an attitude and aggression – a behaviour [8]. The real problem is the lack of adequate methods to measure emotions of anger. Most frequently researchers use the R.B. Catell’s Questionnaires of personality, The Buss – Durke’s Inventory or the Z. Gas’s Inventory of Psychological Aggression Syndrome, which measure the level of aggression (behaviours), not of anger [9,10,11] Spielberger’s STAXI2 test may be an alternative to the above tests.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122336691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-11DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1073629
D. Boguszewski, Barbara Suchcicka, J. Adamczyk, D. Białoszewski
Aikido is the Japanese martial art in which competitors use exclusively self-defence, without forms of the attack. One does not use typical kicks or knocks, but mostly the power of the opponent – interactions with the activity of the competitor. In the course of trainings, apart from assurance and safety rules, one is also initiated into the pedagogical aspect, based on the Bushido Code. Competitors are taught respect for the second person, tolerance, help and discipline. It is the martial art which can be practiced by everybody, regardless of physical predispositions, the age, the height or the body mass [1-3]. In aikido training one uses elongation, flexibility and strength ening exercises. Meditative techniques, practiced simultaneously with the flexibility training, regularly performed du ring each class, play the significant role in overcoming stress, relaxation of muscles and effacement of resultant complaints in consequence of the intensive muscular tension [1,2,4]. Aikido exercises have also indispensable values in realizing of the prophylaxis of the health. The participation in trainings permits to enlarge the physical fitness and to diminish risk factors leading to bone breaks during unfortunate falls. The skill of the safe fall permits aikido students (and those training other martial arts, e.g. jujitsu or judo) to limit unpleasant results of falls [3,5]. Aikido through the usage of relaxation exercises favou rably influences the psychophysical state of those training. It makes looseness of any muscular groups, obtainment of the psychical equilibrium and quelling of physiological reactions easy [1,3]. Aikido embraces also the large supply of respiratory exercises. The skill of the relaxation itself is the best mean in fight with illnesses of the nervous system, which can make a person heavy, apathetic and passive. The full relaxation, allowing maximum regeneration of lost energy in as short time as possible, proves also to be a very effective form of the rest, stimulating life centres, concentrating diffused ener gy, strengthening and cooling the body [3].
{"title":"The functional efficiency and incidence of injuries in men practicing aikido. Pilot study","authors":"D. Boguszewski, Barbara Suchcicka, J. Adamczyk, D. Białoszewski","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1073629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1073629","url":null,"abstract":"Aikido is the Japanese martial art in which competitors use exclusively self-defence, without forms of the attack. One does not use typical kicks or knocks, but mostly the power of the opponent – interactions with the activity of the competitor. In the course of trainings, apart from assurance and safety rules, one is also initiated into the pedagogical aspect, based on the Bushido Code. Competitors are taught respect for the second person, tolerance, help and discipline. It is the martial art which can be practiced by everybody, regardless of physical predispositions, the age, the height or the body mass [1-3]. In aikido training one uses elongation, flexibility and strength ening exercises. Meditative techniques, practiced simultaneously with the flexibility training, regularly performed du ring each class, play the significant role in overcoming stress, relaxation of muscles and effacement of resultant complaints in consequence of the intensive muscular tension [1,2,4]. Aikido exercises have also indispensable values in realizing of the prophylaxis of the health. The participation in trainings permits to enlarge the physical fitness and to diminish risk factors leading to bone breaks during unfortunate falls. The skill of the safe fall permits aikido students (and those training other martial arts, e.g. jujitsu or judo) to limit unpleasant results of falls [3,5]. Aikido through the usage of relaxation exercises favou rably influences the psychophysical state of those training. It makes looseness of any muscular groups, obtainment of the psychical equilibrium and quelling of physiological reactions easy [1,3]. Aikido embraces also the large supply of respiratory exercises. The skill of the relaxation itself is the best mean in fight with illnesses of the nervous system, which can make a person heavy, apathetic and passive. The full relaxation, allowing maximum regeneration of lost energy in as short time as possible, proves also to be a very effective form of the rest, stimulating life centres, concentrating diffused ener gy, strengthening and cooling the body [3].","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115816000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-11DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1073624
Władysław Machnacz, Andrzej Dudkowski, A. Rokita, Łukasz Błach
The notion of maintaining visual attention, with its synonyms; prolonged concentration, intensity, mental attitude, are used to determine a mental ability which refers to ‘a state of readiness to detect, recognise and react to unusually subtle changes in the surroundings which occur during a longer period of time’ [1]. According to Linhart [2], ‘concentration of active attention is understood as a period during which a subject is able to perceive conventional signals without errors which might be a result of distracting attention, in a way that is active, purposeful and continuous’ [2, p. 324]. It must be added that this state of active readiness to react has a latent form and refers to a tendency to focus attention at a high level, mostly on tasks requiring a high standard of performance. Therefore, it does not determine a general level of possibilities to accomplish a given task, but it undoubtedly has an impact on it. In experimental psychology, an ability to focus attention is perceived in two ways: – as a certain personality disposition, – as a certain feature of behaviour which depends on a situational context. For the purpose of examining human behaviours in the conditions which require focused attention, many researchers suggest using attentional tasks, also referred to as continuous performance tests that ought to be characterised by the following three conditions: – relatively long duration, – low probability that a signal will appear, – relatively shallow principle of information selection during an analysis of stimuli [3,4].
{"title":"Measurement of reaction time in groups of young athletes in the conditions which require focused attention","authors":"Władysław Machnacz, Andrzej Dudkowski, A. Rokita, Łukasz Błach","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1073624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1073624","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of maintaining visual attention, with its synonyms; prolonged concentration, intensity, mental attitude, are used to determine a mental ability which refers to ‘a state of readiness to detect, recognise and react to unusually subtle changes in the surroundings which occur during a longer period of time’ [1]. According to Linhart [2], ‘concentration of active attention is understood as a period during which a subject is able to perceive conventional signals without errors which might be a result of distracting attention, in a way that is active, purposeful and continuous’ [2, p. 324]. It must be added that this state of active readiness to react has a latent form and refers to a tendency to focus attention at a high level, mostly on tasks requiring a high standard of performance. Therefore, it does not determine a general level of possibilities to accomplish a given task, but it undoubtedly has an impact on it. In experimental psychology, an ability to focus attention is perceived in two ways: – as a certain personality disposition, – as a certain feature of behaviour which depends on a situational context. For the purpose of examining human behaviours in the conditions which require focused attention, many researchers suggest using attentional tasks, also referred to as continuous performance tests that ought to be characterised by the following three conditions: – relatively long duration, – low probability that a signal will appear, – relatively shallow principle of information selection during an analysis of stimuli [3,4].","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123504996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-11DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1072230
D. Gierczuk, Zbigniew Bujak
Wrestling belongs to a group of sports with high complexity of movements and the variability of conditions of their ap plication. During a fight a wide range of grappling techniques performed in various ways can be observed. The precision of movements performed depends on the coordination levels of a competitor. Therefore, it is one of the most significant and indispensable elements in the training process of wrestlers. An adequate emphasis on coordination training, including the development of the predominant CMAs, is an absolute must at all stages of wrestlers’ training [1-10]. Coordination complexity is an essential criterion of classifying training means when assessing the volume of loads in combat sports [7,11,12]. In wrestling it is noticeable when means at various levels of difficulty are applied. These include exercises where different muscle groups are engaged. Such exercises are performed in non-standard conditions, sometimes with various accessories or pieces of apparatus as well as during a non-standard fight. The following factors influence the coordination complexity of exercises in wrestling: levels of activity and the number of participants, time limit, size of the exercise surface, difficulty of a motor task including acrobatic elements, a fight against a stronger opponent or several op po nents as well as wrestling games and plays with elements of team games. Despite its theoretical and practical importance, the classification of coordination training loads has not been sufficiently investigated as yet [7,11,13]. It is borne out by the fact that there are no precise rules of classifying training means in terms of volume, intensity and coordination complexity [7,11, 12]. The lack of the classification of coordination training loads may result in an incorrect planning of a training cycle and ineffective training of an athlete [11]. The aim of the study was to assess coordination training means applied in a 6-month training cycle of Greco-Roman wrestlers.
{"title":"The analysis of coordination training means used in the training of wrestlers","authors":"D. Gierczuk, Zbigniew Bujak","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1072230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1072230","url":null,"abstract":"Wrestling belongs to a group of sports with high complexity of movements and the variability of conditions of their ap plication. During a fight a wide range of grappling techniques performed in various ways can be observed. The precision of movements performed depends on the coordination levels of a competitor. Therefore, it is one of the most significant and indispensable elements in the training process of wrestlers. An adequate emphasis on coordination training, including the development of the predominant CMAs, is an absolute must at all stages of wrestlers’ training [1-10]. Coordination complexity is an essential criterion of classifying training means when assessing the volume of loads in combat sports [7,11,12]. In wrestling it is noticeable when means at various levels of difficulty are applied. These include exercises where different muscle groups are engaged. Such exercises are performed in non-standard conditions, sometimes with various accessories or pieces of apparatus as well as during a non-standard fight. The following factors influence the coordination complexity of exercises in wrestling: levels of activity and the number of participants, time limit, size of the exercise surface, difficulty of a motor task including acrobatic elements, a fight against a stronger opponent or several op po nents as well as wrestling games and plays with elements of team games. Despite its theoretical and practical importance, the classification of coordination training loads has not been sufficiently investigated as yet [7,11,13]. It is borne out by the fact that there are no precise rules of classifying training means in terms of volume, intensity and coordination complexity [7,11, 12]. The lack of the classification of coordination training loads may result in an incorrect planning of a training cycle and ineffective training of an athlete [11]. The aim of the study was to assess coordination training means applied in a 6-month training cycle of Greco-Roman wrestlers.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122008775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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