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Feasibility study of a renewable energy community using stochastic methods: a case-study in Genoa city 基于随机方法的可再生能源社区可行性研究——以热那亚市为例
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100212
Johan Augusto Bocanegra , Vincenzo Bianco , Mattia De Rosa , Federico Scarpa , Corrado Schenone , Luca Antonio Tagliafico
Renewable energy communities (RECs) provide a novel approach to organizing the production-consumption of renewable energy, involving multiple stakeholders who generate and utilize electricity from renewable sources (commonly wind turbines or solar panels). The REC's economic feasibility depends on sociotechnical factors that are location-dependent and determine costs and benefits. A significant advantage is the shared energy, which balances the energy production and consumption. Approximate estimations of shared energy can be derived from monthly-based models; a more comprehensive analysis requires an hourly-based model. This study develops a stochastic methodology to assess the feasibility of RECs under uncertainty. The approach combines Monte Carlo simulations with hourly energy balance and economic evaluation. The methodology is applied to a condominium-scale case in Genoa, Italy, as a representative example, but can be generalized to other urban contexts. The proposed case study involves a cluster of private buildings with a PV infrastructure and some apartments (consumers) that participate in the REC. This analysis aims to assess the feasibility of the REC under various scenarios, considering factors such as installed power capacity and the number of apartments comprising the community. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the viability of forming a REC in private buildings, offering a methodology for stakeholders involved in sustainable energy planning. The proposed approach can be extrapolated to other locations by selecting the proper parameters.
可再生能源社区(RECs)提供了一种组织可再生能源生产和消费的新方法,涉及从可再生能源(通常是风力涡轮机或太阳能电池板)产生和利用电力的多个利益相关者。REC的经济可行性取决于地理位置相关的社会技术因素,这些因素决定了成本和收益。一个显著的优势是共享能源,它平衡了能源的生产和消费。共享能量的近似估计可以从基于月的模型中得到;更全面的分析需要一个基于小时的模型。本研究发展了一种随机方法来评估不确定条件下RECs的可行性。该方法将蒙特卡罗模拟与小时能量平衡和经济评估相结合。该方法应用于意大利热那亚的一个公寓规模的案例,作为一个代表性的例子,但可以推广到其他城市环境。建议的案例研究涉及一组拥有光伏基础设施的私人建筑物和一些参与可再生能源中心的公寓(消费者)。该分析旨在评估可再生能源中心在各种情况下的可行性,考虑到装机容量和组成社区的公寓数量等因素。本研究的结果为在私人建筑中建立可再生能源中心的可行性提供了宝贵的见解,为参与可持续能源规划的利益相关者提供了一种方法。通过选择适当的参数,可以将所提出的方法外推到其他位置。
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引用次数: 0
Risk-aware sellers and comfort-driven buyers: A game-theoretic P2P energy trading framework 有风险意识的卖家和舒适驱动的买家:一个博弈论的P2P能源交易框架
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100211
Waqas Amin , Qi Huang , Abdullah Aman Khan , Jian Li , Muhammad Afzal
A transitional shift from the centralized energy system to the distributed energy system has promised to address several concerns of today’s energy system such as rising pollution, variation in energy price, energy availability, and sustainability. However, the increased penetration of renewable energy sources and their stochastic nature also create challenges for the grid, such as economic threats, and meeting energy demand for consumers with limited generation capacity to cope with the buyers’ comfort level. This paper presents a novel method based on a game-theoretic framework for energy trading in the peer-to-peer energy market to meet these challenges. For this purpose, firstly, a model is proposed which invites energy buyers and sellers to form a trading place. Then, a model has been proposed to determine how the energy demand of the buyers and their comfortable index varies. In the case of uncertainty in supply from the grid and when the sellers have no prior information about it determining a fair energy trading price becomes a challenging task. For this purpose, a game-theoretic framework is proposed among energy sellers and the grid to determine the optimal energy price. Thirdly, a game-theoretic framework is used for energy allocation policy, ensuring the buyers’ comfortable index. Fourth, Vogel’s approximation-based optimization problem is proposed to minimize energy losses. The proposed model is evaluated on an IEEE-14 interconnected bus system having 22 players i.e., (11 buyers and 11 sellers) for the dataset of one year. Simulation results show that the proposed model helps to satisfy the energy demand of buyers with an increase in profitability to the sellers and grid. The proposed framework also helps to reduce stress on the grid
从集中式能源系统到分布式能源系统的过渡转变有望解决当今能源系统的几个问题,如日益严重的污染、能源价格的变化、能源的可用性和可持续性。然而,可再生能源的日益普及及其随机性也给电网带来了挑战,如经济威胁,以及在有限的发电能力下满足消费者的能源需求,以满足买家的舒适水平。本文提出了一种基于博弈论框架的点对点能源交易方法来解决这些问题。为此,首先提出了一个邀请能源买卖双方组成交易场所的模型。然后,提出了一个模型来确定买家的能源需求和他们的舒适指数是如何变化的。在电网供应不确定的情况下,当卖方没有事先信息时,确定一个公平的能源交易价格成为一项具有挑战性的任务。为此,提出了一个能源卖家与电网之间的博弈框架来确定最优能源价格。第三,运用博弈论框架制定能源分配政策,保证购买者的舒适指数。第四,提出基于Vogel近似的优化问题,使能量损失最小化。所提出的模型在一个IEEE-14互连总线系统上进行评估,该系统有22个参与者,即(11个买家和11个卖家),用于一年的数据集。仿真结果表明,该模型在满足买方能源需求的同时,提高了卖方和电网的盈利能力。提出的框架还有助于减少电网的压力
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引用次数: 0
Optimising multi-energy community hubs for decarbonisation and energy system flexibility 优化多能源社区中心,以实现脱碳和能源系统灵活性
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100214
Dace Paule, Ieva Pakere, Jelena Pubule, Dagnija Blumberga
Smart energy systems have been recognised as a crucial foundation for decarbonising Europe's energy supply, and their development has been identified as an important pathway toward achieving climate neutrality. This research aimed to determine the benefits of various energy community designs and examine the application of the energy hub concept within the selected energy community for analysis. This paper examines how various community structures can be designed to optimise energy management and efficiency, and how an energy hub approach can enhance the integration of energy sources and demand. A study was conducted, and calculations were performed within the framework of a pilot project utilising an existing energy community. The research results concluded that energy communities based on ground-mounted solar panel systems are expected to have higher construction costs compared to rooftop solar panel systems, making them more suitable for rural, suburban, or small-town areas. In Latvia, transmission system capacity limitations restrict individual consumers from adopting microgeneration systems. A scenario-based optimisation model was used to evaluate economically justified energy production pathways and emission reduction potentials. The study aimed to determine how energy communities can enable the increased usage of solar energy for self-consumption. The Base scenario describes the traditional energy system and the traditional connection scheme. The reduced emissions scenario describes the energy communities with enhanced surplus energy usage and partially decentralised energy supply. Through illustrating how multi-energy hubs can integrate renewable energy sources and enhance energy efficiency, this research contributes to supporting the transition towards decarbonisation by demonstrating their role. The study's results provide insights into the potential economic and environmental benefits and drawbacks of applying renewable energy sources in smart energy systems, considering various scenarios and technological solutions.
智能能源系统已被认为是欧洲能源供应脱碳的重要基础,其发展已被确定为实现气候中和的重要途径。本研究旨在确定各种能源社区设计的好处,并检查能源中心概念在选定的能源社区中的应用,以供分析。本文探讨了如何设计各种社区结构来优化能源管理和效率,以及能源中心方法如何加强能源和需求的整合。在利用现有能源社区的试点项目框架内进行了研究和计算。研究结果表明,与屋顶太阳能电池板系统相比,基于地面太阳能电池板系统的能源社区的建设成本预计更高,因此更适合农村、郊区或小城镇地区。在拉脱维亚,输电系统容量的限制限制了个人消费者采用微型发电系统。基于场景的优化模型用于评估经济上合理的能源生产途径和减排潜力。这项研究旨在确定能源社区如何能够增加太阳能的使用以供自我消费。基本场景描述了传统的能源系统和传统的连接方案。减少排放的情景描述了能源社区的剩余能源使用增加和部分分散的能源供应。通过说明多能源中心如何整合可再生能源并提高能源效率,本研究通过展示其作用,有助于支持向脱碳过渡。该研究的结果提供了对在智能能源系统中应用可再生能源的潜在经济和环境效益以及缺点的见解,考虑了各种场景和技术解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Electrification of passenger road transport to support renewable energy integration: A case study of Colombia 客运道路电气化支持可再生能源整合:哥伦比亚案例研究
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100217
Andrés André Camargo-Bertel , Arturo Gonzalez-Quiroga , Meng Yuan , Oscar Pupo-Roncallo
Transport electrification powered by renewable energy (RE) is a key strategy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and decarbonizing energy systems. However, integrating large numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) presents technical and planning challenges, particularly in hydropower-dependent countries exposed to climate variability. This study assesses the environmental, technical, and economic implications of passenger transport electrification combined with variable RE integration in Colombia, using an hourly EnergyPLAN model for 2030 and 2050. The analysis examines alternative EV penetration pathways, renewable expansion targets, and hydroclimatic conditions associated with the La Niña and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Full electrification of passenger transport by 2050 is projected to reduce total system emissions by about 35 % and system costs by 40 %, while the 2030 scenario aligned with national targets (600,000 EVs) achieves reductions of 8.7 % and 3.5 %, respectively. ENSO variability strongly influences these outcomes: El Niño could increase emissions by up to 38 % due to reduced hydropower availability, whereas La Niña could reduce them by 14 %. Rising electricity demand from transport enhances flexibility when coupled with RE expansion, though reliability depends on the generation mix and infrastructure. Although focused on Colombia, the framework and findings provide insights for other hydro-dependent emerging economies pursuing lower emissions, reduced costs, and greater resilience under climate uncertainty.
以可再生能源为动力的交通电气化是减少温室气体排放和使能源系统脱碳的关键战略。然而,整合大量电动汽车(ev)带来了技术和规划方面的挑战,特别是在受气候变化影响的依赖水电的国家。本研究使用2030年和2050年的每小时EnergyPLAN模型,评估了哥伦比亚客运电气化与可变可再生能源整合对环境、技术和经济的影响。该分析考察了不同的EV渗透途径、可再生扩张目标以及与La Niña和El Niño-Southern涛动(ENSO)相关的水文气候条件。到2050年,客运全面电气化预计将使系统总排放量减少约35%,系统成本减少40%,而2030年的情景与国家目标(60万辆电动汽车)相一致,分别减少8.7%和3.5%。ENSO变率对这些结果有强烈影响:El Niño可能由于水力发电减少而使排放量增加38%,而La Niña可能使排放量减少14%。随着可再生能源的扩张,交通运输电力需求的增加提高了灵活性,尽管可靠性取决于发电组合和基础设施。尽管该框架和研究结果侧重于哥伦比亚,但也为其他依赖水电的新兴经济体在气候不确定性下追求更低排放、更低成本和更强适应能力提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Special issue “Energy system effects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle” (Editorial) 特刊“能源效益第一原则对能源系统的影响”(社论)
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100209
Wolfgang Eichhammer , Jean-Sébastien Broc
The “Energy Efficiency First Principle” (EE1st), also referred to as "Efficiency First," constitutes a foundational tenet increasingly embedded within policymaking, strategic planning, and investment decision-making in the energy sector, gaining prominence particularly within European energy and climate policy frameworks. This Special Issue comprises eight scholarly articles that investigate the systemic impacts of the Energy Efficiency First Principle through five analytical lenses: (i) individual and behavioral; (ii) local and urban; (iii) dynamic; (iv) sector-coupling; and (v) comprehensive energy system perspectives. A unifying feature across these contributions is the advancement and application of novel methodological approaches, including sophisticated spatial and temporal modeling techniques and integrated energy system modeling frameworks, which collectively facilitate a rigorous and quantitative assessment of the multifaceted dimensions of the Energy Efficiency First Principle and its implications for energy system transformation.
“能效第一原则”(EE1st),也被称为“效率第一”,是能源部门政策制定、战略规划和投资决策的基本原则,在欧洲能源和气候政策框架中尤为突出。本期特刊包括八篇学术文章,通过五个分析视角探讨能源效率第一原则的系统性影响:(i)个人和行为;地方和城市;(3)动态;(四)sector-coupling;(五)综合能源系统视角。这些贡献的一个统一特征是新方法方法的进步和应用,包括复杂的时空建模技术和综合能源系统建模框架,它们共同促进了对能源效率第一原则的多方面的严格和定量评估及其对能源系统转型的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Model identification for voltage improvement in energy resources integrated distribution network 能源综合配电网电压改善的模型辨识
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100216
Anju Yadav , Nand Kishor , Richa Negi , Riccardo Lazzari
The rapid integration of large-scale distributed photo-voltaic generation into the distribution network creates significant technical challenges, most notably voltage rise during periods of high solar production and low demand. This study attempts to model dynamics of voltage variation in the network against disturbances applied at the control input of converter connected with battery energy storage systems and photo-voltaic systems. The model identification framework that combines subspace state-space system identification and transfer function has been applied to represent the voltage dynamics. The approach is validated using measurement data from a real microgrid with photo-voltaic, battery energy storage systems, and loads, and then extended to simulations on the IEEE 37-bus distribution network under realistic solar and demand profiles. We compare the accuracy and robustness of the proposed models against conventional identification methods and evaluate stability through dominant pole analysis under volt–watt and volt–var control strategies. The results demonstrate that the numerical subspace state space system identification-based models achieve higher accuracy and better capture voltage variations than existing methods, while also offering physical interpretability for system stability analysis. These findings provide a practical pathway for improving voltage regulation and stability assessment in distribution networks with high renewable penetration.
将大规模分布式光伏发电快速整合到配电网中带来了重大的技术挑战,最明显的是在太阳能高产量和低需求期间电压上升。本研究试图对与电池储能系统和光伏系统连接的变流器控制输入处施加的干扰下网络中电压变化的动力学建模。采用子空间状态空间系统辨识与传递函数相结合的模型辨识框架来表示电压动态。该方法通过实际微电网的光伏、电池储能系统和负载的测量数据进行验证,然后扩展到实际太阳能和需求剖面下的IEEE 37总线配电网的模拟。我们比较了所提出模型与传统辨识方法的准确性和鲁棒性,并通过伏瓦特和伏无控制策略下的优势极点分析来评估稳定性。结果表明,基于数值子空间状态空间系统识别的模型比现有方法具有更高的精度和更好的捕获电压变化,同时还为系统稳定性分析提供了物理可解释性。这些发现为提高可再生能源高渗透率配电网的电压调节和稳定性评估提供了切实可行的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying the impacts of policies on compensating for the hard-to-abate emissions of a smart energy city 量化政策对补偿智能能源城市难以减少的排放的影响
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100213
Tuomas Vanhanen , Arnau Aliana Guardia , Poul Alberg Østergaard , Jakob Zinck Thellufsen , Peter Sorknæs , Pertti Järventausta , Pami Aalto
Frontrunner cities have adopted strict climate targets and evaluate a fifth of emissions to be hard-to-abate, requiring compensation for these emissions to reach carbon neutrality. Previous research on smart energy systems has largely neglected this need in local-level analyses. The present article addresses this gap by applying bottom-up energy system modeling in the case of the city of Tampere, Finland. The results quantify trade-offs between the need for transmission line expansion, electricity import, biomass consumption, and the ability to compensate for emissions with bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) when reaching carbon neutrality. This research finds that the use of an existing biomass-based combined heat and power (bio-CHP) plant with BECCS is limited by the demand for district heating (DH), challenged by individual heat pumps (HPs) and waste heat from the electrofuel production process. However, it is possible to simultaneously maintain some degree of bio-CHP and BECCS in combination with electrofuel production. Additionally, wind power deployment lowers total system cost across scenarios. In this way the city can not only serve abatement goals but also resilience and energy security objectives by virtue of the domestic, renewable-based qualities of biomass, wind and electrofuels. In this way, the city can contribute to policy coherence on the national and EU levels where all these goals are expected to be combined. It is feasible to expect that several European cities can make similar choices.
领先城市采用了严格的气候目标,并评估五分之一的排放量难以减少,需要对这些排放进行补偿,以达到碳中和。以前对智能能源系统的研究在很大程度上忽略了局部分析中的这一需求。本文通过在芬兰坦佩雷市应用自下而上的能源系统建模来解决这一差距。研究结果量化了输电线路扩建需求、电力进口、生物质能消耗以及在达到碳中和时利用生物能源碳捕获和储存(BECCS)补偿排放的能力之间的权衡。本研究发现,现有的基于生物质的热电联产(bio-CHP)电厂与BECCS的使用受到区域供热(DH)需求的限制,受到单个热泵(hp)和电燃料生产过程产生的废热的挑战。然而,结合电燃料生产,同时保持一定程度的生物热电联产和BECCS是可能的。此外,风能的部署降低了系统的总成本。通过这种方式,城市不仅可以实现减排目标,还可以凭借生物质能、风能和电燃料的国内可再生特性实现弹性和能源安全目标。通过这种方式,城市可以为国家和欧盟层面的政策一致性做出贡献,所有这些目标都有望结合起来。期待几个欧洲城市做出类似的选择是可行的。
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引用次数: 0
Shifting toward dynamic pricing of electricity: What did we learn from the 2021–2024 energy crises? 向动态电价转变:我们从2021-2024年能源危机中学到了什么?
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100210
Sini Numminen , Mikko Jalas , Salvatore Ruggiero , Arina Värä
As the share of variable renewable energy sources grows, balancing electricity supply and demand increasingly relies on demand response (DR). One important way to enable DR is through dynamic pricing (DP), which encourages consumers to adjust the timing of their electricity use based on price signals. Yet, despite regulatory support and technological progress, the adoption of DP among domestic energy consumers remains limited. This study examines the role of Finnish electricity retailers in promoting DR through DP, using the lens of institutional complexity. We draw on 66 interviews and data on the markets and product offerings from 2021 to 2024, a time when companies needed to respond to energy crises affecting electricity retail. Our findings reveal that despite the energy crises pushed most electricity retailers in Finland to actively offer dynamic pricing as their risk management strategy, the industry did not converge uniformly towards this option. Instead, stable, flat electricity prices continue to hold a dominant position in the Finnish retail market. The resurgence of flat electricity tariffs can be attributed to retailer scepticism regarding consumer interest, societal concerns about pricing vulnerability, loyalty towards regional customers, and the conflicting principles of market efficiency versus responsibilities of regulated network servicing and management.
随着可变可再生能源份额的增长,平衡电力供需越来越依赖于需求响应(DR)。实现DR的一个重要方法是通过动态定价(DP),它鼓励消费者根据价格信号调整用电时间。然而,尽管有监管支持和技术进步,国内能源消费者对发展规划的采用仍然有限。本研究从制度复杂性的角度考察了芬兰电力零售商在通过DP促进DR中的作用。我们利用了从2021年到2024年的66次采访和市场和产品供应的数据,这段时间公司需要应对影响电力零售的能源危机。我们的研究结果表明,尽管能源危机促使芬兰大多数电力零售商积极提供动态定价作为其风险管理策略,但该行业并未统一向此选项靠拢。相反,稳定、平坦的电价继续在芬兰零售市场占据主导地位。统一电价的复苏可归因于零售商对消费者利益的怀疑,社会对价格脆弱性的担忧,对区域客户的忠诚度,以及市场效率与受监管的网络服务和管理责任的冲突原则。
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引用次数: 0
Electrolysis waste heat utilization for district heating — A Norwegian case study 电解余热用于区域供热-挪威案例研究
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100207
Davide Tommasini , Nicolas Marx , Yannick Wimmer , Stefan Reuter , Hanne Kauko
Hydrogen is expected to play a key role in future climate-neutral energy systems, with electrolysis emerging as a primary production method. However, approximately one-third of the electricity used in electrolysis is lost as heat, presenting an opportunity for district heating (DH) integration. This study explores the feasibility of utilizing waste heat from an alkaline electrolyzer facility in Bodø, Northern Norway, to supply an existing high-temperature DH network and a planned low-temperature network. Using techno-economic modeling and dynamic simulations, different integration strategies are evaluated, focusing on heat pump configurations and direct utilization options. Results indicate that integrating waste heat can significantly reduce energy costs for DH operators while improving the economic viability of hydrogen production. The study highlights the potential of sector coupling between hydrogen and district heating to enhance system efficiency and sustainability.
氢有望在未来的气候中和能源系统中发挥关键作用,电解将成为主要的生产方法。然而,电解中使用的大约三分之一的电力作为热量损失,这为区域供热(DH)集成提供了机会。本研究探讨了利用挪威北部Bodø碱性电解槽设施的废热为现有的高温DH网络和计划中的低温网络供电的可行性。通过技术经济建模和动态模拟,评估了不同的集成策略,重点是热泵配置和直接利用选项。结果表明,整合废热可以显著降低DH运营商的能源成本,同时提高制氢的经济可行性。该研究强调了氢和区域供热之间部门耦合的潜力,以提高系统效率和可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Minimizing the multi-decadal cost of islanded renewable-electricity microgrids for different climate zones 将不同气候区域的孤岛可再生电力微电网的多年成本降至最低
IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100208
Andreas Mühlbauer, Yuanbei F. Fan, Daniel J. Sambor, Mark Z. Jacobson
The aim of this study is to minimize the cost of developing a renewable energy islanded microgrid that provides reliable electricity and thermal comfort for a small building over multiple decades. The study is carried out with a model that minimizes the total cost of energy system components. Four different system configurations considering solar photovoltaics, electric heat pumps for heating and cooling, and a subset of battery-electricity storage, hydrogen-fuel-cell-electricity storage, and thermal-energy storage with phase-change materials are modeled. The objective is to minimize total lifecycle costs (capacity and operational costs) while ensuring reliable electricity as well as heat and cold supply. Over five climate zones, four system configurations, and 25 weather years, the annual costs of 100 % renewable microgrids for residential-type loads and structures are at least 67 % lower than the same microgrid powered with diesel generators for 75 % of the cases. On average, using renewable energy instead of diesel reduces the annual cost of islanded microgrids by 72 %. Systems with higher technology diversity, such as batteries combined with hydrogen-fuel-cell-electricity storage, result in even lower average-cost solutions (75 % lower than diesel); however, they may increase the risk of loss of load events over the project lifetime if the systems are optimized for only one weather year. Despite the higher risk, the incremental cost to reduce one kWh loss of load over multiple weather years is estimated to be 89 % lower with both batteries and hydrogen than with batteries alone, highlighting the value of diverse technology portfolios in microgrid planning.
本研究的目的是将开发可再生能源孤岛微电网的成本降至最低,该微电网可在数十年内为小型建筑提供可靠的电力和热舒适性。本研究采用最小化能源系统组件总成本的模型进行。四种不同的系统配置考虑太阳能光伏,用于加热和冷却的电热泵,以及电池-电力存储,氢燃料电池-电力存储和相变材料的热能存储的子集进行了建模。目标是最大限度地降低总生命周期成本(容量和运营成本),同时确保可靠的电力以及冷热供应。在五个气候带、四种系统配置和25个天气年的情况下,100%可再生微电网的年成本至少比75%的情况下使用柴油发电机的微电网低67%。平均而言,使用可再生能源代替柴油可使孤岛微电网的年成本降低72%。具有更高技术多样性的系统,例如结合氢燃料电池-电力存储的电池,可以产生更低的平均成本解决方案(比柴油低75%);然而,如果系统仅针对一个天气年进行优化,它们可能会增加项目生命周期中负载事件损失的风险。尽管风险较高,但与单独使用电池相比,电池和氢气在多个天气年份减少1千瓦时负荷损失的增量成本估计要低89%,这突出了微电网规划中多样化技术组合的价值。
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引用次数: 0
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