Smart Energy最新文献_第5页

Advancing Smart Energy Systems — Insights from the 9th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems (Aalborg, 2023) 推进智能能源系统——来自第九届智能能源系统国际会议（奥尔堡，2023）的见解

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100194

Brian Vad Mathiesen, Nanna Finne Skovrup

引用次数: 0

Digital twin-based smart heating system with a condensing boiler 带冷凝锅炉的数字双体智能供暖系统

IF 5.4 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100198

Volodymyr Voloshchuk, Inna Bilous, Pavlo Novikov, Oleksandr Stepanets, Anastasiya Zakharchenko

Improving energy efficiency in residential space heating has a key role to play for achieving the goal of carbon-neutrality. Condensing boilers for providing heating can achieve significantly higher efficiency than conventional ones due to possibility to recover latent heat of vaporization from the flue gas. But it can be achieved when return temperature of heating system is sufficiently low (below the dew temperature of the flue gas), which directly depends on real thermal modes of the heating system. So, development of methods and tools that can use data under real operating conditions and have possibilities to find the most efficient modes is crucial for improving performance of such system. Implementation of these methods should be based on mathematical modeling or simulation. The model should be automatically fitted to current measurements. The paper presents development of a digital twin-based smart heating system, which includes a condensing boiler. The proposed framework of a digital twin (DT) takes advantage of the latest technologies in information technology, which could be applied for real-time information interchange between the physical system and its virtual copy to achieve energy efficient operation modes. A methodology and a user-friendly interface, which are easy to use and navigate, have been developed for estimation of energy efficient solutions in the studied system. It has been demonstrated that the biggest increase in boiler efficiency (by 6.6 %) can be achieved by switching to low-temperature heating systems. Applying intermittent heating is in second place in terms of the possibility of increasing boiler efficiency (up to 1.5 %).

提高住宅空间供暖的能源效率对于实现碳中和的目标具有关键作用。由于可以从烟气中回收汽化潜热，用于供热的冷凝锅炉可以获得比传统锅炉更高的效率。但在供热系统回温足够低（低于烟气露温）的情况下可以实现，这直接取决于供热系统的实际热模式。因此，开发能够在实际操作条件下使用数据并有可能找到最有效模式的方法和工具对于提高此类系统的性能至关重要。这些方法的实现应基于数学建模或仿真。该模型应自动适应当前的测量值。本文介绍了一种基于数字孪生的智能供暖系统的开发，该系统包括一个冷凝锅炉。提出的数字孪生（DT）框架利用了信息技术的最新技术，可用于物理系统与其虚拟副本之间的实时信息交换，以实现节能的操作模式。开发了一种方法和用户友好界面，易于使用和导航，用于估计所研究系统中的节能解决方案。已经证明，锅炉效率的最大增加（6.6%）可以通过切换到低温加热系统来实现。在提高锅炉效率的可能性方面，应用间歇加热排在第二位（高达1.5%）。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the role of storage and thermoelectric plants in the energy transition: a short- and medium-term scenario analysis with Italy as a case study 评估储能和热电厂在能源转型中的作用：以意大利为例的短期和中期情景分析

IF 5.4 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100186

Andrea Franzoso, Michel Noussan, Paolo Marocco, Marco Badami, Gabriele Fambri, Marta Gandiglio

Global warming is pushing many countries worldwide to adopt decarbonization strategies aimed at reducing the dependence on fossil fuels. The successful development of these strategies critically depends on the ability to model and evaluate alternative options, thereby enabling policymakers to identify and implement the most effective solutions. In this context, the present study introduces a detailed operational analysis of the Italian energy system under the 2030 and 2040 horizons, based on authoritative scenarios developed by national transmission system operators. The primary goal is to complement these scenarios by highlighting short- and medium-term operational challenges, particularly concerning the role of thermoelectric power plants and electricity storage systems. To this aim, a set of key performance indicators is introduced to systematically assess scenario impacts. The analysis captures the effects of rising electricity demand, driven by the diffusion of electric vehicles and heat pumps, on system operation, highlighting a projected 25% increase in peak demand along with an 8.3% increase in peak thermoelectric generation. Despite a marked decline in the capacity factor of thermoelectric power plants (from 0.54 to 0.18), these units remain essential to meet demand during extended periods of low renewable generation, with peak capacity requirements remaining close to 40 GW. The results also underscore the role of electricity storage in providing short-term flexibility. However, the benefits of additional storage become marginal beyond 230 GWh of capacity.

全球变暖正在推动世界上许多国家采取旨在减少对化石燃料依赖的脱碳战略。这些战略的成功制定在很大程度上取决于对备选方案进行建模和评估的能力，从而使决策者能够确定和实施最有效的解决方案。在此背景下，本研究基于国家输电系统运营商制定的权威方案，对2030年和2040年的意大利能源系统进行了详细的运行分析。主要目标是通过强调短期和中期运营挑战，特别是关于热电厂和电力储存系统的作用，来补充这些情景。为此目的，引入了一套关键绩效指标来系统地评估情景影响。该分析抓住了由电动汽车和热泵的普及所驱动的电力需求上升对系统运行的影响，强调了预计峰值需求将增长25%，峰值热电发电量将增长8.3%。尽管热电厂的容量系数明显下降（从0.54降至0.18），但这些机组仍然是满足低可再生能源发电长期需求的必要条件，峰值容量需求仍接近40吉瓦。研究结果还强调了电力储存在提供短期灵活性方面的作用。然而，超过230吉瓦时的容量，额外存储的好处就变得微不足道了。

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引用次数: 0

A systematic approach to analyse methodologies for renewables-based district heating potential assessments – A categorisation and literature review 基于可再生能源的区域供热潜力评估的系统分析方法-分类和文献综述

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100201

Mohammad Saeid Atabaki , Giulia Spirito , Luis Sánchez-García , Urban Persson

District heating systems (DHS) serve as promising infrastructures to harness renewable energy for space heating and domestic hot water purposes. However, the manner in which the potential of renewable energy sources (RES) is assessed varies across sources. This study aims to synthesise knowledge on methodologies for evaluating the integration of various RES into DHS. Key aspects scrutinised in the methodologies include the dimensions addressed, the spatial approaches used, the tools and methods applied, and the overall process followed. A structured literature review process was conducted, reaching 260 documents for full-text review, encompassing scientific publications, national comprehensive assessments, and project reports. The focus has been put on six RES: heat sources for heat pumps (HPs), solar thermal, geothermal heat, biomass, power-2-heat (P2H), and surplus heat. The review highlights surplus heat as the most frequently studied source (35%). Moreover, it shows that from a technological point of view, HPs constitute an indispensable element in integrating most RES (except biomass), particularly in next-generation DHS where reduced supply temperatures enhance HP efficiency. From a methodological perspective, it is observed that spatial mapping is increasingly utilised to deal with the dispersed nature of heat sources and demands. The findings also accentuate the necessity of sector coupling to provide a holistic analysis, given either the inherent interlinkages between the DH sector and others (e.g., in P2H), the derivation of heat from other sectors (e.g., surplus heat), or the multifunctionality of certain heat sources (e.g., geothermal and biomass).

区域供热系统（DHS）是利用可再生能源用于空间供暖和家庭热水的有前途的基础设施。然而，评估可再生能源（RES）潜力的方式因来源而异。本研究旨在综合评估各种RES整合到DHS的方法方面的知识。方法中审查的关键方面包括处理的维度，使用的空间方法，应用的工具和方法，以及遵循的整体过程。进行了结构化的文献综述过程，共计260份文献进行全文综述，包括科学出版物、国家综合评估和项目报告。重点是六种可再生能源：热泵（HPs）的热源，太阳能热，地热，生物质，动力-2-热（P2H）和余热。该综述强调，余热是最常被研究的来源（35%）。此外，从技术角度来看，HP是整合大多数可再生能源（除了生物质）不可或缺的元素，特别是在下一代DHS中，降低供应温度可以提高HP效率。从方法论的角度来看，空间测绘越来越多地用于处理热源和需求的分散性。研究结果还强调了部门耦合提供整体分析的必要性，考虑到卫生部门和其他部门之间的内在联系（例如，在P2H中），来自其他部门的热量的衍生（例如，余热），或某些热源的多功能性（例如，地热和生物质）。

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引用次数: 0

Geopolitical risk index for guiding international sustainable energy trade 指导国际可持续能源贸易的地缘政治风险指数

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100200

Tansu Galimova, Chieh-en Chou, Dominik Keiner, Christian Breyer

Global fossil fuel markets are volatile, influenced by supply chain disruptions and geopolitical instability. As renewable energy capacities expand and emission reduction efforts intensify, more resilient and equitable trading structures are critical to avoid reproducing similar fossil fuel market vulnerabilities. This study supports informed decision-making in electricity-based fuel trade by developing a Geopolitical Risk Index tailored to the energy sector. The index was constructed through a structured selection and evaluation of existing risk indicators. Relevant indices were identified via literature review and selected based on predefined criteria. Selected indices were categorised into four dimensions: resilience, institutional quality, conflicts, and business conditions. The resulting index provides a quantitative tool for assessing geopolitical risks and evaluating energy trade partnerships. Applied to green e-fuel trade, the index assesses traded volumes and costs based on country-specific production potentials, demand, and risk scores. Results indicate that the European Nordics, Singapore, New Zealand, and Canada are the most geopolitically reliable partners, while conflict-prone nations score lowest. Excluding high-risk partners increases import costs by only 1.7% but reduces supply risks. Without considering risks, Brazil, Yemen, and several sub-Saharan countries dominate exports. Applying risk scores eliminates Yemen and increases export shares from Brazil, Namibia, Angola, and Peru. The index correlates with Moody's sovereign ratings, suggesting it captures broader factors influencing both credit worthiness and trade reliability. Incorporating the Geopolitical Risk Index into energy trade planning can help governments and investors reduce exposure to unstable regions, enhance supply security, and promote a more resilient and sustainable global energy system.

受供应链中断和地缘政治不稳定的影响，全球化石燃料市场波动较大。随着可再生能源产能的扩大和减排力度的加大，更具弹性和公平的交易结构对于避免类似的化石燃料市场脆弱性重演至关重要。本研究通过开发适合能源部门的地缘政治风险指数，支持电力燃料贸易的明智决策。该指数是通过对现有风险指标的结构化选择和评价来构建的。通过文献综述确定相关指标，并根据预定义的标准进行选择。选定的指数分为四个方面：弹性、制度质量、冲突和商业环境。由此产生的指数为评估地缘政治风险和评估能源贸易伙伴关系提供了定量工具。该指数应用于绿色电子燃料贸易，根据各国具体的生产潜力、需求和风险评分来评估交易量和成本。结果表明，欧洲北欧国家、新加坡、新西兰和加拿大是地缘政治上最可靠的合作伙伴，而容易发生冲突的国家得分最低。排除高风险合作伙伴只增加了1.7%的进口成本，但降低了供应风险。在不考虑风险的情况下，巴西、也门和几个撒哈拉以南国家主导了出口。应用风险评分排除了也门，增加了巴西、纳米比亚、安哥拉和秘鲁的出口份额。该指数与穆迪（Moody’s）的主权评级相关，表明它捕捉到了影响信用价值和贸易可靠性的更广泛因素。将地缘政治风险指数纳入能源贸易规划可以帮助政府和投资者减少对不稳定地区的风险敞口，增强供应安全，并促进更具弹性和可持续性的全球能源体系。

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引用次数: 0

Generating building-level heat demand time series by combining occupancy simulations and thermal modeling 结合使用模拟和热建模，生成建筑层热需求时间序列

IF 5.4 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100181

Simon Malacek , José Portela , Yannick Werner , Sonja Wogrin

Despite various efforts, decarbonizing the heating sector remains a significant challenge. To tackle it by smart planning, the availability of highly resolved heating demand data is key. Several existing models provide heating demand only for specific applications. Typically, they either offer time series for a larger area or annual demand data on a building level, but not both simultaneously. Additionally, the diversity in heating demand across different buildings is often not considered. To address these limitations, this paper presents a novel method for generating temporally resolved heat demand time series at the building level using publicly available data. The approach integrates a thermal building model with stochastic occupancy simulations that account for variability in user behavior. As a result, the tool serves as a cost-effective resource for cross-sectoral energy system planning and policy development, particularly with a focus on the heating sector. The obtained data can be used to assess the impact of renovation and retrofitting strategies, or to analyze district heating expansion. To illustrate the potential applications of this approach, we conducted a case study in Puertollano (Spain), where we prepared a dataset of heating demand with hourly resolution for each of 9,298 residential buildings. This data was then used to compare two different pathways for the thermal renovation of these buildings. By relying on publicly available data, this method can be adapted and applied to various European regions, offering broad usability in energy system optimization and analysis of decarbonization strategies.

尽管做出了各种努力，但供暖部门的脱碳仍然是一项重大挑战。要通过智能规划解决这一问题，获得高分辨率的供暖需求数据是关键。现有的几种型号仅为特定应用提供加热需求。通常，它们要么提供更大区域的时间序列，要么提供建筑层面的年度需求数据，但不能同时提供这两种数据。此外，不同建筑之间采暖需求的多样性往往没有被考虑。为了解决这些限制，本文提出了一种利用公开数据在建筑水平上生成时间解决的热需求时间序列的新方法。该方法将热建筑模型与考虑用户行为可变性的随机占用模拟相结合。因此，该工具是跨部门能源系统规划和政策制定的成本效益资源，特别是以供热部门为重点。获得的数据可用于评估改造和改造策略的影响，或分析区域供热扩张。为了说明这种方法的潜在应用，我们在Puertollano（西班牙）进行了一个案例研究，在那里我们准备了9,298座住宅建筑的每小时供暖需求数据集。这些数据随后被用于比较这些建筑热改造的两种不同途径。该方法依赖于公开可用的数据，可适用于欧洲各地区，在能源系统优化和脱碳战略分析方面具有广泛的可用性。

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引用次数: 0

Urban Smart Energy Systems from a Climate Change Perspective: Technical, Economic and Environmental Optimization Analysis 气候变化视角下的城市智能能源系统：技术、经济和环境优化分析

IF 5.4 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100180

Federico Battini , Andrea Menapace , Giulia Stradiotti , Ariele Zanfei , Francesco F. Nicolosi , Daniele Dalla Torre , Massimiliano Renzi , Giovanni Pernigotto , Francesco Ravazzolo , Maurizio Righetti , Andrea Gasparella , Jakob Zinck Thellufsen , Henrik Lund

In response to the growing need for sustainable urban development, energy systems modelling must provide long-term carbon-neutral solutions at the city scale while balancing competing criteria. This work introduces a multi-objective optimization approach addressing technical, economic, and environmental criteria for urban smart energy systems designed to achieve 100% renewable energy integration. The analysis incorporates climate change impacts on both energy demand and production. Two optimization strategies are evaluated using Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, as a case study. Specifically, the energy systems were modelled using EnergyPLAN, integrated with Python for automation. Grid search and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) were adopted as optimization methods to compare the advantages and limitations of two different approaches. The results show that both methods produce similar solutions on the Pareto front, with the grid search slightly outperforming due to the consideration of extreme input ranges. However, NSGA-II generated a significantly larger number of Pareto solutions, demonstrating its effectiveness in exploring the solution space more comprehensively. This study underscores the importance of incorporating climate change into multi-objective optimization for robust decision-making in the design of smart urban energy systems for sustainable development.

为了应对城市可持续发展日益增长的需求，能源系统建模必须在平衡竞争标准的同时，在城市规模上提供长期的碳中和解决方案。这项工作介绍了一种多目标优化方法，解决了城市智能能源系统的技术、经济和环境标准，旨在实现100%的可再生能源整合。该分析纳入了气候变化对能源需求和生产的影响。以意大利Bozen-Bolzano为例，对两种优化策略进行了评价。具体来说，能源系统使用EnergyPLAN进行建模，并与Python集成以实现自动化。采用网格搜索和非支配排序遗传算法- ii （NSGA-II）作为优化方法，比较两种方法的优缺点。结果表明，两种方法在Pareto前沿产生相似的解，由于考虑了极端输入范围，网格搜索的性能略好。然而，NSGA-II生成的Pareto解的数量明显更多，表明其在更全面地探索解空间方面的有效性。该研究强调了将气候变化纳入多目标优化的重要性，以便在可持续发展的智能城市能源系统设计中进行稳健决策。

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引用次数: 0

Reliability and electrical safety of grid-connected household PV systems: Data-driven risk analysis and insights 并网家庭光伏系统的可靠性和电气安全：数据驱动的风险分析和见解

IF 5.4 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100182

Rade Ciric , Eivind Lundemoen Håkedal , Oddvin Tesaker Pedersen , Knut Ola Dørum

Home photovoltaic generators (PVGs) offer many benefits, including reduced energy costs and environmental sustainability. Ensuring electrical safety in PVGs is crucial to prevent hazards such as electric shock, fires, and system malfunctions. As PVG components age, the likelihood of electrical issues increases. This research assesses the reliability of key components and evaluates the risk of electric shock in household PVGs using fault tree analysis. Due to limited data on failure rate of small-scale PVGs, component reliability was analysed based on survey feedback from 85 Norwegian PVG owners. To gain deeper insights into home PVG vulnerabilities, a Simulink model was applied to simulate various faults, including failures in PV modules, inter-string connections, MOSFETs, and both the DC and AC sides of the inverter. The findings indicate that inverters are the most failure-prone components in household PVGs while the residual current devices (RCDs), as critical protection units, also lose reliability over time. These findings underscore the critical importance of implementing a comprehensive suite of protective measures in PVG systems to ensure both safety and reliability, as well as importance of proactive condition monitoring, particularly for the inverter, battery charger, RCD, and insulation resistance.

家用光伏发电机（PVGs）有很多好处，包括降低能源成本和环境可持续性。确保PVGs的电气安全对于防止触电、火灾和系统故障等危险至关重要。随着PVG组件的老化，电气问题的可能性增加。本研究采用故障树分析法对家用PVGs关键部件的可靠性进行评估，并对其触电风险进行评估。由于小型PVG的故障率数据有限，基于85位挪威PVG车主的调查反馈，对组件可靠性进行了分析。为了更深入地了解家用PVG漏洞，应用Simulink模型模拟了各种故障，包括光伏模块、串间连接、mosfet以及逆变器直流和交流侧的故障。研究结果表明，逆变器是家用pvg中最容易发生故障的部件，而作为关键保护单元的剩余电流装置（rcd）也会随着时间的推移而失去可靠性。这些发现强调了在PVG系统中实施一套全面的保护措施以确保安全性和可靠性的重要性，以及主动状态监测的重要性，特别是对于逆变器、电池充电器、RCD和绝缘电阻。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing district heating operations: Network modeling and its implications on system efficiency and operation 优化区域供热操作：网络建模及其对系统效率和运行的影响

IF 5.4 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100175

Pascal Friedrich , Thanh Huynh , Stefan Niessen

Efficient utilization of local heat sources in urban areas necessitates integrating various suppliers into District Heating Systems (DHSs), considering the diverse ownership and physical characteristics of these sources. This study addresses the challenges in operational planning and pricing through local heat markets, emphasizing the importance of accurately representing the District Heating Network (DHN) physics for reliable market matching. We explore different DHN modeling approaches for day-ahead operational planning, balancing between numerical efficiency, economic viability, and operational feasibility. Our models, ranging from mixed-integer linear to non-linear, aim to maximize social welfare under steady-state conditions and are tested on small scenarios to highlight potential synergies between Heatpumps (HPs) and Combined Heat and Power Units (CHPs). Assuming regulations enable cost-competitive operations between HPs and CHP units, we anchor our energy price assumptions in 2030 forecasts for Germany. This approach allows us to highlight the techno-economic advantages of leveraging non-linear model flexibility during the transition to sustainable heat supply. The model’s operational schedules are further validated through detailed physical simulations in Modelica, revealing the impact of transient effects on actual performance, particularly the risks associated with thermo-hydraulic oscillations. The study concludes by discussing the required model complexity for effective DHS scheduling.

考虑到这些热源的不同所有权和物理特性，城市地区当地热源的有效利用需要将各种供应商纳入区域供热系统。本研究通过当地供热市场解决了运营规划和定价方面的挑战，强调了准确代表区域供热网络（DHN）物理特性对于可靠的市场匹配的重要性。我们探索了不同的DHN建模方法，用于日前运营规划，在数值效率、经济可行性和运营可行性之间取得平衡。我们的模型，从混合整数线性到非线性，旨在在稳态条件下最大化社会福利，并在小场景下进行测试，以突出热泵（hp）和热电联产机组（CHPs）之间的潜在协同作用。假设法规允许热电联产和热电联产之间的成本竞争，我们将德国2030年的能源价格预测作为基础。这种方法使我们能够突出在向可持续供热过渡期间利用非线性模型灵活性的技术经济优势。通过Modelica的详细物理模拟，进一步验证了该模型的运行计划，揭示了瞬态效应对实际性能的影响，特别是与热液振荡相关的风险。最后讨论了有效国土安全部调度所需的模型复杂度。

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引用次数: 0

Flexibility in short-term electricity markets for renewable integration and uncertainty mitigation: A comprehensive review 可再生能源整合和不确定性缓解的短期电力市场灵活性：全面审查

IF 5.4 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100183

Lander Mentens , Herbert Peremans , Johan Springael , Philippe Nimmegeers

Globally, the share of renewable energy sources in the electricity mix is increasing. However, higher levels of renewable energy sources and especially those with an intermittent nature introduce uncertainty in delivering reliable and secure electricity. Hence, flexibility becomes more important to counteract imbalances between generation and consumption. This review paper contributes to the nuanced ways in which flexibility can be strategically employed to navigate and mitigate uncertainties amid evolving market dynamics and increasing share of renewable sources in the energy mix. It investigates the impact of renewable energy sources on short-term electricity markets, with a specific focus on day-ahead, intraday, and balancing markets in the Central Western Europe region. It explores the design characteristics and parameters of these markets, emphasizing how these markets deal with the uncertainty arising from the limited predictability of renewable resources. In this context, flexibility becomes a crucial element in reducing this uncertainty. The primary objective is to fully understand and analyze the intricate interplay between the sequential short-term markets and the imperative for flexibility. First, the current short-term markets are discussed. Next, the paper examines how flexibility in its three dimensions (i.e., time, space, and demand-response) can strategically function to not only address but also proactively alleviate uncertainties within these markets. Advancements in market coupling, forecasting accuracy, and increased liquidity have significantly enhanced the efficiency of these markets, particularly in accommodating the growing presence of renewable energy sources.

在全球范围内，可再生能源在电力结构中的份额正在增加。然而，更高水平的可再生能源，特别是间歇性的可再生能源，在提供可靠和安全的电力方面带来了不确定性。因此，灵活性对于抵消发电和消费之间的不平衡变得更加重要。在不断变化的市场动态和可再生能源在能源结构中的份额不断增加的情况下，灵活性可以战略性地用于导航和减轻不确定性。它调查了可再生能源对短期电力市场的影响，特别关注中欧西欧地区的前一天，日内和平衡市场。它探讨了这些市场的设计特点和参数，强调这些市场如何处理由可再生资源的有限可预测性引起的不确定性。在这种情况下，灵活性成为减少这种不确定性的关键因素。主要目标是充分理解和分析连续短期市场和灵活性之间复杂的相互作用。首先，讨论当前的短期市场。接下来，本文考察了其三个维度（即时间、空间和需求响应）的灵活性如何在战略上发挥作用，不仅可以解决这些市场中的不确定性，还可以主动缓解这些不确定性。市场耦合、预测准确性和流动性增加方面的进步大大提高了这些市场的效率，特别是在适应日益增长的可再生能源方面。

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引用次数: 0