Smart Energy最新文献

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Optimum utilization of power plant waste heat by nearly-zero exergy district prosumers for minimum carbon footprint 电厂废热的最佳利用几乎为零的火用区产消者为最小的碳足迹

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100204

Birol Kilkis

This paper presents a new exergy-based model for minimizing the total carbon dioxide emission responsibility of district heating systems connected to thermal power plants. An optimal exergy balance can be determined between the degree of low-exergy prosuming buildings on the demand side and the utilization rate of waste heat from a power plant on the supply side. Therefore, the optimum degree of prosuming buildings and the utilization of waste heat in a district also minimize the embodied emissions and costs of prosuming buildings for sustainable growth. Following the massive earthquake in 2023 in the Afşin-Elbistan province located in the Southeast region of Türkiye, 10,000 apartments to be heated by individual boilers are compared with an alternative design using this model. This alternative design features low-exergy prosumer buildings integrated with the waste heat of the 1,355 GW lignite power plant. The waste heat is obtained from the nearby return pipe of the water-cooling system, which is connected to a river head, located 30 km away. The model played a crucial role in determining the optimal degree of low-exergy building design, which simultaneously minimizes the carbon footprint of the power plant and the embodied emissions of such buildings, thereby facilitating the optimal level of renewable energy sources for prosumption. A new exergy star green metric is introduced, with a maximum rating of five stars. The new model assigned an optimal of three stars for the alternative design, which minimizes the carbon footprint by reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 79 %.

本文提出了一种新的基于火用的模型，用于最小化与火电厂连接的区域供热系统的二氧化碳总排放责任。需求侧低用能建筑的程度与供给侧电厂余热的利用率之间可以确定最优的用能平衡。因此，一个地区的最佳产建筑程度和余热利用也将使产建筑的隐含排放量和成本最小化，以实现可持续增长。在2023年位于 rkiye东南部地区的af in- elbistan省发生大地震之后，使用该模型将10,000套公寓与单独锅炉供暖的替代设计进行了比较。这种替代设计的特点是低能耗的产消建筑与1355吉瓦褐煤发电厂的废热相结合。余热从附近的水冷系统回水管中获得，该回水管连接到30公里外的河头。该模型在确定低能耗建筑设计的最优程度上发挥了至关重要的作用，使电厂的碳足迹和低能耗建筑的隐含排放同时最小化，从而促进可再生能源的最优消费水平。引入了一种新的能源星绿色指标，最高评级为5颗星。新模型为备选设计分配了最优的三颗星，通过减少79%的二氧化碳排放，将碳足迹降至最低。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive evaluation of prediction techniques and their influence on model predictive control in smart energy storage systems 智能储能系统预测技术及其对模型预测控制的影响

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100202

Ulrich Ludolfinger , Thomas Hamacher , Maren Martens

The increasing share of intermittent renewable energy calls for intelligent building energy management systems to maintain grid stability. A widely used method for operating on-site storage is model predictive control (MPC), whose effectiveness heavily depends on forecast accuracy. This paper systematically evaluates the impact of prediction models on MPC performance in smart energy storage systems (SESS). Using a three-year, multi-building dataset with 15 min resolution, we compare five forecasting methods, linear model, XGBoost, RNN, TimeMixer, and TimesNet, for load, PV generation, and electricity price prediction. While XGBoost achieves the lowest mean squared error (MSE) and yields the highest revenue gain of 104% over a no-storage baseline during a four-month winter–spring test period, other models reveal a mismatch between forecast accuracy and control performance. Notably, the linear model, ranking mostly lowest in MSE, delivers the third-highest revenue (73%), nearly on par with the second best (79%). This illustrates that prediction accuracy alone is not a reliable proxy for control quality. Even the best realistic setup remains far from the ideal benchmark using perfect forecasts (235% gain). Daily retraining improves some models substantially (linear model to 105%) but has limited effect on others (XGBoost to 107%). These findings emphasize three key insights: (1) standard metrics like MSE may misrepresent the utility of forecasts for control, (2) errors across multiple inputs compound degradation in MPC, and (3) frequent retraining can mitigate losses. Overall, the results underscore the importance of robust forecasting and carefully chosen loss functions in the smart energy systems concept.

间歇性可再生能源的份额不断增加，需要智能建筑能源管理系统来维持电网的稳定。模型预测控制（MPC）是一种应用广泛的现场存储操作方法，其有效性在很大程度上取决于预测精度。本文系统地评估了预测模型对智能储能系统（SESS）中MPC性能的影响。使用15分钟分辨率的三年多建筑数据集，我们比较了五种预测方法，线性模型，XGBoost， RNN， TimeMixer和TimesNet，用于负荷，光伏发电和电价预测。在为期四个月的冬春测试期间，XGBoost实现了最低的均方误差（MSE），并在无存储基线的情况下获得了104%的最高收益，但其他模型显示，预测精度与控制性能之间存在不匹配。值得注意的是，线性模型虽然在MSE中排名最低，但却提供了第三高的收入（73%），几乎与第二高的收入（79%）持平。这说明预测精度本身并不是控制质量的可靠代表。即使是最现实的设定，也与使用完美预测（235%的涨幅）的理想基准相差甚远。每天的再训练大大提高了一些模型（线性模型提高到105%），但对其他模型的影响有限（XGBoost提高到107%）。这些发现强调了三个关键的见解：(1)像MSE这样的标准指标可能会歪曲预测对控制的效用；(2)MPC中多个输入的复合退化误差；(3)频繁的再训练可以减轻损失。总的来说，结果强调了在智能能源系统概念中稳健预测和精心选择损失函数的重要性。

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Editorial: Integrating innovations across sectors: Insights from SESAAU2020 towards a smart energy future 社论：跨部门整合创新：SESAAU2020对智能能源未来的见解

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100203

Brian Vad Mathiesen, Nanna Finne Skovrup

引用次数: 0

Editorial: Smart Energy Systems SESAAU2021 社论：智能能源系统SESAAU2021

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100195

Brian Vad Mathiesen, Nanna Finne Skovrup

引用次数: 0

100% renewable energy system for the island of Mauritius by 2050: A techno-economic study 到2050年毛里求斯岛100%可再生能源系统：一项技术经济研究

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100199

M.N. Edoo, Robert T.F. Ah King

The urgency of climate change and the need to reduce dependence on expensive and polluting fossil fuels have prompted a transition to renewable energy (RE) in many countries. Mauritius, a small island developing state which relies heavily on imported fossil fuels faces such a challenge. This work presents a techno-economic study of a 100 % RE system incorporating the power, transport and manufacturing sectors of Mauritius in 2050. The novelty of this study lies in it being the first 100 % RE system study for Mauritius. Furthermore, its use of mature and commercially available technologies as opposed to more advanced ones renders it realistic from the perspective of a developing country with limited means. The simulations of key scenarios demonstrate that a 100 % RE system for Mauritius is technically feasible within reasonable costs. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) would form the backbone of the 100 % RE system due to their complementarity. It was also found that offshore wind is a valuable resource as it has high-capacity factor (46.4 %) but is also highly seasonal. The switch to a 100 % RE system entails an increase in the cost of final energy, +121 % versus cost in 2016 and + 11 % versus cost in 2022 for the PV-BESS scenario. The large difference between those two years is due to the high volatility of the cost of fossil fuels which the 100 % RE system would shield the country from. Finally, electric vehicles through smart charging and vehicle-to-grid can greatly reduce the cost of electricity.

气候变化的紧迫性和减少对昂贵和污染的化石燃料的依赖的必要性促使许多国家向可再生能源（RE）过渡。毛里求斯，一个严重依赖进口化石燃料的小岛屿发展中国家，面临着这样的挑战。这项工作提出了2050年毛里求斯电力、交通和制造业100%可再生能源系统的技术经济研究。这项研究的新颖之处在于它是毛里求斯第一个100% RE系统研究。此外，它使用成熟和商业上可获得的技术，而不是更先进的技术，从一个手段有限的发展中国家的角度来看，这是现实的。关键情景的模拟表明，在合理的成本范围内，毛里求斯100%可再生能源系统在技术上是可行的。由于太阳能光伏（PV）和电池储能系统（BESS）的互补性，它们将构成100%可再生能源系统的支柱。研究还发现，海上风电是一种宝贵的资源，因为它具有高容量因子（46.4%），但也具有很强的季节性。转换到100%可再生能源系统需要增加最终能源成本，与2016年的成本相比增加121%，与2022年的PV-BESS情景相比增加11%。这两年的巨大差异是由于化石燃料成本的高度波动，而100%可再生能源系统将使该国免受这种波动。最后，电动汽车通过智能充电和车联网可以大大降低电力成本。

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Editorial: A pillar of Sustainable Development – Insights from SDEWES 2020 社论：可持续发展的支柱——来自SDEWES 2020的见解

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100196

Brian Vad Mathiesen, Nanna Finne Skovrup

引用次数: 0

Advancing Smart Energy Systems — Insights from the 9th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems (Aalborg, 2023) 推进智能能源系统——来自第九届智能能源系统国际会议（奥尔堡，2023）的见解

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100194

Brian Vad Mathiesen, Nanna Finne Skovrup

引用次数: 0

Geopolitical risk index for guiding international sustainable energy trade 指导国际可持续能源贸易的地缘政治风险指数

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100200

Tansu Galimova, Chieh-en Chou, Dominik Keiner, Christian Breyer

Global fossil fuel markets are volatile, influenced by supply chain disruptions and geopolitical instability. As renewable energy capacities expand and emission reduction efforts intensify, more resilient and equitable trading structures are critical to avoid reproducing similar fossil fuel market vulnerabilities. This study supports informed decision-making in electricity-based fuel trade by developing a Geopolitical Risk Index tailored to the energy sector. The index was constructed through a structured selection and evaluation of existing risk indicators. Relevant indices were identified via literature review and selected based on predefined criteria. Selected indices were categorised into four dimensions: resilience, institutional quality, conflicts, and business conditions. The resulting index provides a quantitative tool for assessing geopolitical risks and evaluating energy trade partnerships. Applied to green e-fuel trade, the index assesses traded volumes and costs based on country-specific production potentials, demand, and risk scores. Results indicate that the European Nordics, Singapore, New Zealand, and Canada are the most geopolitically reliable partners, while conflict-prone nations score lowest. Excluding high-risk partners increases import costs by only 1.7% but reduces supply risks. Without considering risks, Brazil, Yemen, and several sub-Saharan countries dominate exports. Applying risk scores eliminates Yemen and increases export shares from Brazil, Namibia, Angola, and Peru. The index correlates with Moody's sovereign ratings, suggesting it captures broader factors influencing both credit worthiness and trade reliability. Incorporating the Geopolitical Risk Index into energy trade planning can help governments and investors reduce exposure to unstable regions, enhance supply security, and promote a more resilient and sustainable global energy system.

受供应链中断和地缘政治不稳定的影响，全球化石燃料市场波动较大。随着可再生能源产能的扩大和减排力度的加大，更具弹性和公平的交易结构对于避免类似的化石燃料市场脆弱性重演至关重要。本研究通过开发适合能源部门的地缘政治风险指数，支持电力燃料贸易的明智决策。该指数是通过对现有风险指标的结构化选择和评价来构建的。通过文献综述确定相关指标，并根据预定义的标准进行选择。选定的指数分为四个方面：弹性、制度质量、冲突和商业环境。由此产生的指数为评估地缘政治风险和评估能源贸易伙伴关系提供了定量工具。该指数应用于绿色电子燃料贸易，根据各国具体的生产潜力、需求和风险评分来评估交易量和成本。结果表明，欧洲北欧国家、新加坡、新西兰和加拿大是地缘政治上最可靠的合作伙伴，而容易发生冲突的国家得分最低。排除高风险合作伙伴只增加了1.7%的进口成本，但降低了供应风险。在不考虑风险的情况下，巴西、也门和几个撒哈拉以南国家主导了出口。应用风险评分排除了也门，增加了巴西、纳米比亚、安哥拉和秘鲁的出口份额。该指数与穆迪（Moody’s）的主权评级相关，表明它捕捉到了影响信用价值和贸易可靠性的更广泛因素。将地缘政治风险指数纳入能源贸易规划可以帮助政府和投资者减少对不稳定地区的风险敞口，增强供应安全，并促进更具弹性和可持续性的全球能源体系。

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引用次数: 0

A systematic approach to analyse methodologies for renewables-based district heating potential assessments – A categorisation and literature review 基于可再生能源的区域供热潜力评估的系统分析方法-分类和文献综述

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100201

Mohammad Saeid Atabaki , Giulia Spirito , Luis Sánchez-García , Urban Persson

District heating systems (DHS) serve as promising infrastructures to harness renewable energy for space heating and domestic hot water purposes. However, the manner in which the potential of renewable energy sources (RES) is assessed varies across sources. This study aims to synthesise knowledge on methodologies for evaluating the integration of various RES into DHS. Key aspects scrutinised in the methodologies include the dimensions addressed, the spatial approaches used, the tools and methods applied, and the overall process followed. A structured literature review process was conducted, reaching 260 documents for full-text review, encompassing scientific publications, national comprehensive assessments, and project reports. The focus has been put on six RES: heat sources for heat pumps (HPs), solar thermal, geothermal heat, biomass, power-2-heat (P2H), and surplus heat. The review highlights surplus heat as the most frequently studied source (35%). Moreover, it shows that from a technological point of view, HPs constitute an indispensable element in integrating most RES (except biomass), particularly in next-generation DHS where reduced supply temperatures enhance HP efficiency. From a methodological perspective, it is observed that spatial mapping is increasingly utilised to deal with the dispersed nature of heat sources and demands. The findings also accentuate the necessity of sector coupling to provide a holistic analysis, given either the inherent interlinkages between the DH sector and others (e.g., in P2H), the derivation of heat from other sectors (e.g., surplus heat), or the multifunctionality of certain heat sources (e.g., geothermal and biomass).

区域供热系统（DHS）是利用可再生能源用于空间供暖和家庭热水的有前途的基础设施。然而，评估可再生能源（RES）潜力的方式因来源而异。本研究旨在综合评估各种RES整合到DHS的方法方面的知识。方法中审查的关键方面包括处理的维度，使用的空间方法，应用的工具和方法，以及遵循的整体过程。进行了结构化的文献综述过程，共计260份文献进行全文综述，包括科学出版物、国家综合评估和项目报告。重点是六种可再生能源：热泵（HPs）的热源，太阳能热，地热，生物质，动力-2-热（P2H）和余热。该综述强调，余热是最常被研究的来源（35%）。此外，从技术角度来看，HP是整合大多数可再生能源（除了生物质）不可或缺的元素，特别是在下一代DHS中，降低供应温度可以提高HP效率。从方法论的角度来看，空间测绘越来越多地用于处理热源和需求的分散性。研究结果还强调了部门耦合提供整体分析的必要性，考虑到卫生部门和其他部门之间的内在联系（例如，在P2H中），来自其他部门的热量的衍生（例如，余热），或某些热源的多功能性（例如，地热和生物质）。

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引用次数: 0

The principles of energy conservation by managing facility voltage levels and reactive power flow 通过管理设备电压水平和无功功率流来节约能源的原则

IF 5.4 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Smart Energy

Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.segy.2025.100197

P.K. Ngongo , A.M.A. Almaktoof , M.T.E. Kahn

Reactive power optimization and voltage control are essential for the efficient operation of power systems. Effective management of these factors reduces energy losses and improves both economic performance and system security. In South Africa, the nominal phase voltage level is set at 220V, with an allowable range between 209V and 231V (±5 %). To ensure that the supply voltage stays within this acceptable range, the grid often provides a voltage higher than the nominal 220V at which most electrical equipment is designed to operate. Consequently, the equipment consumes more power without any improvement in performance. Additionally, while the grid supplies both real and reactive power, only the real power consumed is billed. To address the cost of unbillable reactive power, a power factor penalty is implemented. The practice of controlling supply voltage levels and enhancing the power factor is known as volt-var optimization. This approach involves regulating voltage levels and reactive power to maximize energy efficiency. This paper employs a model-based Volt-var optimization technique to illustrate how facilities can reduce energy waste. The findings indicate that, for facility system losses estimated at 5 %, reducing the useable voltage from 400V nominal to 380V can achieve a percentage loss reduction of 0.487 %. This saving is directly proportional to the difference between the useable and nominal voltages. Furthermore, optimizing the power factor from 0.85 lagging to unity results in a percentage loss reduction of 1.388 %. This saving is indirectly proportional to how closely the inherent power factor approaches unity.

无功优化和电压控制是电力系统高效运行的关键。对这些因素的有效管理可以减少能源损失，提高经济性能和系统安全性。在南非，标称相电压水平设定为220V，允许范围为209V至231V（±5%）。为了确保供电电压保持在这个可接受的范围内，电网通常提供高于大多数电气设备设计运行的标称220V的电压。因此，设备消耗更多的电力，而性能却没有任何改善。此外，当电网同时提供实功率和无功功率时，只收取实际消耗的功率。为了解决不可计费的无功功率的成本，实施了功率因数惩罚。控制电源电压水平和提高功率因数的做法被称为电压无功优化。这种方法包括调节电压水平和无功功率，以最大限度地提高能源效率。本文采用基于模型的电压无功优化技术来说明设施如何减少能源浪费。研究结果表明，对于估计为5%的设施系统损耗，将可用电压从标称400V降低到380V可以实现0.487 %的损耗降低百分比。这种节省与可用电压和标称电压之间的差成正比。此外，优化功率因数从0.85滞后到统一的结果在1.388%的百分比损失减少。这种节省与固有功率因数接近统一的程度间接成正比。

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