After the publication of Hobsbawm and Ranger’s groundbreaking The Invention of Tradition and ten years after Noyes’ essay, Tradition: Three Traditions, what do we, as specialists of European cultures, have to say about “tradition”? This forum invites a selection of scholars coming from various thematic fields and countries to think about the concept of tradition, considered as one of our first conceptual tools and ethnographic objects of investigation. The authors reflexively discuss in which ways their research experiences challenge their own perceptions, understanding, and reframing of tradition. More than mapping new and allegedly new – or better “recycled” – ways in which social, ethnic, religious, or political groups use and manipulate traditions, the authors also address their perplexities with the notion of tradition. They thus add a specific layer of reflection, touching on temporality, methodology, and theoretical frames, to their practices of folklore and ethnology today.
{"title":"Ethnology’s Hot Notion? A Discussion Forum on How to Return to \"Tradition\" Today","authors":"Alessandro Testa, Cyril Isnart","doi":"10.16995/ee.1998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1998","url":null,"abstract":"After the publication of Hobsbawm and Ranger’s groundbreaking The Invention of Tradition and ten years after Noyes’ essay, Tradition: Three Traditions, what do we, as specialists of European cultures, have to say about “tradition”? This forum invites a selection of scholars coming from various thematic fields and countries to think about the concept of tradition, considered as one of our first conceptual tools and ethnographic objects of investigation. The authors reflexively discuss in which ways their research experiences challenge their own perceptions, understanding, and reframing of tradition. More than mapping new and allegedly new – or better “recycled” – ways in which social, ethnic, religious, or political groups use and manipulate traditions, the authors also address their perplexities with the notion of tradition. They thus add a specific layer of reflection, touching on temporality, methodology, and theoretical frames, to their practices of folklore and ethnology today.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45513415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reasons why a secular society bothers to rebuild a burnt church seem complex. Starting out from two case studies of burnt and reconstructed churches in Sweden, Skaga chapel and the church of Sodra Rada, this article examines the perspective from which the process and result of material reconstruction may be understood as enchantment strategies. According to Weber’s disenchantment thesis and the contemporary concept of heritagization, the significance of today’s church buildings, as well as the decision to reconstruct, may be based on historical narratives and local self-images rather than religious worship. Without univocally contradicting this perception, however, the study shows that the reconstructions, as carefully staged situations, represent acts of faith and provide the actors with a sense of shared participation and new meaning.
{"title":"Reconstruction as Enchantment Strategy: Swedish Churches Burnt, Rebuilt and Rethought","authors":"Eva Löfgren","doi":"10.16995/ee.1895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1895","url":null,"abstract":"The reasons why a secular society bothers to rebuild a burnt church seem complex. Starting out from two case studies of burnt and reconstructed churches in Sweden, Skaga chapel and the church of Sodra Rada, this article examines the perspective from which the process and result of material reconstruction may be understood as enchantment strategies. According to Weber’s disenchantment thesis and the contemporary concept of heritagization, the significance of today’s church buildings, as well as the decision to reconstruct, may be based on historical narratives and local self-images rather than religious worship. Without univocally contradicting this perception, however, the study shows that the reconstructions, as carefully staged situations, represent acts of faith and provide the actors with a sense of shared participation and new meaning.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43343237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heritage is often seen as a symptom of a temporally disjointed and all-pervasive present which shapes the pasts it requires to make up for the failures of linear, modern and progressive history. As a consequence, the pasts in heritage are often regarded as the result of unidirectional processes of attributing value to largely compliant materials. This article explores the constitutive role of materials in different stages of heritage-making and stress the specific material memory of buildings as central in the negotiation of temporalities in conservation practice. The notion of material memory allows for a closer consideration of both the unsolicited material effects of past events that is part of the historical fabric of buildings, as well as their ongoing transformation exceeding any one unitary and neatly contained historical present.
{"title":"Beyond Presentism: Heritage and the Temporality of Things Heritage and the Temporality of Things","authors":"T. Bangstad","doi":"10.16995/ee.1443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1443","url":null,"abstract":"Heritage is often seen as a symptom of a temporally disjointed and all-pervasive present which shapes the pasts it requires to make up for the failures of linear, modern and progressive history. As a consequence, the pasts in heritage are often regarded as the result of unidirectional processes of attributing value to largely compliant materials. This article explores the constitutive role of materials in different stages of heritage-making and stress the specific material memory of buildings as central in the negotiation of temporalities in conservation practice. The notion of material memory allows for a closer consideration of both the unsolicited material effects of past events that is part of the historical fabric of buildings, as well as their ongoing transformation exceeding any one unitary and neatly contained historical present.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43187959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the scholarly misconduct committed by the former Amsterdam Free University (VU) cultural anthropologist, Professor Mart Bax, who received international acclaim during the last three decades of the twentieth century for his fieldwork and research in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, and for applying his “theory” of competing religious regimes. Despite earlier suspicions, it was only a decade after his retirement in 2002 that a university commission reached the conclusion that more or less his whole oeuvre was built on quicksand: fraudulent, fake, or non-existent source material. The incredible and appalling Bax case is described and assessed here by a Dutch ethnologist who was confronted with Bax’s deception through his own work. This experience also raises questions about how to deal with what happened and what lessons can be learned from it.
{"title":"On Scholarly Misconduct and Fraud, and What We Can Learn from It","authors":"P. Margry","doi":"10.16995/ee.1646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1646","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the scholarly misconduct committed by the former Amsterdam Free University (VU) cultural anthropologist, Professor Mart Bax, who received international acclaim during the last three decades of the twentieth century for his fieldwork and research in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, and for applying his “theory” of competing religious regimes. Despite earlier suspicions, it was only a decade after his retirement in 2002 that a university commission reached the conclusion that more or less his whole oeuvre was built on quicksand: fraudulent, fake, or non-existent source material. The incredible and appalling Bax case is described and assessed here by a Dutch ethnologist who was confronted with Bax’s deception through his own work. This experience also raises questions about how to deal with what happened and what lessons can be learned from it.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48953687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fabricating Data, Undermining Trust, or: Why We Omitted Work from Our Digital Archive: Editorial by the Joint Editors-in-Chief Editorial by the Joint Editors-in-Chief","authors":"M. Sandberg, M. Scheer","doi":"10.16995/ee.1801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1801","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44012547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the following article, open-air museums and zoos are examined as enlivened multispecies spaces by connecting two recent threads of research, put in historical context: human–animal studies and exhibition studies, that both put the concept of relationality centre stage. This offers a slightly altered perspective on the history and entanglements of these institutions, exploring the crucial aspect of animating sceneries and enlivening these places. By way of conclusion I will use the multispecies and exhibition context to reflect upon doing and undoing human–animal entanglements in time and space, past and present.
{"title":"Enlivening Exhibitions: Zoos, Open-air Museums, and the History of Living Animals in Human Sceneries of Display Zoos, Open-air Museums, and the History of Living Animals in Human Sceneries of Display","authors":"Wiebke Reinert, Wiebke Reinert","doi":"10.16995/ee.1742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1742","url":null,"abstract":"In the following article, open-air museums and zoos are examined as enlivened multispecies spaces by connecting two recent threads of research, put in historical context: human–animal studies and exhibition studies, that both put the concept of relationality centre stage. This offers a slightly altered perspective on the history and entanglements of these institutions, exploring the crucial aspect of animating sceneries and enlivening these places. By way of conclusion I will use the multispecies and exhibition context to reflect upon doing and undoing human–animal entanglements in time and space, past and present.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44588250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A multispecies ethnography of year-round stall-feeding of cattle in byre-houses illuminates problems and opportunities of exhibiting historical human–animal relationships in open-air museums. Although received wisdom claims modernization alienated from nature, agricultural intensification in the Economic Enlightenment increased the intimacy of sociality with livestock. Year-round stall-feeding coexisted with living in byre-houses, and dairymaids began doing almost all of their work close to cows. This complicates straightforward narratives of modernity and animal agency. With byre-houses, open-air museums are uniquely positioned to tell this story of intimate working and living together and help re-center animals in often human-centered cultural history, even though welfare problems of housing in historical byre-houses, the risk of sentimentalizing past husbandry, and echoing the historical absenting of animals can present complications.
{"title":"Under one Roof Year-round: The Multispecies Intimacy of Cohabiting with Cows in Byre-houses since the Economic Enlightenment The Multispecies Intimacy of Cohabiting with Cows in Byre-houses since the Economic Enlightenment","authors":"Jadon Nisly","doi":"10.16995/ee.1446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1446","url":null,"abstract":"A multispecies ethnography of year-round stall-feeding of cattle in byre-houses illuminates problems and opportunities of exhibiting historical human–animal relationships in open-air museums. Although received wisdom claims modernization alienated from nature, agricultural intensification in the Economic Enlightenment increased the intimacy of sociality with livestock. Year-round stall-feeding coexisted with living in byre-houses, and dairymaids began doing almost all of their work close to cows. This complicates straightforward narratives of modernity and animal agency. With byre-houses, open-air museums are uniquely positioned to tell this story of intimate working and living together and help re-center animals in often human-centered cultural history, even though welfare problems of housing in historical byre-houses, the risk of sentimentalizing past husbandry, and echoing the historical absenting of animals can present complications.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41370295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Little buildings offering food and places for nesting to oscine birds in the garden or on the balcony are not just decorative architectural elements. They represent ideas of “good” gardening, of ecological behaviour and of nature protection. This contribution is based on a study in the open-air museum in Kommern, Germany. With an ethnographic perspective on space and material culture, and specifically on the birdhouses in the museum, it discusses representations of human–bird-relations in material culture.
{"title":"Birdhouses in an Open-air Museum: Instigating Reflections Instigating Reflections","authors":"Carsten Vorwig, Dagmar Hänel","doi":"10.16995/ee.1741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1741","url":null,"abstract":"Little buildings offering food and places for nesting to oscine birds in the garden or on the balcony are not just decorative architectural elements. They represent ideas of “good” gardening, of ecological behaviour and of nature protection. This contribution is based on a study in the open-air museum in Kommern, Germany. With an ethnographic perspective on space and material culture, and specifically on the birdhouses in the museum, it discusses representations of human–bird-relations in material culture.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46034474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This reflection piece interrogates what a focus on movement can bring to understanding more-than-human relationality in a museum space. It does so by zooming in on choreography and taxidermy as practices that both enable movement and kinesthetic becoming. It focusses on “Send out a Pulse!”, an artistic intervention for the Australian Museum in Sydney. Said piece is a nontraditional, choreographic audio walk made by the author as part of “How to Not be a Stuffed Animal”, an interdisciplinary, artistic-scholarly duo. Following a flightway of birds’ extinction stories, ways to activate response-ability through multispecies movement will be explored.
{"title":"Taxidermy in Motion, (not) from a Bird’s-eye Perspective: Choreographing Disappearance at the Australian Museum Choreographing Disappearance at the Australian Museum","authors":"Susanne B. Schmitt","doi":"10.16995/ee.1645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1645","url":null,"abstract":"This reflection piece interrogates what a focus on movement can bring to understanding more-than-human relationality in a museum space. It does so by zooming in on choreography and taxidermy as practices that both enable movement and kinesthetic becoming. It focusses on “Send out a Pulse!”, an artistic intervention for the Australian Museum in Sydney. Said piece is a nontraditional, choreographic audio walk made by the author as part of “How to Not be a Stuffed Animal”, an interdisciplinary, artistic-scholarly duo. Following a flightway of birds’ extinction stories, ways to activate response-ability through multispecies movement will be explored.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45844101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As most open-air museums focus on preindustrial rural living conditions, they exhibit historical farmhouses that are presented in a specific holistic way, including the surroundings and livestock. Although these presentations create the impression of historical authenticity, they must remain incomplete due to missing sources and practical exhibition reasons. This also involves the human–animal relationships. Moreover, most visitors cannot interpret the settings displayed properly due to missing knowledge. After highlighting some historical aspects of human–animal relationships using the example of northwest German farmhouses, the article deals with the limits and opportunities of the open-air museums’ presentation of human–animal relationships based on a survey among German-speaking open-air museums. Finally, it pleads for a transparent approach to sensitize the visitors to humans’ current handling of and attitude towards animals.
{"title":"Between Reconstruction of the Past, Visitor Expectations and Animal Well-being: Told and Untold Stories about Human–Animal Relationships at Open-air Museums Told and Untold Stories about Human–Animal Relationships at Open-air Museums","authors":"M. Schimek","doi":"10.16995/ee.1445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1445","url":null,"abstract":"As most open-air museums focus on preindustrial rural living conditions, they exhibit historical farmhouses that are presented in a specific holistic way, including the surroundings and livestock. Although these presentations create the impression of historical authenticity, they must remain incomplete due to missing sources and practical exhibition reasons. This also involves the human–animal relationships. Moreover, most visitors cannot interpret the settings displayed properly due to missing knowledge. After highlighting some historical aspects of human–animal relationships using the example of northwest German farmhouses, the article deals with the limits and opportunities of the open-air museums’ presentation of human–animal relationships based on a survey among German-speaking open-air museums. Finally, it pleads for a transparent approach to sensitize the visitors to humans’ current handling of and attitude towards animals.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42211643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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