Transactional sex has been recognized as a major factor in the persistence of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, yet it also has implications for the persistence of poverty. Using interview data collected between 2010 and 2015, this article examines how Muslim families in Dar es Salaam are affected by transactional sexual behavior.1 Examined are motives for transactional sex, how poor families view the purpose of marriage, and religious teachings and cultural beliefs about the onset of adulthood. Familial strategies to ensure provision for daughters and to improve the family’s socio-economic situation are impeded by the fact that in a context of high unemploy ment, transactional sex of ten represents the only path to female economic self-sufficiency, which of ten results inthe family being encumbered with the financial burden of unwanted pregnancies
{"title":"TRANSACTIONAL SEX, EARLY MARRIAGE, AND PARENT– CHILD RELATIONS IN A TANZANIAN SLUM","authors":"Laura Stark","doi":"10.16995/ee.1178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1178","url":null,"abstract":"Transactional sex has been recognized as a major factor in the persistence of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, yet it also has implications for the persistence of poverty. Using interview data collected between 2010 and 2015, this article examines how Muslim families in Dar es Salaam are affected by transactional sexual behavior.1 Examined are motives for transactional sex, how poor families view the purpose of marriage, and religious teachings and cultural beliefs about the onset of adulthood. Familial strategies to ensure provision for daughters and to improve the family’s socio-economic situation are impeded by the fact that in a context of high unemploy ment, transactional sex of ten represents the only path to female economic self-sufficiency, which of ten results inthe family being encumbered with the financial burden of unwanted pregnancies","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on interviews with young persons in two national Muslim youth organizations in Europe, this article examines how young Muslims negotiate between the cultural customs of their societiesof orig ...
{"title":"Introducing \"Fourth Space\" : Young Muslims Negotiating Marriage in Europe","authors":"Pia Karlsson Minganti","doi":"10.16995/EE.1176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1176","url":null,"abstract":"Based on interviews with young persons in two national Muslim youth organizations in Europe, this article examines how young Muslims negotiate between the cultural customs of their societiesof orig ...","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contemporaries willing to posit that “rage brings forth good stuff” are rare. Austrian author Peter Handke, considered an enfant terrible by many, finds “wrath even better.” Without spelling it out, Handke evokes the physical dimensions entailed in rage, which generate energies transformable also in creative work embedded in and appreciated as art (Bauer & Reinke 2012). Anger, wrath, and rage are terms with different if in part overlapping semantics, which one does expect to be part of the range of, for instance, good acting. Indeed, one might argue that the stage is one of the few places where embodying and expressing such emotions is socially – and aesthetically – acceptable and even praiseworthy: They are viewed as masterful evocations of actual experiences, opening them up for inspection and reflection while, as William O. Beeman has observed (2007), affording audiences and performers alike an opportunity to experience emotions in a protected frame. Powerful emotions also figure in a great deal of fiction, starting most prominently with sacred, foundational texts. Humans are struck with the fear of gods not for naught (Lehmann 2012).4 Fiction and film also regale us with evocations of frustrated characters, individuals wallowing in their own sorrow and self-pity or lashing out at no one in particular. One of the most potent vehicles for fictional emotional excess of both exuberant and, even more pronounced, negative emotions is the comic: comic drawings, be they of Superman or Asterix, need not describe but simply show how someone explodes from anger, goes through the ceiling with pent-up fury, or is catapulted out of his shoes with the mobilizing forth of wrath. Onomatopoetic sounds rendered in capital letters may underline the visuals of rage, much as does another kind of typeface; coupled with a few strokes around a character’s eye and mouth, they evoke a droopy, displeased or obstreperous emotion. Perhaps particularly appealing for young audiences, comics split apart emotional aspects of an individual into additional figures. Marvel Comics’ placid physicist Bruce Banner, for instance, turns into the incredible Hulk, a green and humanoid superhero, all the stronger the angrier he gets.5 In everyday life, however, the emotional repertoire reaching from rage to frustration is not, generally, condoned, although there is plenty of awareness and even understanding of individually different temperaments and dispositions. A good deal of the work of enculturation today consists of mastering
愿意承认“愤怒带来好东西”的同时代人很少。奥地利作家彼得·汉德克(Peter Handke)被许多人认为是一个可怕的孩子，他觉得“愤怒更好”。Handke在没有详细说明的情况下，唤起了愤怒所包含的物理维度，它产生的能量也可以在嵌入和欣赏艺术的创造性工作中转化(Bauer & Reinke 2012)。愤怒(Anger)、愤怒(wrath)和狂怒(rage)是具有不同(部分重叠)语义的术语，例如，我们确实希望它们属于优秀表演的范围。的确，有人可能会说，舞台是少数几个体现和表达这种情感的地方之一，在社会上和美学上都是可以接受的，甚至是值得称赞的:它们被视为对实际经历的巧妙唤起，打开它们供检查和反思，同时，正如威廉·o·比曼(William O. Beeman)所观察到的(2007)，为观众和表演者提供了一个机会，在一个受保护的框架内体验情感。强烈的情感也出现在许多小说中，最突出的是神圣的基础文本。人类对神的恐惧不是无缘无故的(莱曼2012)小说和电影也让我们沉浸在沮丧的角色中，沉浸在自己的悲伤和自怜中，或者对任何人都没有特别的抨击。漫画是虚构的情感过剩的最有力的工具之一，既充满活力，也更加明显，消极的情绪:漫画画，无论是超人还是阿斯特里克斯，都不需要描述，只需要展示一个人如何从愤怒中爆发出来，带着压抑的愤怒穿过天花板，或者带着愤怒的情绪从鞋子里跳了出来。像另一种字体一样，用大写字母呈现的拟声词可能会强调愤怒的视觉效果;再加上角色眼睛和嘴巴周围的几笔，它们唤起了一种下垂、不高兴或吵闹的情绪。也许对年轻观众特别有吸引力的是，漫画将一个人的情感方面分解成额外的人物。例如，漫威漫画中平静的物理学家布鲁斯·班纳变成了令人难以置信的绿巨人，一个绿色的人形超级英雄，他越生气就越强壮然而，在日常生活中，从愤怒到沮丧的情绪通常是不被容忍的，尽管人们对个体不同的气质和性格有充分的认识甚至理解。今天，大量的文化适应工作包括掌握
{"title":"CULTURAL EXPRESSION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE UNDESIRABLE AND UNBEARABLE IN EVERYDAY LIFE","authors":"R. Bendix","doi":"10.16995/EE.1162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1162","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporaries willing to posit that “rage brings forth good stuff” are rare. Austrian author Peter Handke, considered an enfant terrible by many, finds “wrath even better.” Without spelling it out, Handke evokes the physical dimensions entailed in rage, which generate energies transformable also in creative work embedded in and appreciated as art (Bauer & Reinke 2012). Anger, wrath, and rage are terms with different if in part overlapping semantics, which one does expect to be part of the range of, for instance, good acting. Indeed, one might argue that the stage is one of the few places where embodying and expressing such emotions is socially – and aesthetically – acceptable and even praiseworthy: They are viewed as masterful evocations of actual experiences, opening them up for inspection and reflection while, as William O. Beeman has observed (2007), affording audiences and performers alike an opportunity to experience emotions in a protected frame. Powerful emotions also figure in a great deal of fiction, starting most prominently with sacred, foundational texts. Humans are struck with the fear of gods not for naught (Lehmann 2012).4 Fiction and film also regale us with evocations of frustrated characters, individuals wallowing in their own sorrow and self-pity or lashing out at no one in particular. One of the most potent vehicles for fictional emotional excess of both exuberant and, even more pronounced, negative emotions is the comic: comic drawings, be they of Superman or Asterix, need not describe but simply show how someone explodes from anger, goes through the ceiling with pent-up fury, or is catapulted out of his shoes with the mobilizing forth of wrath. Onomatopoetic sounds rendered in capital letters may underline the visuals of rage, much as does another kind of typeface; coupled with a few strokes around a character’s eye and mouth, they evoke a droopy, displeased or obstreperous emotion. Perhaps particularly appealing for young audiences, comics split apart emotional aspects of an individual into additional figures. Marvel Comics’ placid physicist Bruce Banner, for instance, turns into the incredible Hulk, a green and humanoid superhero, all the stronger the angrier he gets.5 In everyday life, however, the emotional repertoire reaching from rage to frustration is not, generally, condoned, although there is plenty of awareness and even understanding of individually different temperaments and dispositions. A good deal of the work of enculturation today consists of mastering","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67487958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is about hate as an outcast of current European politics. More precisely, it is about the uses of the term “hate” amongst European politicians, policy makers, NGOs and intergovernmental organizations as a mobilizing signifier in the ongoing work against a particular area of crime, namely crimes motivated by various forms of prejudice. The article builds on participant observation in anti-hate crime meetings and conferences in Denmark and at the European level as well as published speeches and policy documents. The current anti-hate crime mobilization is, as I will elaborate below, part of a much broader field of anti-discrimination, anti-racist and pro-human rights work in which a range of attitudes and practices is increasingly subsumed under the term “hate” and portrayed as a fundamental problem for a pluralist democracy (Jenness & Grattet 2001; Brown 2006; also Yanay 2013). In reading reports, campaigns and political statements about hate crimes, one may thus encounter statements such as the following:
{"title":"HATE AS A POLITICAL OUTCAST","authors":"B. Johansen","doi":"10.16995/ee.1169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1169","url":null,"abstract":"This article is about hate as an outcast of current European politics. More precisely, it is about the uses of the term “hate” amongst European politicians, policy makers, NGOs and intergovernmental organizations as a mobilizing signifier in the ongoing work against a particular area of crime, namely crimes motivated by various forms of prejudice. The article builds on participant observation in anti-hate crime meetings and conferences in Denmark and at the European level as well as published speeches and policy documents. The current anti-hate crime mobilization is, as I will elaborate below, part of a much broader field of anti-discrimination, anti-racist and pro-human rights work in which a range of attitudes and practices is increasingly subsumed under the term “hate” and portrayed as a fundamental problem for a pluralist democracy (Jenness & Grattet 2001; Brown 2006; also Yanay 2013). In reading reports, campaigns and political statements about hate crimes, one may thus encounter statements such as the following:","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A STORY TO TRANSFER TRAUMA","authors":"Sam Senji","doi":"10.16995/EE.1166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1166","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
thrown a newspaper parcel and tobacco to convicts when they were out in the exercise yard. This took place today in the morning at 9 o’clock. Three to four days ago he was also seen throwing food to bread-and-water prisoners. When Svendsen (the prison guard) talked to him today, he answered back “Shut up, and kiss my arse!” He repeated this several times in the presence of several convicts. Niels was presented with the information that was recorded about what had taken place, but he denied that it is correct and accused the prison guard of telling lies. It was decided that he would be punished with six days on bread and water combined with three days in a dark cell. (Chapter 29 § 2, pp. 8–9. Recited and signed)
{"title":"THE TOPOGRAPHIES OF AFFECT Prisons Perceived as Soundscapes","authors":"G. Swensen","doi":"10.16995/ee.1164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1164","url":null,"abstract":"thrown a newspaper parcel and tobacco to convicts when they were out in the exercise yard. This took place today in the morning at 9 o’clock. Three to four days ago he was also seen throwing food to bread-and-water prisoners. When Svendsen (the prison guard) talked to him today, he answered back “Shut up, and kiss my arse!” He repeated this several times in the presence of several convicts. Niels was presented with the information that was recorded about what had taken place, but he denied that it is correct and accused the prison guard of telling lies. It was decided that he would be punished with six days on bread and water combined with three days in a dark cell. (Chapter 29 § 2, pp. 8–9. Recited and signed)","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on drivers involved in various modes of personal transport in Ljubljana, Slovenia, and describes their interactions and conflicts, often resulting in verbal or nonverbal expressions of anger. Using various approaches, ranging from semi-structured interviews to “participant driving,” it describes in great detail a small part of traffic infrastructure, that is, a crossroads in the city centre, which is a daily meeting point for thousands of people and their vehicles. Through an analysis of driving habits and reflections on daily language and media, the article sheds light on some key questions, which have, so far, only briefly been discussed by anthropologists: How do people habituate their driving? How do they comprehend vehicles as an indispensable part of their identity? And how do they express feelings and emotions on the road?
{"title":"CROSSROADS OF ANGER Tensions and Conflicts in Traffic","authors":"Dan Podjed, S. Babič","doi":"10.16995/EE.1163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1163","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on drivers involved in various modes of personal transport in Ljubljana, Slovenia, and describes their interactions and conflicts, often resulting in verbal or nonverbal expressions of anger. Using various approaches, ranging from semi-structured interviews to “participant driving,” it describes in great detail a small part of traffic infrastructure, that is, a crossroads in the city centre, which is a daily meeting point for thousands of people and their vehicles. Through an analysis of driving habits and reflections on daily language and media, the article sheds light on some key questions, which have, so far, only briefly been discussed by anthropologists: How do people habituate their driving? How do they comprehend vehicles as an indispensable part of their identity? And how do they express feelings and emotions on the road?","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67487982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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