{"title":"WHERE SILENCE TAKES US, IF WE LISTEN TO IT","authors":"Elo-Hanna Seljamaa, Pihla Maria Siim","doi":"10.16995/EE.1184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article examines how silence materialises and is performed in residential care homes for the elderly, and how these practices are intertwined with the cultural narrative of old age in Finnish society. The data consisting of ethnographic fieldwork in two care units shows that silence is involved in many aspects of the residents’ lives. Though these practices of silence do not mean the absence of the residents’ agency, here they both expose and construct stereotypical conceptions regarding old age and concretely narrows the experiences of old people. By considering the decor of care units and interactions, the researcher identifies silence as a central feature of doing old age. It is only partly produced by the elderly themselves, and it carries both negative and positive meanings.
{"title":"SILENCES, OLD AGE AND INSTITUTIONALISED CARE","authors":"K. Ojanen","doi":"10.16995/EE.1185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1185","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines how silence materialises and is performed in residential care homes for the elderly, and how these practices are intertwined with the cultural narrative of old age in Finnish society. The data consisting of ethnographic fieldwork in two care units shows that silence is involved in many aspects of the residents’ lives. Though these practices of silence do not mean the absence of the residents’ agency, here they both expose and construct stereotypical conceptions regarding old age and concretely narrows the experiences of old people. By considering the decor of care units and interactions, the researcher identifies silence as a central feature of doing old age. It is only partly produced by the elderly themselves, and it carries both negative and positive meanings.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Becoming an Evangelical Christian has much to do with mastering Evangelical rhetoric, but there are also non-verbal aspects that are substantial in constituting the Evangelical self. Focusing on a rural Evangelical community in the Komi Republic of Russia, this article discusses ways in which participation in distinctive Evangelical verbal practices can be challenging or even undesirable in a pro-Orthodox environment. By looking at how, when and what Evangelicals leave unsaid or convey by means of emotions and embodied practices, I analyse different silences that are created and employed by group members and also used as proselytising tools. I propose that the intertwining of emotional and embodied features of faith and the specific environment that is unwelcoming tonon-Orthodox believers produce a kind of Evangelical silence.
{"title":"EVANGELICAL SILENCE IN A KOMI VILLAGE","authors":"Piret Koosa","doi":"10.16995/ee.1188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1188","url":null,"abstract":"Becoming an Evangelical Christian has much to do with mastering Evangelical rhetoric, but there are also non-verbal aspects that are substantial in constituting the Evangelical self. Focusing on a rural Evangelical community in the Komi Republic of Russia, this article discusses ways in which participation in distinctive Evangelical verbal practices can be challenging or even undesirable in a pro-Orthodox environment. By looking at how, when and what Evangelicals leave unsaid or convey by means of emotions and embodied practices, I analyse different silences that are created and employed by group members and also used as proselytising tools. I propose that the intertwining of emotional and embodied features of faith and the specific environment that is unwelcoming tonon-Orthodox believers produce a kind of Evangelical silence.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67489181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork in the ethnically divided capital of Estonia, this article1 suggests that the tacit norm of reciprocity and neighbourliness in Tallinn is to silence rather than amplify ethnicity. Silencing ethnicity is a continuous, context-dependent interactional process that includes linguistic strategies, as well as spatial orderings. The article discusses how residents of Tallinn negotiate and sustain distinctions between “Estonian” and “Russian” spheres by replicating particular trajectories and ways of doing things on a day-to-day basis. The ensuing separateness of Estonians and Russian-speakers is part of the local culture more than an expression of antagonism, though the two are not mutually exclusive. The article also reflects on the (im)possibilities of studying ethnic interactions at home.
{"title":"SILENCING AND AMPLIFYING ETHNICITY IN ESTONIA An Ethnographic Account from Tallinn","authors":"Elo-Hanna Seljamaa","doi":"10.16995/EE.1186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1186","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork in the ethnically divided capital of Estonia, this article1 suggests that the tacit norm of reciprocity and neighbourliness in Tallinn is to silence rather than amplify ethnicity. Silencing ethnicity is a continuous, context-dependent interactional process that includes linguistic strategies, as well as spatial orderings. The article discusses how residents of Tallinn negotiate and sustain distinctions between “Estonian” and “Russian” spheres by replicating particular trajectories and ways of doing things on a day-to-day basis. The ensuing separateness of Estonians and Russian-speakers is part of the local culture more than an expression of antagonism, though the two are not mutually exclusive. The article also reflects on the (im)possibilities of studying ethnic interactions at home.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The community of Istanbul-based Orthodox Bulgarians traces its origins as far back as the end of the eighteenth century. With the passage of time, it has decreased in number and changed its composition, but its members preser ved a strong feeling of Bulgarian ethnic belonging. The article discusses the transformations of their ethnicity in a challenging historical context. How is ethnicity sustained at the margins of two nation states? How did the restrictive politics of the Turkish Republic towards non-Muslim minorities affect the Bulgarian Orthodox community in Istanbul? W hat is the role of religion and material heritage in the identity formation of the community at focus? These and related questions are discussed in the article.
{"title":"MEMORY, HERITAGE AND ETHNICITY Constructing Identity among the Istanbul-based Orthodox Bulgarians","authors":"Magdalena Elchinova","doi":"10.16995/ee.1180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1180","url":null,"abstract":"The community of Istanbul-based Orthodox Bulgarians traces its origins as far back as the end of the eighteenth century. With the passage of time, it has decreased in number and changed its composition, but its members preser ved a strong feeling of Bulgarian ethnic belonging. The article discusses the transformations of their ethnicity in a challenging historical context. How is ethnicity sustained at the margins of two nation states? How did the restrictive politics of the Turkish Republic towards non-Muslim minorities affect the Bulgarian Orthodox community in Istanbul? W hat is the role of religion and material heritage in the identity formation of the community at focus? These and related questions are discussed in the article.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67489001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The choices we make: Marriage among Muslims in a Global Age","authors":"G. Schmidt","doi":"10.16995/EE.1179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1179","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Addis Ababa one can see dozens of Somali families waiting daily in front of the Embassy of Finland to be interviewed. The interview represents a means of entering Finland, since those waiting presumably have a so-called family re-unifier in Finland, a relative who has of ten already received a residence permit and sometimes even citizenship. This article examines the family reunification process of Somalis who travel from Ethiopia to Finland. Drawing on the experiences related by Finnish immigration officials, it focuses on the fact that they do not share the same definition of “family” as the Somali asylum applicants. Using extensive inter views and observations, this article aims to elucidate the complex cultural understandings involved in the Somalis’ process of immigration to Finland.
{"title":"THE CONCEPT OF “FAMILY” IN SOMALIS’ IMMIGRATION TO FINLAND Views from Immigration Officials and NGOs","authors":"Outi Fingerroos","doi":"10.16995/ee.1175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1175","url":null,"abstract":"In Addis Ababa one can see dozens of Somali families waiting daily in front of the Embassy of Finland to be interviewed. The interview represents a means of entering Finland, since those waiting presumably have a so-called family re-unifier in Finland, a relative who has of ten already received a residence permit and sometimes even citizenship. This article examines the family reunification process of Somalis who travel from Ethiopia to Finland. Drawing on the experiences related by Finnish immigration officials, it focuses on the fact that they do not share the same definition of “family” as the Somali asylum applicants. Using extensive inter views and observations, this article aims to elucidate the complex cultural understandings involved in the Somalis’ process of immigration to Finland.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67489041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses changing family structures in Morocco by examining four households within one family’s residential compound. Despite its location in a rural setting, this compound is not the main site of economic production for these domestic units, meaning that other principles operate in the distribution and use of land. To analyse households within this property allows us to capture how marriage strategies and women’s position inside the family change through generations. Taking into account both the tradition of the extended family organized along agnatic descent lines and recent changes, which have made conjugal households desirable, this paper explores whether the seemingly conflicting values associated with traditional extended households and current opportunities for personal social mobility can be harmoniously integrated by families.
{"title":"Changing family strategies in contemporary Morocco: women’s stories, persistent ideologies and matrimonial strategies","authors":"R. Carvalheira","doi":"10.16995/ee.1177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1177","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses changing family structures in Morocco by examining four households within one family’s residential compound. Despite its location in a rural setting, this compound is not the main site of economic production for these domestic units, meaning that other principles operate in the distribution and use of land. To analyse households within this property allows us to capture how marriage strategies and women’s position inside the family change through generations. Taking into account both the tradition of the extended family organized along agnatic descent lines and recent changes, which have made conjugal households desirable, this paper explores whether the seemingly conflicting values associated with traditional extended households and current opportunities for personal social mobility can be harmoniously integrated by families.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In January 2014, residents and activists in Hamburg protested against the declaration of a so-called danger zone (Gefahrengebiet). The police created the zone after violent attacks on police stations had taken place. Inside this danger zone, the police were authorized to search and restrict the mobility of pedestrians. The protest attracted a high level of media coverage due to its creativity. My article discusses a form of protest, which activists and residents invented during the ongoing protest called “Danger Zone – The Real Life Game.” By utilizing playful practices, as well as narratives, activists contested the measures of the police throughout the protest and also, therefore, its interpretation by the media and by the police. Furthermore, they managed to link online to offline practices.
{"title":"CONTESTING THE DANGER ZONE Creative Protest against Police Surveillance in the Post-Fordist City","authors":"Ove Sutter","doi":"10.16995/EE.1183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/EE.1183","url":null,"abstract":"In January 2014, residents and activists in Hamburg protested against the declaration of a so-called danger zone (Gefahrengebiet). The police created the zone after violent attacks on police stations had taken place. Inside this danger zone, the police were authorized to search and restrict the mobility of pedestrians. The protest attracted a high level of media coverage due to its creativity. My article discusses a form of protest, which activists and residents invented during the ongoing protest called “Danger Zone – The Real Life Game.” By utilizing playful practices, as well as narratives, activists contested the measures of the police throughout the protest and also, therefore, its interpretation by the media and by the police. Furthermore, they managed to link online to offline practices.","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Stark, Outi Fingerroos, Pia Karlsson Minganti
One of the most striking features of Muslim societies is the importance attached to the family. According to Islamic teachings (both in the holy Quran and the Sunnah of the prophet Muhammad), the family is a divinely inspired institution, with marriage at its core. Marriage is considered to be permanent, with specific roles and responsibilities assigned to each spouse. In recent decades, however, the Muslim in stitutions of family and marriage have experienced increasing pressure due to global mobility and com munication, structural changes to the economy, re vivalist movements within Islam, and other social developments. Muslim families who have migrated to the Middle East, Europe or the USA face the par ticular challenges of balancing between older tradi tions and the expectations in their new home soci eties (e.g., Al-Sharmani 2010 ; Horst 2006 ; Schmidt 2004 ; Stepien 2008), but Muslims on the African continent, for instance, are no less affected by late modern transformations in their own societies (Par kin & Nyamwaya 1987; Arthur 2012). Some fif teen million Muslims currently live in Europe, comprising between six and eight percent of the total population in European countries such as Belgium, France, and Germany. Yet the significance of the Muslim population in European public per ception is much greater than these numbers would imply. Recent demonstrations in a number of Eu ropean countries suggest a growing fear of Muslim asylum-seekers and the possible “Islamization” of Europe. Debates are waged regarding the integration of Muslims in Europe and to what extent there is a need to accommodate them socially and politically. Anti-Muslim sentiment is increasingly becoming a normalized part of European societies. For a broader perspective on these debates, it is important to take a closer look at a core institution of Muslim society, not only in Europe, but also through the global in terconnections many Muslim families share with each other across national boundaries. This special issue of Ethnologia Europaea presents five case stud ies on Muslim families, conjugality, kinship ties and networks. It brings together researchers trained in folk lore and European ethnology, of which several are from the European North yet working across disciplines and in ethnographic fields spanning the globe. Employing ethnographic inter view methods, which take seriously people’s responses, but which also adopt a critical stance toward the different re gimes of knowledge and power constructing them, the articles in this volume focus on family members’ goals, their rationales for these goals, and the strat egies used to achieve them. Each of the articles in this volume presents a case study in which Muslim families have been affected by social transforma tions, whether migration, militar y conflict, shif ting trends in employment, or the rise of communication technologies. In the face of these new challenges, families strive to be successful, enha
穆斯林社会最显著的特征之一是重视家庭。根据伊斯兰教义(包括神圣的《古兰经》和先知穆罕默德的圣训)，家庭是一个神圣的机构，婚姻是其核心。婚姻被认为是永久的，每个配偶都有特定的角色和责任。然而，近几十年来，由于全球流动和交流、经济结构变化、伊斯兰教内部的复兴运动和其他社会发展，穆斯林的家庭和婚姻制度承受着越来越大的压力。移民到中东、欧洲或美国的穆斯林家庭面临着平衡旧传统和新家园社会期望的特别挑战(例如，Al-Sharmani 2010;霍斯特2006;施密特2004;Stepien 2008)，但非洲大陆上的穆斯林，例如，同样受到他们自己社会的近代晚期变革的影响(Par - kin & Nyamwaya 1987;亚瑟2012)。目前大约有1500万穆斯林生活在欧洲，占比利时、法国和德国等欧洲国家总人口的6%到8%。然而，穆斯林人口在欧洲公众观念中的重要性远比这些数字所暗示的要大。最近在一些欧盟国家发生的示威活动表明，人们对穆斯林寻求庇护者和欧洲可能的“伊斯兰化”越来越担心。关于穆斯林在欧洲的融合以及在多大程度上需要在社会和政治上容纳他们的争论正在进行。反穆斯林情绪正日益成为欧洲社会常态化的一部分。为了对这些争论有一个更广泛的看法，重要的是要仔细研究穆斯林社会的核心制度，不仅在欧洲，而且通过许多穆斯林家庭跨越国界彼此分享的全球联系。本期《欧洲民族学》特刊介绍了五个关于穆斯林家庭、夫妻关系、亲属关系和网络的案例研究。它汇集了在民间传说和欧洲民族学方面受过训练的研究人员，其中一些来自欧洲北部，但在跨学科和跨越全球的民族志领域工作。采用民族志访谈方法，认真对待人们的反应，但也采取了对不同的知识和权力体制的批判立场，在本卷的文章集中在家庭成员的目标，他们的理由，这些目标，以及用于实现它们的策略。本卷中的每篇文章都介绍了一个案例研究，其中穆斯林家庭受到社会变革的影响，无论是移民，军事冲突，就业趋势的变化，还是通信技术的兴起。面对这些新的挑战，家庭努力取得成功，加强内部合作，不辜负文化和宗教
{"title":"Muslim Intimaties : Challenges for Individuals and Families in Global Contexts","authors":"Laura Stark, Outi Fingerroos, Pia Karlsson Minganti","doi":"10.16995/ee.1173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1173","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most striking features of Muslim societies is the importance attached to the family. According to Islamic teachings (both in the holy Quran and the Sunnah of the prophet Muhammad), the family is a divinely inspired institution, with marriage at its core. Marriage is considered to be permanent, with specific roles and responsibilities assigned to each spouse. In recent decades, however, the Muslim in stitutions of family and marriage have experienced increasing pressure due to global mobility and com munication, structural changes to the economy, re vivalist movements within Islam, and other social developments. Muslim families who have migrated to the Middle East, Europe or the USA face the par ticular challenges of balancing between older tradi tions and the expectations in their new home soci eties (e.g., Al-Sharmani 2010 ; Horst 2006 ; Schmidt 2004 ; Stepien 2008), but Muslims on the African continent, for instance, are no less affected by late modern transformations in their own societies (Par kin & Nyamwaya 1987; Arthur 2012). Some fif teen million Muslims currently live in Europe, comprising between six and eight percent of the total population in European countries such as Belgium, France, and Germany. Yet the significance of the Muslim population in European public per ception is much greater than these numbers would imply. Recent demonstrations in a number of Eu ropean countries suggest a growing fear of Muslim asylum-seekers and the possible “Islamization” of Europe. Debates are waged regarding the integration of Muslims in Europe and to what extent there is a need to accommodate them socially and politically. Anti-Muslim sentiment is increasingly becoming a normalized part of European societies. For a broader perspective on these debates, it is important to take a closer look at a core institution of Muslim society, not only in Europe, but also through the global in terconnections many Muslim families share with each other across national boundaries. This special issue of Ethnologia Europaea presents five case stud ies on Muslim families, conjugality, kinship ties and networks. It brings together researchers trained in folk lore and European ethnology, of which several are from the European North yet working across disciplines and in ethnographic fields spanning the globe. Employing ethnographic inter view methods, which take seriously people’s responses, but which also adopt a critical stance toward the different re gimes of knowledge and power constructing them, the articles in this volume focus on family members’ goals, their rationales for these goals, and the strat egies used to achieve them. Each of the articles in this volume presents a case study in which Muslim families have been affected by social transforma tions, whether migration, militar y conflict, shif ting trends in employment, or the rise of communication technologies. In the face of these new challenges, families strive to be successful, enha","PeriodicalId":34928,"journal":{"name":"Ethnologia Europaea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67488333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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