Pub Date : 2018-12-10DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017937
Michael Howlett, Richa Shivakoti
Distinguishing between international regime features and national implementation problems affecting policy effectiveness in many areas of international policy-making is an area of increasing concern to practitioners and academics alike. While many observers have traced problems with existing global governance architectures to deal with contemporary problems to the lack of appropriate treaties at the international level, recent work on regime fragmentation and the interplay between regimes suggests that a lack of a central and integrated international regime may be overcome through improved multi-level governance efforts. Much can be learned in this area from sectoral experiences in areas such as water and forestry as well as non-resource areas such as migration where such strong regimes have failed to develop.
{"title":"Improving international policy-making in the absence of treaty regimes: the international forestry, migration and water policy cases","authors":"Michael Howlett, Richa Shivakoti","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017937","url":null,"abstract":"Distinguishing between international regime features and national implementation problems affecting policy effectiveness in many areas of international policy-making is an area of increasing concern to practitioners and academics alike. While many observers have traced problems with existing global governance architectures to deal with contemporary problems to the lack of appropriate treaties at the international level, recent work on regime fragmentation and the interplay between regimes suggests that a lack of a central and integrated international regime may be overcome through improved multi-level governance efforts. Much can be learned in this area from sectoral experiences in areas such as water and forestry as well as non-resource areas such as migration where such strong regimes have failed to develop.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"303-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41572534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-10DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017939
V. Tandrayen‐Ragoobur, H. Kasseeah
The social protection system is well-anchored in the Mauritian economy and is characterised by a generous welfare state. However, there is still a rising need for informal social protection, which are provided through community, religious institutions and non-governmental organisations. The aim of the paper is to analyse the role of non-governmental organisations and religious groups in providing social aid to vulnerable groups in Mauritius. We first undertake focus group discussions with eight cultural and religious institutions and second we use data from a survey carried out with 30 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to analyse the different social security schemes provided. Our results show that informal social protection is very much present in the Mauritian society and while religious groups in general are more inclined to aid the socially excluded population pertaining to their respective religious belief or community group, while non-governmental organisations tend to help the vulnerable groups in general.
{"title":"Informal social protection: a case study of a small island economy","authors":"V. Tandrayen‐Ragoobur, H. Kasseeah","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017939","url":null,"abstract":"The social protection system is well-anchored in the Mauritian economy and is characterised by a generous welfare state. However, there is still a rising need for informal social protection, which are provided through community, religious institutions and non-governmental organisations. The aim of the paper is to analyse the role of non-governmental organisations and religious groups in providing social aid to vulnerable groups in Mauritius. We first undertake focus group discussions with eight cultural and religious institutions and second we use data from a survey carried out with 30 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to analyse the different social security schemes provided. Our results show that informal social protection is very much present in the Mauritian society and while religious groups in general are more inclined to aid the socially excluded population pertaining to their respective religious belief or community group, while non-governmental organisations tend to help the vulnerable groups in general.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"391-407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41348818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-10DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017929
R. Yadav, Winai Wongsurawat
This paper provides a chronicle of a major disaster in the Indian microfinance sector, the Andhra Pradesh crisis of 2010, and attempts to derive some important lessons. The key research question is: What were the underlying vulnerabilities prior to the crisis and how did regulation help moderate these weaknesses? Following a case study approach, events before, during and after the crisis are recounted. Industry data coupled with practitioner insight were used to clarify the causes of the crisis and the key regulatory actions taken to help get the microfinance industry back on its feet. A lack of regulatory oversight and political opportunism lead to the tragic events in Andhra Pradesh. Subsequent regulations introduced by the Reserve Bank of India, including caps on the size and number of loans to an individual, and restrictions on loan use resulted in greater outreach by the lenders and better portfolio performances. The successful reforms implemented by the Indian regulators may serve as an example for other countries interested in using microfinance to combat poverty.
{"title":"How regulation revived micro-lending after the Andhra Pradesh crisis","authors":"R. Yadav, Winai Wongsurawat","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.10017929","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a chronicle of a major disaster in the Indian microfinance sector, the Andhra Pradesh crisis of 2010, and attempts to derive some important lessons. The key research question is: What were the underlying vulnerabilities prior to the crisis and how did regulation help moderate these weaknesses? Following a case study approach, events before, during and after the crisis are recounted. Industry data coupled with practitioner insight were used to clarify the causes of the crisis and the key regulatory actions taken to help get the microfinance industry back on its feet. A lack of regulatory oversight and political opportunism lead to the tragic events in Andhra Pradesh. Subsequent regulations introduced by the Reserve Bank of India, including caps on the size and number of loans to an individual, and restrictions on loan use resulted in greater outreach by the lenders and better portfolio performances. The successful reforms implemented by the Indian regulators may serve as an example for other countries interested in using microfinance to combat poverty.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49502915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-10DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.096665
Rauno Rusko
This article studies the roots and features of smart specialisation in keeping with the perspectives of brand slogan management. By using the smart specialisation concept in its documents, plans, and regional fieldwork, the European Union (EU) is attempting to be perceived as a growth-efficient organisation. This analysis illustrated that smart specialisation is not reserved for the use of the EU only. Rather, the organisation for economic cooperation and development, World Bank, and international monetary fund have also, albeit to a lesser degree, used the same concept, thereby demonstrating the power of smart specialisation as a slogan. Smart specialisation seems to be the slogan at the EU level; however, several regions in the EU have followed the principles of the smart specialisation process and have transformed the slogan into more powerful regional brands. Although it is possible to interpret smart specialisation as a slogan, it is also a process in which the EU is the rule maker and gatekeeper for funding innovations and investments in the region.
{"title":"The European Union's smart specialisation launch and brand slogan management","authors":"Rauno Rusko","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.096665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.096665","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the roots and features of smart specialisation in keeping with the perspectives of brand slogan management. By using the smart specialisation concept in its documents, plans, and regional fieldwork, the European Union (EU) is attempting to be perceived as a growth-efficient organisation. This analysis illustrated that smart specialisation is not reserved for the use of the EU only. Rather, the organisation for economic cooperation and development, World Bank, and international monetary fund have also, albeit to a lesser degree, used the same concept, thereby demonstrating the power of smart specialisation as a slogan. Smart specialisation seems to be the slogan at the EU level; however, several regions in the EU have followed the principles of the smart specialisation process and have transformed the slogan into more powerful regional brands. Although it is possible to interpret smart specialisation as a slogan, it is also a process in which the EU is the rule maker and gatekeeper for funding innovations and investments in the region.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"320-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJPP.2018.096665","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47837019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.091946
Mohsen Bahmani‐Oskooee, Hanafiah Harvey
There are a few methods that could be used to assess the impact of exchange rate changes on the trade balance of a country. One of them is to analyse the effects of exchange rate changes on a country's inpayments and outpayments at the bilateral level. One study that did this between Singapore and her 13 largest partners did not find any significant effects of exchange rate changes on Singapore's inpayments from and outpayments to Malaysia, the largest trading partner. Suspecting that such findings could suffer from aggregation bias, we disaggregate the trade flows between the two countries by commodity and investigate the sensitivity of the inpayments of 156 Singapore export industries which engage in 98% of exports to Malaysia, and the outpayments of 133 import industries which conduct 96.7% of imports from Malaysia. Application of the bounds testing approach to each and every industry's model revealed that most industries respond to exchange rate changes in the short run. In the long run, however, only the inpayments of 62 industries and outpayments of 52 industries are affected.
{"title":"How sensitive are Singapore’s inpayments and outpayments to exchange rate changes: Evidence from commodity trade with Malaysia","authors":"Mohsen Bahmani‐Oskooee, Hanafiah Harvey","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.091946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.091946","url":null,"abstract":"There are a few methods that could be used to assess the impact of exchange rate changes on the trade balance of a country. One of them is to analyse the effects of exchange rate changes on a country's inpayments and outpayments at the bilateral level. One study that did this between Singapore and her 13 largest partners did not find any significant effects of exchange rate changes on Singapore's inpayments from and outpayments to Malaysia, the largest trading partner. Suspecting that such findings could suffer from aggregation bias, we disaggregate the trade flows between the two countries by commodity and investigate the sensitivity of the inpayments of 156 Singapore export industries which engage in 98% of exports to Malaysia, and the outpayments of 133 import industries which conduct 96.7% of imports from Malaysia. Application of the bounds testing approach to each and every industry's model revealed that most industries respond to exchange rate changes in the short run. In the long run, however, only the inpayments of 62 industries and outpayments of 52 industries are affected.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"165-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJPP.2018.091946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43241035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013099
H. Duru, Erlan Bakiev
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between terrorism threat and police performance. Hierarchical multivariate linear modelling technique is used in this study. The units of analyses were provinces of Turkey (at level two) and years (at level one). The relationship between terrorism threat (operationalised as ideological incidents reported to the police) and police performance (operationalised as crime clearance rate) is assessed. Socio-economic development, population size, and the size of minority population are controlled. This paper concludes that there is a significant relationship between terrorism threat and police performance within the provinces of Turkey. However, this relationship is contextualised by the size of the minority population within the provinces. More specifically, as the size of the minority population increases, the negative effect of terrorism threat on police performance strengthens. Police performance is operationalised as crime clearance rates. Moreover, only the more serious crimes are included in the calculation of crime clearance rates. Other operationalisations of police performance might yield different results. The level of terrorism threat needs to be considered while assessing police performance.
{"title":"Examining terrorism threat and police performance","authors":"H. Duru, Erlan Bakiev","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013099","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between terrorism threat and police performance. Hierarchical multivariate linear modelling technique is used in this study. The units of analyses were provinces of Turkey (at level two) and years (at level one). The relationship between terrorism threat (operationalised as ideological incidents reported to the police) and police performance (operationalised as crime clearance rate) is assessed. Socio-economic development, population size, and the size of minority population are controlled. This paper concludes that there is a significant relationship between terrorism threat and police performance within the provinces of Turkey. However, this relationship is contextualised by the size of the minority population within the provinces. More specifically, as the size of the minority population increases, the negative effect of terrorism threat on police performance strengthens. Police performance is operationalised as crime clearance rates. Moreover, only the more serious crimes are included in the calculation of crime clearance rates. Other operationalisations of police performance might yield different results. The level of terrorism threat needs to be considered while assessing police performance.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"258-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46837811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013098
D. Lavee, Yehudith Kahn, Yoav Fisher
A social impact bond (SIB) is an innovative financial tool designed to resolve the lack of efficiency of public financing of social services and create additional sources of funding for various social projects. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of SIBs for the encouragement of ultra-orthodox employment and evaluate their economic return to the Israeli Government. First, the expected impacts of training ultra-Orthodox men for employment in the high-tech sector of the local labour market are evaluated. Second, economic profitability is measured as expected cost savings for the Israeli Government.
{"title":"Benefits of social impact bonds in reducing unemployment levels among ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel","authors":"D. Lavee, Yehudith Kahn, Yoav Fisher","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013098","url":null,"abstract":"A social impact bond (SIB) is an innovative financial tool designed to resolve the lack of efficiency of public financing of social services and create additional sources of funding for various social projects. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of SIBs for the encouragement of ultra-orthodox employment and evaluate their economic return to the Israeli Government. First, the expected impacts of training ultra-Orthodox men for employment in the high-tech sector of the local labour market are evaluated. Second, economic profitability is measured as expected cost savings for the Israeli Government.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"235-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41520504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013093
Wouter Thierie, L. Moor
The purpose of this paper is to identify and to review the size-dependent features of public-private partnerships (PPP) which precedes the complex exercise of defining the characteristics of small-scale PPPs. Our paper covers deal size variability across countries, sectors and time; relationship between deal size and structuring and financing of PPPs with respect to maturity, payment mechanism, debt ratio and type of bank debt; and important issues of transaction costs.
{"title":"Size-dependent features of public-private partnerships: geographical and sectorial differences, deal size and structuring, and transaction costs","authors":"Wouter Thierie, L. Moor","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013093","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to identify and to review the size-dependent features of public-private partnerships (PPP) which precedes the complex exercise of defining the characteristics of small-scale PPPs. Our paper covers deal size variability across countries, sectors and time; relationship between deal size and structuring and financing of PPPs with respect to maturity, payment mechanism, debt ratio and type of bank debt; and important issues of transaction costs.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"206-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46418998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013097
Kishor Sharma, Wang Wei
The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature on emerging trends in Chinese exports, with a special focus on the role of foreign investment. The structure of Chinese exports has fundamentally changed in the last decade or so, largely due to the involvement of foreign firms in assembly of imported parts and components into final products for re-exports. This phenomenon has attracted several names, including vertical specialisation, outsourcing, intra-product specialisation, global production network and international production sharing. This type of trade now accounts for about one-third of total Chinese exports, which has significant welfare implications as well as implications for public policy, particular for industry assistance and skill upgrading in China..
{"title":"Foreign investment policy and changing patterns of Chinese exports: what are the implications?","authors":"Kishor Sharma, Wang Wei","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013097","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature on emerging trends in Chinese exports, with a special focus on the role of foreign investment. The structure of Chinese exports has fundamentally changed in the last decade or so, largely due to the involvement of foreign firms in assembly of imported parts and components into final products for re-exports. This phenomenon has attracted several names, including vertical specialisation, outsourcing, intra-product specialisation, global production network and international production sharing. This type of trade now accounts for about one-third of total Chinese exports, which has significant welfare implications as well as implications for public policy, particular for industry assistance and skill upgrading in China..","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"224-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46824565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013101
K. Hausken, Mthuli Ncube
To determine the optimal allocation of responsibilities in disease interventions, and in designing commitment mechanisms, the paper develops a five-period game comprising policy makers, the international community providing financial aid, and nature as expressed by the population. When the international community provides funds, the policy maker free rides by not funding additionally. We determine which factors impact how the policy maker allocates funding between disease prevention and treatment. If the policy maker provides funds substantially, the international community free rides by funding less. We quantify how more allocation of funds by the policy maker to disease prevention causes lower disease contraction probability and higher probability that a person remains sick or dies, and how the international community's funding impacts these two probabilities. We derive seven assertions from the properties of the model and test against empirical African data. The results show consistency between the theoretical model and empirical estimates.
{"title":"Policy makers, the international community and people living with HIV/AIDS: the need for new commitment mechanisms","authors":"K. Hausken, Mthuli Ncube","doi":"10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2018.10013101","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the optimal allocation of responsibilities in disease interventions, and in designing commitment mechanisms, the paper develops a five-period game comprising policy makers, the international community providing financial aid, and nature as expressed by the population. When the international community provides funds, the policy maker free rides by not funding additionally. We determine which factors impact how the policy maker allocates funding between disease prevention and treatment. If the policy maker provides funds substantially, the international community free rides by funding less. We quantify how more allocation of funds by the policy maker to disease prevention causes lower disease contraction probability and higher probability that a person remains sick or dies, and how the international community's funding impacts these two probabilities. We derive seven assertions from the properties of the model and test against empirical African data. The results show consistency between the theoretical model and empirical estimates.","PeriodicalId":35027,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Public Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"275-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46709714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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