Pub Date : 2016-09-14DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20160504.12
F. Doğru, O. Pamukçu, Ç. Pamukçu
Edge detection and edge enhancement techniques play a crucial role in interpreting potential field data. There have been various edge detection applications to magnetic data in order to determine the edges of subsurface structures in geophysics. The edge detection methods comprise analytic signal, total horizontal derivative, theta angle, tilt angle. In synthetic case, two prism model used and the edge detection filters were applied on synthetic data successfully. In field study, the magnetic anomaly of Sivas-Divrigi mining area was selected because of importance of this area in terms of high-grade iron ore reserves. The mentioned method was applied on field data and the location of iron ore was revealed. As a conclusion, tilt angle and theta map methods gave a good agreement for determination of the structure location in both synthetic and field studies. In addition, tilt angle of the vertical derivative was studied both in theoretical and field applications. It was seen that residual information could be obtained in case tilt angle was taken following the vertical derivation.
{"title":"Determination of Mine Location by Using Edge Detection Methods: A Case Study of Sivas-Divrigi","authors":"F. Doğru, O. Pamukçu, Ç. Pamukçu","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20160504.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20160504.12","url":null,"abstract":"Edge detection and edge enhancement techniques play a crucial role in interpreting potential field data. There have been various edge detection applications to magnetic data in order to determine the edges of subsurface structures in geophysics. The edge detection methods comprise analytic signal, total horizontal derivative, theta angle, tilt angle. In synthetic case, two prism model used and the edge detection filters were applied on synthetic data successfully. In field study, the magnetic anomaly of Sivas-Divrigi mining area was selected because of importance of this area in terms of high-grade iron ore reserves. The mentioned method was applied on field data and the location of iron ore was revealed. As a conclusion, tilt angle and theta map methods gave a good agreement for determination of the structure location in both synthetic and field studies. In addition, tilt angle of the vertical derivative was studied both in theoretical and field applications. It was seen that residual information could be obtained in case tilt angle was taken following the vertical derivation.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121133482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20160504.11
W. Hao, W. Yue, W. Yongqian
This study utilized the ground-based GPS water vapor monitoring network in the Chengdu Plain (102.9°–104.9°E, 30.1°–31.4°N), alongside radiosonde data and National Center for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, to conduct a comprehensive analysis of a heavy precipitation event in this region in 2008. Correlations were found between the GPS precipitable water vapor (GPS-PWV) variations, the actual precipitation in the region, and the physical mechanism for the GPS-PWV variations. The research results indicate that the variation trends in precipitable water vapor had a significant correlation with actual precipitation. The precipitable water vapor increased and decreased significantly before and after the precipitation event, respectively. The residence time of precipitable water vapor at high levels was correlated with the duration of actual precipitation to some extent. The maximum value of the precipitation intensity lagged behind the precipitable water vapor peak, which brought forward precipitation to a certain degree. A strong ascending motion of the air was linked to increases in PWV, and the intensity of the ascending motion was strongly correlated with GPS-PWV. Different atmospheric thermodynamic conditions also had a notable effect on GPS-PWV variations.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Analysis of a Heavy Precipitation Event in Chengdu Plain (China) Based on Ground-Based GPS","authors":"W. Hao, W. Yue, W. Yongqian","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20160504.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20160504.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study utilized the ground-based GPS water vapor monitoring network in the Chengdu Plain (102.9°–104.9°E, 30.1°–31.4°N), alongside radiosonde data and National Center for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, to conduct a comprehensive analysis of a heavy precipitation event in this region in 2008. Correlations were found between the GPS precipitable water vapor (GPS-PWV) variations, the actual precipitation in the region, and the physical mechanism for the GPS-PWV variations. The research results indicate that the variation trends in precipitable water vapor had a significant correlation with actual precipitation. The precipitable water vapor increased and decreased significantly before and after the precipitation event, respectively. The residence time of precipitable water vapor at high levels was correlated with the duration of actual precipitation to some extent. The maximum value of the precipitation intensity lagged behind the precipitable water vapor peak, which brought forward precipitation to a certain degree. A strong ascending motion of the air was linked to increases in PWV, and the intensity of the ascending motion was strongly correlated with GPS-PWV. Different atmospheric thermodynamic conditions also had a notable effect on GPS-PWV variations.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130669155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-23DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20160503.11
A. T. Sandjon, Armand Nzeukou
In this paper we analyzed the annual variations in the 25-70-day intraseasonal atmospheric oscillations in central Africa, for the period 1981-2010, using the Outgoing Longwave OLR data. We then extracted the amplitude time series of the dominant modes of intraseasonal variability in 25-70 days filtered OLR anomalies, using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis. The EOF analysis has shown that three dominant modes characterized the intraseasonal atmospheric oscillation in Central Africa. The amount of variance explained by these three retained EOFs are 19.3%, 13.6% and 11.8% respectively, and they exhibit higher spatial loading over Northern Congo, Southern Ethiopia, and Southwestern Tanzania, respectively. The analysis of Principal Components (PCs) time series showed that the amplitude and of the intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) exhibit large annual variations. In fact the highest values of ISO amplitude are generally observed during October-April season, and much weakened signal the rest of the year. The fraction of yearly Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) power, occurring within October-April season are 79.3%, 77.92%, 78.73% for EOF1, EOF2, and EOF3, respectively.
{"title":"On the Annual Variations in the Amplitude of 25-70-Day Intraseasonal Atmospheric Oscillations in Central Africa","authors":"A. T. Sandjon, Armand Nzeukou","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20160503.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20160503.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we analyzed the annual variations in the 25-70-day intraseasonal atmospheric oscillations in central Africa, for the period 1981-2010, using the Outgoing Longwave OLR data. We then extracted the amplitude time series of the dominant modes of intraseasonal variability in 25-70 days filtered OLR anomalies, using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis. The EOF analysis has shown that three dominant modes characterized the intraseasonal atmospheric oscillation in Central Africa. The amount of variance explained by these three retained EOFs are 19.3%, 13.6% and 11.8% respectively, and they exhibit higher spatial loading over Northern Congo, Southern Ethiopia, and Southwestern Tanzania, respectively. The analysis of Principal Components (PCs) time series showed that the amplitude and of the intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) exhibit large annual variations. In fact the highest values of ISO amplitude are generally observed during October-April season, and much weakened signal the rest of the year. The fraction of yearly Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) power, occurring within October-April season are 79.3%, 77.92%, 78.73% for EOF1, EOF2, and EOF3, respectively.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114886131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-04DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20160502.12
P. Aniah, Millar Katherine Kaunza-Nu-Dem, Bernard Awinbugri Abindaw, D. Millar
Africa is amongst the most susceptible regions to climate change and this situation is intensified by the interaction of ‘multiple stresses’ and the low adaptive capacity of smallholder households. Agricultural production and livelihood security in many African countries are severely weakened by climate change. The paper seeks to contribute to the growing empirical and policy discourse on climate change by examining smallholder households’ views and understanding of climate change. The research combined qualitative methods (FGD’s, historical timelines and interviews) with a quantitative method (survey) and analyzed the data using descriptive and inferential statistics such as percentages, trend analysis and bivariate correlations to investigate the relationships and differences of the variables. The results indicate that smallholder households believe that the rainfall pattern of the Bongo district is characterized by erratic rainfall, reduced rainfall, late onset, short duration and high temperature which have resulted in significant crop failure. The results further show that smallholder households associate climate change to bush burning, deforestation {hegemonic representation} whiles others associate climate change to breaking of taboos and the disrespect for the beliefs, spirits, gods (life forces) {polemic representation}. Over 95% of household believe climate change poses severe negative consequences for their farming activities and livelihoods {emancipated representation}. These perceptions by smallholder households were corroborated by rainfall and temperature records from the Ghana Meteorological Agency in the Bongo district. Livelihood diversification strategies, including off-farm income sources should be robustly pursued and more specific and targeted climate adaptation policies needs to be formulated by policy makers to reduce the vulnerabilities of smallholder households whose livelihoods depend largely on rain-fed agriculture.
{"title":"Characterizing and Explaining Smallholder Households' Views and Understanding of Climate Change in the Bongo District of Ghana","authors":"P. Aniah, Millar Katherine Kaunza-Nu-Dem, Bernard Awinbugri Abindaw, D. Millar","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20160502.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20160502.12","url":null,"abstract":"Africa is amongst the most susceptible regions to climate change and this situation is intensified by the interaction of ‘multiple stresses’ and the low adaptive capacity of smallholder households. Agricultural production and livelihood security in many African countries are severely weakened by climate change. The paper seeks to contribute to the growing empirical and policy discourse on climate change by examining smallholder households’ views and understanding of climate change. The research combined qualitative methods (FGD’s, historical timelines and interviews) with a quantitative method (survey) and analyzed the data using descriptive and inferential statistics such as percentages, trend analysis and bivariate correlations to investigate the relationships and differences of the variables. The results indicate that smallholder households believe that the rainfall pattern of the Bongo district is characterized by erratic rainfall, reduced rainfall, late onset, short duration and high temperature which have resulted in significant crop failure. The results further show that smallholder households associate climate change to bush burning, deforestation {hegemonic representation} whiles others associate climate change to breaking of taboos and the disrespect for the beliefs, spirits, gods (life forces) {polemic representation}. Over 95% of household believe climate change poses severe negative consequences for their farming activities and livelihoods {emancipated representation}. These perceptions by smallholder households were corroborated by rainfall and temperature records from the Ghana Meteorological Agency in the Bongo district. Livelihood diversification strategies, including off-farm income sources should be robustly pursued and more specific and targeted climate adaptation policies needs to be formulated by policy makers to reduce the vulnerabilities of smallholder households whose livelihoods depend largely on rain-fed agriculture.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132371494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-20DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20160502.11
B. Nurtaev
There is broad agreement that the energy from the Sun is very important to the Earth. Global atmospheric circulation is also strongly affected by the amount of solar radiation received at Earth. That amount changes based on the Earth’s albedo, that is how much radiation is reflected back from the Earth’s surface and clouds. The amount of radiation given off by the Sun is changing with solar activity like sunspots and total solar irradiance. A reconstruction of total solar irradiance since 1610 to the present estimated by various authors an increase in the total solar irradiance since the Maunder Minimum of about 1.3 W/m2. This is a huge amount of energy, taking into account the Earth’s total land mass - 510.072 million sq kms. During this period, an increase in temperature in the Northern Hemisphere was observed. This paper examines air temperature variation and an associated phenomenon of its relationships to solar activity indices. The purpose of this study is to identify contribution of the Sun on climate variability in two mountainous regions of the Earth: the Alps and the Tibetan Plateau. Methodology applied in this study is based on calibration of the smoothed International Sunspot Number (SSN) and air temperature for the same solar cycles over a period of many years.
{"title":"Helioclimatology of the Alps and the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"B. Nurtaev","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20160502.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20160502.11","url":null,"abstract":"There is broad agreement that the energy from the Sun is very important to the Earth. Global atmospheric circulation is also strongly affected by the amount of solar radiation received at Earth. That amount changes based on the Earth’s albedo, that is how much radiation is reflected back from the Earth’s surface and clouds. The amount of radiation given off by the Sun is changing with solar activity like sunspots and total solar irradiance. A reconstruction of total solar irradiance since 1610 to the present estimated by various authors an increase in the total solar irradiance since the Maunder Minimum of about 1.3 W/m2. This is a huge amount of energy, taking into account the Earth’s total land mass - 510.072 million sq kms. During this period, an increase in temperature in the Northern Hemisphere was observed. This paper examines air temperature variation and an associated phenomenon of its relationships to solar activity indices. The purpose of this study is to identify contribution of the Sun on climate variability in two mountainous regions of the Earth: the Alps and the Tibetan Plateau. Methodology applied in this study is based on calibration of the smoothed International Sunspot Number (SSN) and air temperature for the same solar cycles over a period of many years.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114572730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-14DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20160501.12
K. Das, K. Das
The Indian Sundarban with a shore length of 130 km is topographically a low lying flat alluvial plain, dissected by a large number of tidal rivers, estuaries and creeks. The reclamation activity in the islands of Sundarbans for resource generation and resource consumption was accentuated in the latter half of the 19th century replacing mangroves by the Colonial Government of India. The premature reclamation was done by raising embankments all along the river banks which has reduced the spill areas of rivers leading to in channel siltation. Thus the tidal floodplain, devoid of silt is always at a lower level than the water level of the rivers. Moreover the creeks of Sundarban are severed from their freshwater upland sources and record increase in salinity. Comparison of data of 1984 and that of 2001 shows drastic increase in the salinity of the outer estuary (26 ppt to 36.2 ppt) and that of mid estuary from 20 ppt to 26 ppt for summer of the eastern sector. (Chand et al, R. K Trivedi, S. K. Dubey and M. M. Beg, 2012) Ref [4]. The study area comprising of places Hogolduri, Kalahazra, Katrakhali, Bagulakhali, Chunakhali, Parbatipur, Masjidbati of Basanti block and Sambhunagar of Gosaba block of West Bengal, India are highly vulnerable to hazards and disasters like tropical cyclones, embankment breaching and subsequent salt water incursion. This has led to occupational shift as agricultural lands are transformed to aquaculture farms. This paper takes into account this budding problem over the years and studies the livelihood pattern of the study area. Survey Of India toposheets of 1969 (79 B/12, 79 B/15 and 79 B/16) followed by satellite images (LANDSAT 4, 5 and LANDSAT 7, Path – 138, Row – 45, from USGS Earth Explorer) and Google Earth imageries have been used. Questionnaire surveys have also been conducted. It has been found that the area of aquaculture farms have been increasing at the cost of agricultural lands. Since the transformation of agricultural lands to aquaculture farms is permanent and the people need to adapt to this transformation, it is highly recommended to run the aquaculture farms on a co – operative basis so that the profits will be distributed among the stakeholders according to their share of land.
印度的孙德尔本海岸长130公里，在地形上是一个低洼平坦的冲积平原，被大量的潮汐河流、河口和小溪所分割。19世纪下半叶，为生产资源和消耗资源而在孙德尔本斯群岛进行的填海活动得到加强，印度殖民政府取代了红树林。过早填海是通过提高河岸的堤防来完成的，这减少了导致河道淤积的河流溢出区域。因此，没有淤泥的潮滩总是处于低于河流水位的位置。此外，孙德尔本的小溪与淡水高地水源断绝了联系，盐度也有所增加。1984年夏季与2001年夏季的盐度对比表明，东段夏季河口外盐度从26 ppt增加到36.2 ppt，河口中盐度从20 ppt增加到26 ppt。(Chand et, R. K Trivedi, S. K. Dubey and M. M. Beg, 2012)[4]。研究区域包括印度西孟加拉邦的Hogolduri、Kalahazra、Katrakhali、Bagulakhali、Chunakhali、Parbatipur、Basanti区块的Masjidbati和Gosaba区块的Sambhunagar等地，极易受到热带气旋、堤防破裂和随后的海水入侵等灾害和灾害的影响。这导致了职业的转变，因为农业用地被转变为水产养殖场。本文针对这一初露苗头的问题，对研究区生计模式进行了研究。使用了1969年印度地形调查图(79 B/ 12,79 B/15和79 B/16)，随后使用了卫星图像(LANDSAT 4、5和LANDSAT 7, Path - 138, Row - 45，来自USGS地球探测器)和Google Earth图像。还进行了问卷调查。人们发现，水产养殖场的面积一直在增加，代价是农业用地的减少。由于农用地向养殖场的转变是永久性的，人们需要适应这种转变，因此强烈建议以合作的方式经营养殖场，以便利益相关者根据其土地份额分配利润。
{"title":"Livelihood Dynamics as a Response to Natural Hazards: A Case Study of Selected Places of Basanti and Gosaba Blocks, West Bengal","authors":"K. Das, K. Das","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20160501.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20160501.12","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Sundarban with a shore length of 130 km is topographically a low lying flat alluvial plain, dissected by a large number of tidal rivers, estuaries and creeks. The reclamation activity in the islands of Sundarbans for resource generation and resource consumption was accentuated in the latter half of the 19th century replacing mangroves by the Colonial Government of India. The premature reclamation was done by raising embankments all along the river banks which has reduced the spill areas of rivers leading to in channel siltation. Thus the tidal floodplain, devoid of silt is always at a lower level than the water level of the rivers. Moreover the creeks of Sundarban are severed from their freshwater upland sources and record increase in salinity. Comparison of data of 1984 and that of 2001 shows drastic increase in the salinity of the outer estuary (26 ppt to 36.2 ppt) and that of mid estuary from 20 ppt to 26 ppt for summer of the eastern sector. (Chand et al, R. K Trivedi, S. K. Dubey and M. M. Beg, 2012) Ref [4]. The study area comprising of places Hogolduri, Kalahazra, Katrakhali, Bagulakhali, Chunakhali, Parbatipur, Masjidbati of Basanti block and Sambhunagar of Gosaba block of West Bengal, India are highly vulnerable to hazards and disasters like tropical cyclones, embankment breaching and subsequent salt water incursion. This has led to occupational shift as agricultural lands are transformed to aquaculture farms. This paper takes into account this budding problem over the years and studies the livelihood pattern of the study area. Survey Of India toposheets of 1969 (79 B/12, 79 B/15 and 79 B/16) followed by satellite images (LANDSAT 4, 5 and LANDSAT 7, Path – 138, Row – 45, from USGS Earth Explorer) and Google Earth imageries have been used. Questionnaire surveys have also been conducted. It has been found that the area of aquaculture farms have been increasing at the cost of agricultural lands. Since the transformation of agricultural lands to aquaculture farms is permanent and the people need to adapt to this transformation, it is highly recommended to run the aquaculture farms on a co – operative basis so that the profits will be distributed among the stakeholders according to their share of land.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122527461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-02DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20160501.11
Wang Tian-feng, Z. Qing-le, Lu Haifeng, Wang Qianqian, S. Changbin
In this paper, the authors proposed that there is a special type of thin lithosphere, with continental crust (about 35 km thick) and oceanic mantle (about 40 km thick) in eastern China. The characteristics of eastern China lithosphere is so special, it is different to most of continental lithosphere of globe. To detail research the characteristics and evolution of eastern Asian lithosphere is important, which will be helpful to develop the theory of global plate tectonics. This paper will expound the thickness change, tectonic characteristics and transformation period of lithosphere type, and to discuss its mechanism.
{"title":"Discussion on the Special Lithosphere Type in Eastern China","authors":"Wang Tian-feng, Z. Qing-le, Lu Haifeng, Wang Qianqian, S. Changbin","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20160501.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20160501.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the authors proposed that there is a special type of thin lithosphere, with continental crust (about 35 km thick) and oceanic mantle (about 40 km thick) in eastern China. The characteristics of eastern China lithosphere is so special, it is different to most of continental lithosphere of globe. To detail research the characteristics and evolution of eastern Asian lithosphere is important, which will be helpful to develop the theory of global plate tectonics. This paper will expound the thickness change, tectonic characteristics and transformation period of lithosphere type, and to discuss its mechanism.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129993938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-17DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.32
E. Kvavadze, K. Bilashvili
The database of palynological studies of marine, lagoon, alluvial and bog sediments of the Black Sea coastline on the territory of Georgia includes 26 profiles of Holocene sediments. Analysis and synthesis of pollen diagrams allowed us to make a stratigraphic subdivision of Holocene sediments and reveal climatic fluctuations for the last 10 000 years. The most informative pollen spectra were those of marine formations with no gaps in sediment accumulation. Three main stages of climate warming have been revealed, reaching a maximum in the periods 6000-5500 BP, 3800-2400 BP and 1350-600 BP. Rather significant warming is indicated for the Middle Ages (7th -11th cent. B. C.). In all these periods the Black Sea level on the Georgian coast was some metres higher than previously. During climatic optima new cultures appeared in the Georgian archaeological record. Early agriculture penetrates not only into the middle mountain belt, but also into higher areas.
{"title":"Identification of Anthropological Landscapes and Human Activity in Georgia in Correlation with Holocene Black Sea Level Fluctuations","authors":"E. Kvavadze, K. Bilashvili","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.32","url":null,"abstract":"The database of palynological studies of marine, lagoon, alluvial and bog sediments of the Black Sea coastline on the territory of Georgia includes 26 profiles of Holocene sediments. Analysis and synthesis of pollen diagrams allowed us to make a stratigraphic subdivision of Holocene sediments and reveal climatic fluctuations for the last 10 000 years. The most informative pollen spectra were those of marine formations with no gaps in sediment accumulation. Three main stages of climate warming have been revealed, reaching a maximum in the periods 6000-5500 BP, 3800-2400 BP and 1350-600 BP. Rather significant warming is indicated for the Middle Ages (7th -11th cent. B. C.). In all these periods the Black Sea level on the Georgian coast was some metres higher than previously. During climatic optima new cultures appeared in the Georgian archaeological record. Early agriculture penetrates not only into the middle mountain belt, but also into higher areas.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124336099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-07DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.31
D. Kereselidze, V. Trapaidze, G. Bregvadze, I. Megrelidze
Quantitative assessment and forecasting of one or another hydrological phenomenon is important for estimation of vulnerability of natural riverside. Mechanism of riverside destruction by water is considered in the represented work as random process, which is depended both on influence of flow speed and on riverside resistance. As the indicator of this process against such influence is taken riverside characteristic – vulnerability, for determination of which is used a well-known model of the theory of reliability, called “load-strength” model. Proceeding from this fact a result obtained via theoretical formalization in the form of represented formula is considered at this stage as approximation and time factor should be taken into account in the modeling process that will be a step forward in relation to current reality.
{"title":"Risk Analysis of the River Bank Washout and Flooding of the Areas","authors":"D. Kereselidze, V. Trapaidze, G. Bregvadze, I. Megrelidze","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.31","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative assessment and forecasting of one or another hydrological phenomenon is important for estimation of vulnerability of natural riverside. Mechanism of riverside destruction by water is considered in the represented work as random process, which is depended both on influence of flow speed and on riverside resistance. As the indicator of this process against such influence is taken riverside characteristic – vulnerability, for determination of which is used a well-known model of the theory of reliability, called “load-strength” model. Proceeding from this fact a result obtained via theoretical formalization in the form of represented formula is considered at this stage as approximation and time factor should be taken into account in the modeling process that will be a step forward in relation to current reality.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114805495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-29DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040401.13
R. Ghosh, D. Chakraborty, M. Halder, T. K. Baidya
Iron and manganese mineralization in the Joda-Noamundi sector is associated with Banded Iron Formation of the Archean Iron Ore Group of rocks (3.5-3.0 Ga).Both Mn and Fe mineralization is stratiform and stratabound. In the Noamundi basin the estimated reserve of Fe and Mn -ores are 3.3 Gt and 130 Mt respectively. The Fe and Mn-mineralization are also genetically related to each other. A detailed petrology, mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the ores show their evolution with respect to different tectonic phases. During the first phase of deformation and metamorphism Fe-protolith generated magnetite and Mn-protolth generated bixbyite, hausmannite, jacobsite and braunite. During second phase martitized magnetite and hematite in Fe-ore and hollandite, psilomelane and pyrolusite in Mn-ore were generated. During supergene events low temperature higher oxide minerals were generated from the metamorphic and hydrothermal Fe and Mn –ore minerals. The stratigraphic status of the Fe- and Mn- ores with respect to crustal evolution has been established
{"title":"Iron and Manganese Mineralization Associated with Archean Greenstone Belt in Joda-Noamundi Sector, Odisha, East Indian Shield","authors":"R. Ghosh, D. Chakraborty, M. Halder, T. K. Baidya","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040401.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040401.13","url":null,"abstract":"Iron and manganese mineralization in the Joda-Noamundi sector is associated with Banded Iron Formation of the Archean Iron Ore Group of rocks (3.5-3.0 Ga).Both Mn and Fe mineralization is stratiform and stratabound. In the Noamundi basin the estimated reserve of Fe and Mn -ores are 3.3 Gt and 130 Mt respectively. The Fe and Mn-mineralization are also genetically related to each other. A detailed petrology, mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the ores show their evolution with respect to different tectonic phases. During the first phase of deformation and metamorphism Fe-protolith generated magnetite and Mn-protolth generated bixbyite, hausmannite, jacobsite and braunite. During second phase martitized magnetite and hematite in Fe-ore and hollandite, psilomelane and pyrolusite in Mn-ore were generated. During supergene events low temperature higher oxide minerals were generated from the metamorphic and hydrothermal Fe and Mn –ore minerals. The stratigraphic status of the Fe- and Mn- ores with respect to crustal evolution has been established","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134103997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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