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Gold Mineralisation in Chigargunta Area of the Kolar Schist Belt, South India- A Part of the Archean Greenstone Belt 印度南部Kolar片岩带Chigargunta地区金矿化——太古宙绿岩带的一部分
Pub Date : 2015-07-29 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040401.14
D. Roy
Gold mineralisation is reported for the first time in ‘Champion gneiss’ (quartzo-feldspathic schist) a felsic unit,in the eastern sector of the Chigargunta area (Lat: 120 430300N, Long:780 150 000E) of the Kolar schist belt, South India, during 1979-80. Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss and hornblende schist are the predominant rock types of the area. These rocks are characterised by a strong pervasive foliation trending N50E –S50W to N200E - S200W with easterly dips of 70-85. In the northern part of the area the rocks are folded with the foliation which is axial planar. Lower to middle amphibolite facies metamorphism is widespread in the area. Gold mineralisation is localised along shear zones which are ductile to brittle in nature. These zones are parallel to subparallel to the trend of foliation in the host rock and are characterized by strong mylonitic fabric, profuse quartz venation and hydrothermal alteration. Pyrite and pyrrhotite are the dominant sulphides. Gold occurs in native form. This felsic hosted gold mineralisation termed as E-2 lode (for exploration purpose) is estimated to contain a reserve of 3.13 million tonnes averaging 4.7 g/t gold. Besides, this lode there are several loads ( E-1,E-3, etc) occur within mafic units as well as in felsic unit adjacent to E-2 lode with different reserves, within the schist belt. Epigenetic gold mineralisation shows a close temporal and spatial relationship to late Archean (2700-2500 m.y) crustal accretion, stabilisation and granulite formation in the South Indian Shield. The present work delineate, the nature of mineralization in felsic unitwithin the schist belt which was not considered as source rock of gold mineralization during the period and left untouched until the present work
1979- 1980年,在印度南部Kolar片岩带Chigargunta地区东部(北缘:120 430300N,长:780 150000e)的长英质单元“Champion片麻岩”(石英长石片岩)中首次报道了金矿化。石英长石片麻岩和角闪片岩是该区主要的岩石类型。这些岩石具有向N50E - s50w至N200E - S200W方向的强烈的普遍片理,偏东倾角为70-85。在该区北部,岩石褶皱形成轴向平面的叶理作用。下至中角闪岩相变质作用广泛存在。金矿化是沿剪切带局部化的,这些剪切带在性质上是延性到脆性的。这些带平行或次平行于寄主岩的片理走向,具有糜棱质组构强、石英脉理丰富和热液蚀变的特征。黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿是主要的硫化物。黄金以天然形式存在。这个长英质金矿化被称为E-2矿脉(用于勘探目的),估计储量为313万吨,平均4.7克/吨黄金。此外,该矿脉在片岩带内的基性单元和与E-2矿脉相邻的长英质单元中赋存不同储量的E-1、E-3等多个负荷。表成金矿化与南印度盾区晚太古代(2700-2500 m.y)地壳增生、稳定和麻粒岩形成具有密切的时空关系。本文圈定了片岩带内长英质单元的成矿性质,该单元在该时期未被认为是金矿化的烃源岩,直至本工作仍未被发现
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引用次数: 1
Assessment of Agri-Resource Potential of West Georgia and Landscape Zoning for Dissemination Actinidia 西乔治亚州农业资源潜力评价与猕猴桃传播景观区划
Pub Date : 2015-07-29 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.29
Seperteladze Zurab, D. Eter, Memarne Guram, Khalvashi Neli, G. George
The methodology has been developed and established in West Georgia for agro-resource potential spatial distribution regularities for ACTINIDIA (according to hypsometric levels and types of landscapes of Georgia). On the basis of a large amount of data processing and systematization, also different data scattered in various scientific-research organizations agri-resource potential of West Georgia were determined. For Multiple database creation and processing, based on GIS technology. Conducted large-scale landscape zoning
在西格鲁吉亚开发并建立了ACTINIDIA农业资源潜力空间分布规律的方法(根据格鲁吉亚的半对称水平和景观类型)。在对大量数据进行整理整理的基础上,确定了分散在各科研机构的不同数据——西乔治亚州农业资源潜力。基于GIS技术的多个数据库的创建和处理。进行大规模景观分区
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引用次数: 3
Archean Metallogeny and Crustal Evolution in the East Indian Shield 东印度盾太古代成矿作用与地壳演化
Pub Date : 2015-07-29 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040401.11
T. K. Baidya
East Indian Shield bears the evidences of Archean metallogenic and crustal evolution like the other major shield areas of the world. The primordial continental crust in the form of more silicic bodies were floating like metallurgical slags over the hotter and denser ultramafic-mafic lithosphere (UM-ML) before 3800 Ma. Earliest sediments, now represented by the Older Metamorphic Group (OMG) , were deposited in small basins the basement of which was made of UM-ML containing rafts of primitive silicic bodies. Possibly the earliest greenstone rocks (some banded iron formation, associated high-Mg basalts and ultramafics) formed in the OMG with deformation and metamorphism continued upto about 3500 Ma. Partial melting of the lower amphibolitic crust due to underplating and asthenospheric sagging formed the tonalitic magma around 3500 Ma (Older Metamorphic Tonalitic Gneiss or OMTG) and subsequently Singhbhum Granite Type-A (Phase-I and Phase-II) around 3300 Ma both of which intruded the folded and metamorphosed OMG rocks. The major event of greenstone belt formation took place during 3500-3200 Ma both in the eastern part and in the western part of the Singhbhum granitic craton. The general trend of these two greenstone belts is NNE-SSW and they were the repositories of the Iron Ore Group (IOG) sediments, volcanics and ultrmafic-mafic rocks. The IOG rocks formed prolific mineralization of Fe,Mn,Cr,Ti,Cu,Ni,Au and platinum group elements(PGE). Multiple phases of tectonism and partial melting of crustal materials ultimately led to the formation of Singhbhun Granite Type-B (Phase-III) around 3100 Ma which later intruded the folded and metamorphosed IOG rocks. From 3000 to 2500 Ma cratonization of the East Indian Shield formed the batholitic mass of Singhbhum granitic complex at the central part with the greenstone belts on either side. Around 2500 Ma the Singhbhum craton became tectonically active again with the formation of three mobile belts – Dalma in the north, Dhanjori-Simlipal in the east and Jagannathpur-Malangtoli in the west.The sediments and lavas of these mobile belts are the major resources of Proterozoic Fe, Ti, Au, U, P, Cu, Pb, Mo, W and Ni mineralization
东印度盾与世界上其他主要盾区一样,具有太古宙成矿和地壳演化的证据。在3800 Ma之前,原始大陆地壳以更多硅酸体的形式像冶金渣一样漂浮在温度更高、密度更大的超镁铁质岩石圈(UM-ML)上。最早的沉积,现在以老变质群(OMG)为代表,沉积在小型盆地中,其基底由UM-ML构成,其中含有原始硅酸体筏体。可能最早的绿岩(一些带状铁组,伴生的高镁玄武岩和超镁铁质)形成于OMG,变形变质作用持续到3500 Ma左右。下角闪质地壳的部分熔融作用和软流圈的下沉作用形成了3500 Ma左右的调性岩浆(老变质调性片麻岩或OMTG)和3300 Ma左右的Singhbhum花岗岩a型(一期和二期),它们侵入了褶皱变质的OMG岩。兴兴花岗岩克拉通东部和西部的绿岩带形成主要发生在3500 ~ 3200 Ma。这两条绿岩带总体走向为北北东—南南西,是铁矿群(IOG)沉积物、火山岩和超基性—基性岩的储藏库。IOG岩石形成了丰富的Fe、Mn、Cr、Ti、Cu、Ni、Au和铂族元素(PGE)矿化。经过多期构造作用和地壳物质的部分熔融作用,最终在3100 Ma左右形成了兴顺b型花岗岩(iii期),并侵入褶皱变质的IOG岩。3000 ~ 2500 Ma的东印度盾克拉通作用形成了中部的Singhbhum花岗岩杂岩岩浆岩块体,两侧为绿岩带。2500 Ma左右,Singhbhum克拉通再次变得构造活跃,形成了三个活动带——北部的Dalma,东部的Dhanjori-Simlipal和西部的Jagannathpur-Malangtoli。这些活动带的沉积物和熔岩是元古代Fe、Ti、Au、U、P、Cu、Pb、Mo、W和Ni矿化的主要资源
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引用次数: 11
Geomorphologic Features of Sataplia-Tskaltubo Limestone Massif 萨塔普利-茨卡尔图博灰岩地块地貌特征
Pub Date : 2015-07-29 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.30
Tsikarishvili Kukuri, Lezhava Zaza, Asanidze Lasha, Bolashvili Nana, C. Nino, C. Giorgi
One of the important factors of karsto- and speleogenezis of Sataplia-Tskaltubo limestone massif is a still poorly studied geomorphological peculiarity of the region. Karsto- and speleogenezis is conditioned by the geological structure and tectonics. In the working process we used the already approved fundamental and applied research methods, both traditional and modern method systems. We carried out the detailed geomorphologic and karst-speleological exploration of the research area, conducted a large-scale survey works, on the basis of which we compiled the geomorphologic schematic map of Tskaltubo limestone massif and singled out the relief’s genetic types
萨塔普里亚-茨卡尔图博灰岩地块的岩溶和洞穴形成的重要因素之一是该地区的地貌特征,但研究仍然很少。岩溶和洞穴形成受地质构造和构造的制约。在工作过程中,我们使用了已经批准的基础和应用研究方法,包括传统和现代方法体系。我们对研究区进行了详细的地貌和岩溶洞穴勘探,开展了大规模的调查工作,在此基础上编制了茨卡尔图博灰岩地块地貌简图,并对其成因类型进行了甄别
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引用次数: 4
Titaniferous Magnetite Deposits Associated with Archean Greenstone Belt in the East Indian Sheild 与东印度盾太古代绿岩带相关的含钛磁铁矿矿床
Pub Date : 2015-07-29 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040401.12
R. Mondal, T. K. Baidya
In the East Indian Shield, occurrence of titaniferous magnetite deposits associated with the Archean Greenstone belt occur in Kumhardubi, Betjharan and Nuasahi areas of Odisha and Dublabera area of Jharkhand. The ore bodies comprise lenses, veins, bands and patches within gabbroic rocks. Petrogenetic studies have revealed the primary and secondary mineral constituents of the ores such as titanomagnetite, ilmenite, hematite, spinel, cobaltite, goethite, martite, rutile and silicate gangue minerals. Various crystallographic intergrowths are resulted from exsolution & oxidation at different temperatures during cooling of the sub-solidus magma. Chemical analyses show that the ore contains 10.35 -17.68 wt.% TiO2, 0.148 – 0.227 wt.% V2O3 and 32.75 – 67.39 wt.% Fe2O3. Different geochemical composition diagrams confirm their tholeiitic origin. The formation of the massive ore bodies is referred to late magmatic crystallization from tholeiitic magma followed by Fe-Ti enriched residual liquid injection within the host rocks. Syn to late formation of the magnetite ores along with gabbro-anorthositic intrusive with respect to the Archean Greenstone Belt of East Indian Shield is suggested
在东印度盾区,与太古宙绿岩带相关的含钛磁铁矿产于奥里萨邦的Kumhardubi、Betjharan和Nuasahi地区以及贾坎德邦的Dublabera地区。矿体由辉长岩中的透镜体、脉体、带状和斑块组成。岩石成因研究揭示了矿石的原生和次生矿物组成,如钛磁铁矿、钛铁矿、赤铁矿、尖晶石、钴矿、针铁矿、马闪石、金红石和硅酸盐脉石矿物。亚固态岩浆在冷却过程中不同温度下的析出和氧化导致了不同的结晶共生。化学分析表明,该矿石含TiO2 10.35 ~ 17.68 wt.%, V2O3 0.148 ~ 0.227 wt.%, Fe2O3 32.75 ~ 67.39 wt.%。不同的地球化学成分图证实了它们的斑岩成因。块状矿体的形成是由拉斑岩浆晚期岩浆结晶,富Fe-Ti残液在寄主岩内注入所致。认为东印度盾太古宙绿岩带的磁铁矿与辉长-斜长岩侵入形成较晚
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引用次数: 7
Data Gap Analysis for the Sectoral Planning of Dedopistskato Municipality on Landscape Basis 基于景观的北京市部门规划数据差距分析
Pub Date : 2015-07-28 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.28
N. Sulkhanishvili
This electronic document is a "live" template. The various components of your paper (title, text, heads, etc.) are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. The abstract should be between 40 and 400 words.
这个电子文档是一个“实时”模板。论文的各个组成部分(标题、正文、标题等)已经在样式表中定义,如本文档中给出的部分所示。摘要应在40至400字之间。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of the Relief on the Territorial Distribution of the Precipitations on the Example of Samtskhe-Javakheti Region 地形起伏对降水地域分布的影响——以萨姆茨赫-贾瓦赫季地区为例
Pub Date : 2015-07-28 DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.27
L. Lagidze, V. Trapaidze, B. Kalandadze
The climatic conditions in Samtskhe-Javakheti region differ from those in other regions of Georgia. The major reason for the diversified climate in the region is the nature of the underlying surface and altitude above from the sea level (900-3,300 m), nature of the surface jointing, alteration of ridges and valleys, vegetation cover (forest, meadow, valley, water basins) causing unequal warming of the underlying surface and intensification of the circulation processes. The vegetation cover in the region is transformed intensely under the influence of the anthropogenic factors what drastically changes the climatic conditions. Atmospheric precipitations are one of the climate-forming factors having its influence on the climate and determining the degree of humidification. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitations on the territory of Samtskhe-Javakheti varies between 400 and 1400 mm. It is minimal on Javakheti Plateau and Akhaltsikhe basin. The amount of precipitations on Javakheti Plateau first decreases and then, increases gradually at higher altitudes. In the basin of the river Paravani, at 1,400 m asl, the amount of precipitations decreases by 6-17 mm on average after each 100 m altitude, while above 1400 m asl, increases first, slightly (by 4-20 mm) and then, significantly (by 44-76 mm after each 100 m). The maximum amount of precipitations fallen in the area in one month in the cold period of the year is 202 mm, and the least amount is 0.1 mm. The distribution of precipitation on the territory of Samtskhe-Javakheti changes depending on the altitude, and at lower elevations, the amount of liquid precipitations is 75%, 18% are hard precipitations and 8% are mixed ones, while in the high-mountainous zone, these indicators are 60 %, 31 % and 9%, respectively. A decisive role in the territorial distribution of precipitations is played by the relief forms. The region is bordered by high ridges from all its sides. The ridges transform the atmospheric circulation processes and hamper a free flow of air masses. Therefore, the air masses in the region are of a descending nature, with the amount of moisture reduced in it (the condensation is limited), and as a result, the amount of precipitations on the major territory of Samtskhe-Javakheti is little. A continental type of the annual distribution of precipitations dominates all over the territory of the given region
萨姆茨赫-贾瓦赫季地区的气候条件与格鲁吉亚其他地区不同。该地区气候多样性的主要原因是下垫面的性质和海拔高度(900- 3300 m)、地表节理的性质、山脊和山谷的变化、植被覆盖(森林、草甸、山谷、流域)造成下垫面的不均匀增温和环流过程的加剧。在人为因素的影响下,该地区的植被覆盖发生了强烈的变化,气候条件发生了巨大的变化。大气降水是气候形成因子之一,对气候有影响,并决定着加湿程度。Samtskhe-Javakheti地区的年大气降水量在400 - 1400毫米之间变化。在Javakheti高原和Akhaltsikhe盆地是最小的。Javakheti高原的降水量呈先减少后增加的趋势。在帕拉瓦尼河流域,在海拔1400 m处,每100 m后降水量平均减少6-17 mm,而在海拔1400 m以上,降水量先略有增加(4-20 mm),然后显著增加(每100 m后增加44-76 mm),该地区寒期单月降水量最大为202 mm,最小为0.1 mm。Samtskhe-Javakheti境内的降水分布随海拔的变化而变化,在低海拔地区,液体降水占75%,硬降水占18%,混合降水占8%,而在高山区,这些指标分别为60%,31%和9%。地形起伏对降水的地域分布起着决定性的作用。这个地区四面环山。这些脊改变了大气环流过程,阻碍了气团的自由流动。因此,该地区的气团具有下降性质,其中的水汽量减少(凝结有限),因此,Samtskhe-Javakheti主要地区的降水量很少。一种大陆型的降水年分布在给定区域的所有领土上占主导地位
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引用次数: 1
Synthesis Tetrathioarsenate as a Precipitant of Ammoniate Ions of Transitional Metals 过渡金属氨化物离子沉淀剂四硫代砷酸盐的合成
Pub Date : 2015-07-25 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.26
I. Didbaridze, M. Rusia, K. Rukhaia
Synthesized substances obtained by sodium tetrathioarsenate reaction with silver(I), cobalt (II), mickelous (II), copper (II), zincous, cadmium and mercury have been studied by IR- spectroscopy, X-ray analysis
用红外光谱和x射线分析研究了四硫代砷酸钠与银(I)、钴(II)、镍(II)、铜(II)、锌、镉和汞反应合成的物质
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis and Study of Tetrathioarsenates of d10-Metals d10金属四硫代砷酸盐的合成与研究
Pub Date : 2015-07-23 DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.25
I. Didbaridze, M. Rusia, K. Rukhaia
For the first time in hydrochemical conditions tetrathioarsenates of d10-metals by composition Ag3AsS4 and M3(AsS4)2•H2O, where M-Zn, Cd or Hg and X=(Zn) or 2(Cd, Hg), were synthesized. Their composition, constitution, reaction of dehydration and thermal shock resistance in 20-1000 interval were studied by means of thermal analysis, UR-spectroscopy, X-ray crystal determination and derivatographic research.
首次在水化学条件下合成了由Ag3AsS4和M3(AsS4)2•H2O组成的d10金属四硫代砷酸盐,其中M-Zn, Cd或Hg, X=(Zn)或2(Cd, Hg)。通过热分析、红外光谱、x射线晶体测定和衍生学研究,研究了其组成、组成、脱水反应和20-1000区间的抗热震性。
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引用次数: 0
Alexandre Javakhishvili - the Founder of Modern Geography in Georgia 亚历山大·贾瓦什维利——格鲁吉亚现代地理学的奠基人
Pub Date : 2015-07-23 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.24
Koba Kharadze
The article describes the contribution of Alexandre Javakhishvili to the geographic, cartographic and anthropologic development of Georgia. The scientific production created under his editorship and management is also described. The scientist contributed much to the study of history of the geographical development, where Vakhushti Bagrationi played a leading role. The article shows the scientist’s merit in the geographical and cartographic development.His studies developed the methodological issues of the different branches of geographical science (principles of geomorphological zoning, definition of the subject of regional geomorphology, classification of the types of relief and their relations to the geology and tectonic structure, etc.), identified the physical-geographical peculiarities of the territory of Georgia (thermal zones, types of precipitations, etc.) and developed zoning plans (geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, etc.), developed a series of thematic maps of Georgia in different scales (general geographic, geomorphological, climatic, etc.) and analyzed the anthropogenic types of different corners of Georgia and identified the Georgians as an individual anthropogenic type.
本文描述了亚历山大·贾瓦希什维利对格鲁吉亚地理学、地图学和人类学发展的贡献。并叙述了在他的编辑和管理下所创造的科学成果。这位科学家对地理发展史的研究做出了很大贡献,其中瓦库什蒂·巴格雷蒂尼发挥了主导作用。这篇文章显示了这位科学家在地理制图学发展中的功绩。他的研究发展了地理科学不同分支的方法论问题(地貌学分区原则、区域地貌学主题的定义、地形类型的分类及其与地质和构造结构的关系等),确定了格鲁吉亚领土的自然地理特点(热区、降水类型等),并制定了分区计划(地貌学、气候、水文等)。制作了一系列不同比例尺的格鲁吉亚专题地图(一般地理、地貌、气候等),分析了格鲁吉亚不同角落的人为类型,并将格鲁吉亚人确定为一个单独的人为类型。
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引用次数: 0
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