Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402375
Laure Abdallah, Jérôme Ermont, Jean-Luc Scharbarg, C. Fraboul
Current avionics architecture are based on an avionics full duplex switched Ethernet network (AFDX) that interconnects end systems. Avionics functions exchange data through Virtual Links (VLs), which are static flows with bounded bandwidth. The jitter for each VL at AFDX entrance has to be less than 500 ps. This constraint is met, thanks to end system scheduling. The interconnection of many-cores by an AFDX backbone is envisionned for future avionics architecture. The principle is to distribute avionics functions on these many-cores. Many-cores are based on simple cores interconnected by a Network-on-Chip (NoC). The allocation of functions on the available cores as well as the transmission of flows on the NoC has to be performed in such a way that the jitter for each VL at AFDX entrance is still less than 500 ps. A first solution has been proposed, where each function manages the transmission of its VLs. The idea of this solution is to distribute functions on each many-core in order to minimize contentions for VLs which concern functions allocated on different many-cores. In this paper, we consider that VL transmissions are managed by a single task in each many-core. We show on a preliminary case study that this solution significantly reduces VL jitter.
{"title":"Reducing AFDX jitter in a mixed NoC/AFDX architecture","authors":"Laure Abdallah, Jérôme Ermont, Jean-Luc Scharbarg, C. Fraboul","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402375","url":null,"abstract":"Current avionics architecture are based on an avionics full duplex switched Ethernet network (AFDX) that interconnects end systems. Avionics functions exchange data through Virtual Links (VLs), which are static flows with bounded bandwidth. The jitter for each VL at AFDX entrance has to be less than 500 ps. This constraint is met, thanks to end system scheduling. The interconnection of many-cores by an AFDX backbone is envisionned for future avionics architecture. The principle is to distribute avionics functions on these many-cores. Many-cores are based on simple cores interconnected by a Network-on-Chip (NoC). The allocation of functions on the available cores as well as the transmission of flows on the NoC has to be performed in such a way that the jitter for each VL at AFDX entrance is still less than 500 ps. A first solution has been proposed, where each function manages the transmission of its VLs. The idea of this solution is to distribute functions on each many-core in order to minimize contentions for VLs which concern functions allocated on different many-cores. In this paper, we consider that VL transmissions are managed by a single task in each many-core. We show on a preliminary case study that this solution significantly reduces VL jitter.","PeriodicalId":350991,"journal":{"name":"2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115511951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402368
D. Davcev, K. Mitreski, Stefan Trajkovic, Viktor Nikolovski, Nikola Koteli
In the last years, besides the implementation in the smart city applications, IoT has also found significant place in the agricultural and food production process. In the paper we present an innovative, power efficient and highly scalable IoT agricultural system. This system is based on LoRaWAN network for long range and low power consumption data transmission from the sensor nodes to the cloud services. Our system of cloud services is highly scalable and utilizes data stream for analytics purposes. In our case study we show some preliminary results for grape farm.
{"title":"IoT agriculture system based on LoRaWAN","authors":"D. Davcev, K. Mitreski, Stefan Trajkovic, Viktor Nikolovski, Nikola Koteli","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402368","url":null,"abstract":"In the last years, besides the implementation in the smart city applications, IoT has also found significant place in the agricultural and food production process. In the paper we present an innovative, power efficient and highly scalable IoT agricultural system. This system is based on LoRaWAN network for long range and low power consumption data transmission from the sensor nodes to the cloud services. Our system of cloud services is highly scalable and utilizes data stream for analytics purposes. In our case study we show some preliminary results for grape farm.","PeriodicalId":350991,"journal":{"name":"2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130214244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402356
S. Schriegel, Thomas Kobzan, J. Jasperneite
Data-driven services (optimization or condition monitoring) are often deployed using cloud architectures. The shop floor itself becomes more and more flexible and reconfigurable using modular machine design and Plug and Play services. These industrial use cases induce additional requirements to communication systems: scalable real-time communication from sensor to cloud as well as seamless and automatic network configuration on the shop floor. A promising data plane technology for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is IEEE 802.1 Ethernet TSN that allows convergent and time sensitive communication. The configuration of the IIoT is complex because the IIoT is often large, growing and changing over time and often consists of heterogeneous network domains because of the brownfield and manifold requirements from the applications. Software-defined Networking (SDN) has the potential to reduce the engineering effort and to increase the operation efficiency (monitoring, diagnosis, reconfiguration) of heterogeneous IIoT. SDN Control Planes can be implemented as physical-central, logic-central, distributed or hybrid architecture. The different architectures have specific advantages and disadvantages regarding QoS, throughput and engineering efforts. A key role takes the East-West interface that handles the communication between distributed SDN Controllers. SDN Data Plane agents can help to manage legacy Data Planes with SDN. A TSN Nano Profile with inverse and cooperative operating Time Aware Shaper is a migration solution to upgrade legacy communication controllers with TSN functions. The disadvantages are less throughput and increased latency for acyclic traffic.
{"title":"Investigation on a distributed SDN control plane architecture for heterogeneous time sensitive networks","authors":"S. Schriegel, Thomas Kobzan, J. Jasperneite","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402356","url":null,"abstract":"Data-driven services (optimization or condition monitoring) are often deployed using cloud architectures. The shop floor itself becomes more and more flexible and reconfigurable using modular machine design and Plug and Play services. These industrial use cases induce additional requirements to communication systems: scalable real-time communication from sensor to cloud as well as seamless and automatic network configuration on the shop floor. A promising data plane technology for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is IEEE 802.1 Ethernet TSN that allows convergent and time sensitive communication. The configuration of the IIoT is complex because the IIoT is often large, growing and changing over time and often consists of heterogeneous network domains because of the brownfield and manifold requirements from the applications. Software-defined Networking (SDN) has the potential to reduce the engineering effort and to increase the operation efficiency (monitoring, diagnosis, reconfiguration) of heterogeneous IIoT. SDN Control Planes can be implemented as physical-central, logic-central, distributed or hybrid architecture. The different architectures have specific advantages and disadvantages regarding QoS, throughput and engineering efforts. A key role takes the East-West interface that handles the communication between distributed SDN Controllers. SDN Data Plane agents can help to manage legacy Data Planes with SDN. A TSN Nano Profile with inverse and cooperative operating Time Aware Shaper is a migration solution to upgrade legacy communication controllers with TSN functions. The disadvantages are less throughput and increased latency for acyclic traffic.","PeriodicalId":350991,"journal":{"name":"2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128356028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402344
Ralf Schlesinger, A. Springer, T. Sauter
In the course of the last years, Real-time Ethernet (RTE) approaches have been gaining market shares. At the same time, interlinking RTEs with office-level networks has become of increasing importance for the automation branch. However, there are a lot of RTE solutions, which are not compatible to each other and to standard Ethernet. In particular, they cannot be linked to nodes with non-real-time operating systems like Windows without the use of a special switch. This study presents a technical approach for extending the Ethernet Standard with real-time capabilities, which facilitates the integration of RTEs in standard Ethernet networks for future developments. Moreover, it offers the advantage of an optimal bandwidth utilization of both, real-time and asynchronous communication. The presented approach also accounts for compatibility between the traditional and the extended Ethernet Standard. Finally, the study provides results from an experimental validation.
{"title":"Concept for the coexistence of standard and Real-time Ethernet","authors":"Ralf Schlesinger, A. Springer, T. Sauter","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402344","url":null,"abstract":"In the course of the last years, Real-time Ethernet (RTE) approaches have been gaining market shares. At the same time, interlinking RTEs with office-level networks has become of increasing importance for the automation branch. However, there are a lot of RTE solutions, which are not compatible to each other and to standard Ethernet. In particular, they cannot be linked to nodes with non-real-time operating systems like Windows without the use of a special switch. This study presents a technical approach for extending the Ethernet Standard with real-time capabilities, which facilitates the integration of RTEs in standard Ethernet networks for future developments. Moreover, it offers the advantage of an optimal bandwidth utilization of both, real-time and asynchronous communication. The presented approach also accounts for compatibility between the traditional and the extended Ethernet Standard. Finally, the study provides results from an experimental validation.","PeriodicalId":350991,"journal":{"name":"2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129883819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402369
G. Cena, S. Scanzio, A. Valenzano
Seamless redundancy can be profitably applied to Wi-Fi networks to improve communication reliability and decrease transmission latencies, as required by industrial control applications, but it also doubles network traffic. Duplication avoidance mechanisms permit to sensibly lower spectrum consumption, by preventing unnecessary frame transmissions on air. In this paper, some adaptive techniques are described and preliminarily evaluated, which are aimed at improving performance of duplication avoidance heuristics based on packet deferral. In particular, two approaches are considered, where operating parameters like the deferral time or the primary channel are dynamically selected at runtime. Results show that improvements are possible, but not in every operating condition.
{"title":"Adaptive duplication avoidance for Wi-Red","authors":"G. Cena, S. Scanzio, A. Valenzano","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402369","url":null,"abstract":"Seamless redundancy can be profitably applied to Wi-Fi networks to improve communication reliability and decrease transmission latencies, as required by industrial control applications, but it also doubles network traffic. Duplication avoidance mechanisms permit to sensibly lower spectrum consumption, by preventing unnecessary frame transmissions on air. In this paper, some adaptive techniques are described and preliminarily evaluated, which are aimed at improving performance of duplication avoidance heuristics based on packet deferral. In particular, two approaches are considered, where operating parameters like the deferral time or the primary channel are dynamically selected at runtime. Results show that improvements are possible, but not in every operating condition.","PeriodicalId":350991,"journal":{"name":"2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128295163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402346
A. Finzi, A. Mifdaoui, F. Frances, E. Lochin
In this paper, we model and analyse the timing performance of an extended AFDX standard, incorporating the Burst Limiting Shaper (BLS) proposed by the Time Sensitive Networking group. The extended AFDX will enable the interconnection of different avionics domains with mixed-criticality levels, e.g., current AFDX traffic, Flight Control and In-Flight Entertainment. First, we present the model and the worst-case timing analysis, using the Network Calculus framework, of such an extended AFDX to infer real-time guarantees. Secondly, we conduct its performance evaluation on a representative AFDX configuration. Results show the tightness of the proposed model, with reference to simulation results. Moreover, they confirm the efficiency of incorporating the BLS in the AFDX standard to noticeably enhance the medium priority level delay bounds, while respecting the higher priority level constraints, in comparison with the current AFDX standard.
{"title":"Incorporating TSN/BLS in AFDX for mixed-criticality applications: Model and timing analysis","authors":"A. Finzi, A. Mifdaoui, F. Frances, E. Lochin","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402346","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we model and analyse the timing performance of an extended AFDX standard, incorporating the Burst Limiting Shaper (BLS) proposed by the Time Sensitive Networking group. The extended AFDX will enable the interconnection of different avionics domains with mixed-criticality levels, e.g., current AFDX traffic, Flight Control and In-Flight Entertainment. First, we present the model and the worst-case timing analysis, using the Network Calculus framework, of such an extended AFDX to infer real-time guarantees. Secondly, we conduct its performance evaluation on a representative AFDX configuration. Results show the tightness of the proposed model, with reference to simulation results. Moreover, they confirm the efficiency of incorporating the BLS in the AFDX standard to noticeably enhance the medium priority level delay bounds, while respecting the higher priority level constraints, in comparison with the current AFDX standard.","PeriodicalId":350991,"journal":{"name":"2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114820893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402353
Gedare Bloom, B. Alsulami, E. Nwafor, I. Bertolotti
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vast collection of interconnected sensors, devices, and services that share data and information over the Internet with the objective of leveraging multiple information sources to optimize related systems. The technologies associated with the IoT have significantly improved the quality of many existing applications by reducing costs, improving functionality, increasing access to resources, and enhancing automation. The adoption of IoT by industries has led to the next industrial revolution: Industry 4.0. The rise of the Industrial IoT (IIoT) promises to enhance factory management, process optimization, worker safety, and more. However, the rollout of the IIoT is not without significant issues, and many of these act as major barriers that prevent fully achieving the vision of Industry 4.0. One major area of concern is the security and privacy of the massive datasets that are captured and stored, which may leak information about intellectual property, trade secrets, and other competitive knowledge. As a way forward toward solving security and privacy concerns, we aim in this paper to identify common input-output (I/O) design patterns that exist in applications of the IIoT. These design patterns enable constructing an abstract model representation of data flow semantics used by such applications, and therefore better understand how to secure the information related to IIoT operations. In this paper, we describe communication protocols and identify common I/O design patterns for IIoT applications with an emphasis on data flow in edge devices, which, in the industrial control system (ICS) setting, are most often involved in process control or monitoring.
{"title":"Design patterns for the industrial Internet of Things","authors":"Gedare Bloom, B. Alsulami, E. Nwafor, I. Bertolotti","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402353","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vast collection of interconnected sensors, devices, and services that share data and information over the Internet with the objective of leveraging multiple information sources to optimize related systems. The technologies associated with the IoT have significantly improved the quality of many existing applications by reducing costs, improving functionality, increasing access to resources, and enhancing automation. The adoption of IoT by industries has led to the next industrial revolution: Industry 4.0. The rise of the Industrial IoT (IIoT) promises to enhance factory management, process optimization, worker safety, and more. However, the rollout of the IIoT is not without significant issues, and many of these act as major barriers that prevent fully achieving the vision of Industry 4.0. One major area of concern is the security and privacy of the massive datasets that are captured and stored, which may leak information about intellectual property, trade secrets, and other competitive knowledge. As a way forward toward solving security and privacy concerns, we aim in this paper to identify common input-output (I/O) design patterns that exist in applications of the IIoT. These design patterns enable constructing an abstract model representation of data flow semantics used by such applications, and therefore better understand how to secure the information related to IIoT operations. In this paper, we describe communication protocols and identify common I/O design patterns for IIoT applications with an emphasis on data flow in edge devices, which, in the industrial control system (ICS) setting, are most often involved in process control or monitoring.","PeriodicalId":350991,"journal":{"name":"2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130443433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-16DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402349
C. Rojas, J. Decotignie
Wireless Sensor Networks have seen consistent improvements of their end-to-end latency, reliability and power efficiency; thus making possible novel applications of event-triggered systems. To date, the best performance has been consistently demonstrated by protocols that rely on floods of synchronous transmissions (e.g., Glossy, Back-to-Back Robust Flooding, Crystal). However, these protocols use the flooding primitive both for network wake-up and event notification, periodically probing the channel in order to receive a flood in case an event has been detected. As floods are energy expensive, their extensive use for probing the network results in high power consumption and spectrum usage, being the dominant source of energy use in low event frequency scenarios. Moreover, the frequent flooding may hamper the network co-existence, thus representing a key obstacle for event-triggered applications. Our paper proposes Synchronized Channel Sampling (SCS), a reliable wake-up primitive that is capable of reducing the energy consumption of protocols by replacing the floods-based probing with a synchronous channel sampling wake-up mechanism. The testbed experiments performed show that SCS brings power reductions of 33.3%–40% to the state-of-the art protocol B2B (winner of the dependability competition EWSN'17), while maintaining equivalent reliability performance and reducing the spectrum usage.
{"title":"Synchronous transmissions + channel sampling = energy efficient event-triggered wireless sensing systems","authors":"C. Rojas, J. Decotignie","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402349","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks have seen consistent improvements of their end-to-end latency, reliability and power efficiency; thus making possible novel applications of event-triggered systems. To date, the best performance has been consistently demonstrated by protocols that rely on floods of synchronous transmissions (e.g., Glossy, Back-to-Back Robust Flooding, Crystal). However, these protocols use the flooding primitive both for network wake-up and event notification, periodically probing the channel in order to receive a flood in case an event has been detected. As floods are energy expensive, their extensive use for probing the network results in high power consumption and spectrum usage, being the dominant source of energy use in low event frequency scenarios. Moreover, the frequent flooding may hamper the network co-existence, thus representing a key obstacle for event-triggered applications. Our paper proposes Synchronized Channel Sampling (SCS), a reliable wake-up primitive that is capable of reducing the energy consumption of protocols by replacing the floods-based probing with a synchronous channel sampling wake-up mechanism. The testbed experiments performed show that SCS brings power reductions of 33.3%–40% to the state-of-the art protocol B2B (winner of the dependability competition EWSN'17), while maintaining equivalent reliability performance and reducing the spectrum usage.","PeriodicalId":350991,"journal":{"name":"2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114294138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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