Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3134
A. Nomdo, T. Masiya, I. Khambule
In many developing countries, there is a continued decline in public participation at the local level which often results in poor service delivery and as a result, a rise in protests. South Africa has experienced a sharp increase in service delivery protests in the last decade. One of the reasons advanced is that existing constitutional spaces of democracy do not seem to facilitate effective local participation. Consequently, there is a need to investigate potential mechanisms to enhance local participation because it is believed to contribute towards improved service delivery. This study responds to the following question: What challenges inhibit existing spaces of participation? How can these identified spaces be improved? The study draws data from existing literature and local government documents on South Africa. It concludes that there is a need to improve existing spaces of local participation, which would improve service delivery. Address for correspondence: Dr Tyanai Masiya School of Public Management and Administration, University of Pretoria, Cnr Lynnwood Road and Roper Street, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa E-mail: masiya.masiya@up.ac.za INTRODUCTION Since the 1994 democratic elections, the primary project the South African government undertook was to provide services to the neglected masses as a result of spatial planning by the former apartheid regime. In practice, such redress is complex, and the basic needs of the citizenry can easily be disregarded. The decentralisation process that the country embarked on, offered local governments an opportunity to become central places of service delivery, bequeathed with autonomy as well as legislative and administrative authority (Koelble and Siddle 2014; Mokgopo 2017). The Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (2016), notes that local government is the key site of delivery and development and is central to the entire South African transformative project. The reason is that local government is in close proximity to the citizens and engages directly with communities, promotes democracy and tends to immediate needs (Tshoose 2015). Despite local government being central to service delivery, the rise in protests in the last decade signify the failure and in part, limitations of the existing spaces of participation (Mathekga and Buccus 2006; Bradlow et al. 2011). Protests over basic services have been on the rise in the last decade with Gauteng, the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and the North West province accounting for the majority of the service delivery protests (Chigwata et al. 2017; Jordaan 2017). In many instances the protests have degenerated into violent confrontations because local authorities tend to ignore voices which they perceive to be politically weak and illegitimate (Skenjana and Kimemi 2011). Therefore it is important to question why citizens prefer protests instead of formal invited channels of local participation. This paper argues that reasons for such acti
{"title":"A Review of Spaces of Local Participation to Promote Service Delivery in South Africa","authors":"A. Nomdo, T. Masiya, I. Khambule","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3134","url":null,"abstract":"In many developing countries, there is a continued decline in public participation at the local level which often results in poor service delivery and as a result, a rise in protests. South Africa has experienced a sharp increase in service delivery protests in the last decade. One of the reasons advanced is that existing constitutional spaces of democracy do not seem to facilitate effective local participation. Consequently, there is a need to investigate potential mechanisms to enhance local participation because it is believed to contribute towards improved service delivery. This study responds to the following question: What challenges inhibit existing spaces of participation? How can these identified spaces be improved? The study draws data from existing literature and local government documents on South Africa. It concludes that there is a need to improve existing spaces of local participation, which would improve service delivery. Address for correspondence: Dr Tyanai Masiya School of Public Management and Administration, University of Pretoria, Cnr Lynnwood Road and Roper Street, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa E-mail: masiya.masiya@up.ac.za INTRODUCTION Since the 1994 democratic elections, the primary project the South African government undertook was to provide services to the neglected masses as a result of spatial planning by the former apartheid regime. In practice, such redress is complex, and the basic needs of the citizenry can easily be disregarded. The decentralisation process that the country embarked on, offered local governments an opportunity to become central places of service delivery, bequeathed with autonomy as well as legislative and administrative authority (Koelble and Siddle 2014; Mokgopo 2017). The Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (2016), notes that local government is the key site of delivery and development and is central to the entire South African transformative project. The reason is that local government is in close proximity to the citizens and engages directly with communities, promotes democracy and tends to immediate needs (Tshoose 2015). Despite local government being central to service delivery, the rise in protests in the last decade signify the failure and in part, limitations of the existing spaces of participation (Mathekga and Buccus 2006; Bradlow et al. 2011). Protests over basic services have been on the rise in the last decade with Gauteng, the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and the North West province accounting for the majority of the service delivery protests (Chigwata et al. 2017; Jordaan 2017). In many instances the protests have degenerated into violent confrontations because local authorities tend to ignore voices which they perceive to be politically weak and illegitimate (Skenjana and Kimemi 2011). Therefore it is important to question why citizens prefer protests instead of formal invited channels of local participation. This paper argues that reasons for such acti","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49576029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3151
{"title":"Agricultural Credit Effects on Smallholder Crop Farmers Input Utilisation in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","authors":"","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48725240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3160
Sadiat Adewumi Olabode
{"title":"Educators’ Management of the Learning Environment for Enhanced Teaching and Learning in Selected Primary Schools in the East London Education District, South Africa","authors":"Sadiat Adewumi Olabode","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42915348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3142
D. Ayele
Children’s nutritional status has specific impact and health problems in childhood growth and adulthood. This paper attempts to identify the socio-economic, geographic and demographic determinants of malnutrition among under-five children in Ethiopia. The 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey were used for this study. The generalized linear model was adopted for analysis. The Hosmer and Lemeshow test is used to test the goodness of fit of the logistic regression model. The findings and comparison of estimates using logistic regression model with and without complex survey design were presented and then comparison was made using design effects. The results revealed that model that considers the complex nature of the design performs better than model that do not take into account. This study suggests that improving the health status, stable work status and educational level of mothers consequently, can reduce malnourished children in Ethiopia. Address for correspondence: Dawit Getnet Ayele Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Cell: +1 (443) 554 6721 Email: dayele1@jhu.edu, ejigmul@yahoo.com The present paper is extracted from the thesis title "Statistical models to study the BMI of under-five children in Ethiopia" of Ashenafi Argaw Yirga submitted at University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, South Africa under the supervision of Dr. Sileshi Fanta Melesse, Prof. Henry Godwell Mwambi and Dr. Dawit Getnet Ayele. INTRODUCTION Child malnutrition is a very common public health problem in the world, especially in developing countries. The nutritional status of children under the age of five is an important outcome measure of children’s health. This is because, the early days of child life is very important for future growth and development. Therefore, identifying factors that affect the nutritional status of under five children is very important for possible intervention activities. It can also assist policymakers to know and understand the areas that need considerable attention to enhance the planning and evaluation of health policies to prevent the child’s death. For this reason, a national nutrition strategy and program has been developed and implemented by the government of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016). One of the objectives of the 2009 Ethiopian National Nutrition Strategy was to enhance good nutritional practices through health education, and treatment of micronutrients to the most vulnerable groups of the society, especially, for under five children and pregnant and lactating mother. However, the poor nutritional status of children and women has been a severe problem in Ethiopia. In 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), children’s nutritional status and health data were collected. In this nationally representative sample survey, measurements of children’s weight and height were recorded. The purpose of the
{"title":"The Use of Complex Survey Design Models to Identify Determinants of Malnutrition in Ethiopia","authors":"D. Ayele","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3142","url":null,"abstract":"Children’s nutritional status has specific impact and health problems in childhood growth and adulthood. This paper attempts to identify the socio-economic, geographic and demographic determinants of malnutrition among under-five children in Ethiopia. The 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey were used for this study. The generalized linear model was adopted for analysis. The Hosmer and Lemeshow test is used to test the goodness of fit of the logistic regression model. The findings and comparison of estimates using logistic regression model with and without complex survey design were presented and then comparison was made using design effects. The results revealed that model that considers the complex nature of the design performs better than model that do not take into account. This study suggests that improving the health status, stable work status and educational level of mothers consequently, can reduce malnourished children in Ethiopia. Address for correspondence: Dawit Getnet Ayele Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Cell: +1 (443) 554 6721 Email: dayele1@jhu.edu, ejigmul@yahoo.com The present paper is extracted from the thesis title \"Statistical models to study the BMI of under-five children in Ethiopia\" of Ashenafi Argaw Yirga submitted at University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, South Africa under the supervision of Dr. Sileshi Fanta Melesse, Prof. Henry Godwell Mwambi and Dr. Dawit Getnet Ayele. INTRODUCTION Child malnutrition is a very common public health problem in the world, especially in developing countries. The nutritional status of children under the age of five is an important outcome measure of children’s health. This is because, the early days of child life is very important for future growth and development. Therefore, identifying factors that affect the nutritional status of under five children is very important for possible intervention activities. It can also assist policymakers to know and understand the areas that need considerable attention to enhance the planning and evaluation of health policies to prevent the child’s death. For this reason, a national nutrition strategy and program has been developed and implemented by the government of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016). One of the objectives of the 2009 Ethiopian National Nutrition Strategy was to enhance good nutritional practices through health education, and treatment of micronutrients to the most vulnerable groups of the society, especially, for under five children and pregnant and lactating mother. However, the poor nutritional status of children and women has been a severe problem in Ethiopia. In 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), children’s nutritional status and health data were collected. In this nationally representative sample survey, measurements of children’s weight and height were recorded. The purpose of the","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43592952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3150
N. Ngibe
{"title":"Turning Pre-service School Experience Challenges into Strengths","authors":"N. Ngibe","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44681839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3135
Manju Sharma
{"title":"Dynamics of Urban Growth in Hisar City of Western Haryana, India","authors":"Manju Sharma","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44326438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3148
P. Tanga
{"title":"Homosexual Students’ Experiences in a Higher Education Institution in South Africa","authors":"P. Tanga","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46505898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3143
J. K. Aderibigbe
{"title":"Investigating the Impact of Year of Study, Entrepreneurship In-exposure and Financial Constraints on Entrepreneurial Interest among Some University Students in South Africa","authors":"J. K. Aderibigbe","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/66.1-3.3143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46853556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3144
T. Guang
{"title":"Environment and Development Issues in China","authors":"T. Guang","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48652734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-08DOI: 10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3136
E. Boon
{"title":"Urban Environmental Health Management Challenges and Prospects in Ghana: A Case Study of the Accra Metropolis","authors":"E. Boon","doi":"10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2019/65.1-3.3136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44598658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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