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IV—The Limits of Immanent Critique IV——内在批评的局限
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.1093/arisoc/aoad005
Rachel Fraser
The tradition of immanent critique promises a lot. It promises to be critical of the existing social order without appealing to ‘external’ normative standards. I argue that the prospects for immanent criticism are bleak: they must either commit to an implausible social ontology, a flawed meta-normative theory, or both.
内在批判的传统承诺了很多。它承诺在不诉诸“外部”规范标准的情况下批评现有的社会秩序。我认为,内在批评的前景是黯淡的:他们要么致力于一种难以置信的社会本体论,要么致力于有缺陷的元规范理论,要么两者兼而有之。
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引用次数: 0
VIII—The Best City in Plato’s Republic: Is It possible? 第八章柏拉图《理想国》中最好的城市:可能吗?
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/arisoc/aoad009
Jonathan Beere
This paper argues that there are three distinct senses of possibility at play in the Republic’s discussion of whether the best city is possible: natural possibility, possibility for existing cities, and ideal possibility. It is argued that Socrates makes different claims about each of the three political proposals in Book v. (1) Women guardians are argued to be naturally possible. (2) Socrates considers it an open question whether the common family of guardians (the so-called ‘community of women and children’) is naturally possible. He argues, however, that it is ideally possible. (3) The philosopher-king is claimed to be possible in the strongest sense: it is not only naturally possible, it is also possible for existing cities. It is for this reason that the common family of guardians is ideally possible. This clarifies the sense in which the best city is best.
本文认为,在《理想国》关于最佳城市是否可能的讨论中,有三种不同的可能性:自然可能性、现有城市的可能性和理想可能性。有人认为苏格拉底对卷五中的三种政治建议都提出了不同的主张。(1)女性监护人被认为是自然可能的。(2)苏格拉底认为共同的监护人家庭(所谓妇女和儿童的共同体)是否自然地可能是一个悬而未决的问题。然而,他认为这在理想情况下是可能的。(3)哲学家国王在最强烈的意义上是可能的:它不仅在自然上是可能的,而且对于现存的城邦来说也是可能的。正是由于这个原因,共同的监护人家庭在理想上是可能的。这就澄清了“最好的城市就是最好的城市”的概念。
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引用次数: 0
VII—Can Arguments Change Minds? 争论能改变思想吗?
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1093/arisoc/aoad006
C. Dutilh Novaes
Can arguments change minds? Philosophers like to think that they can. However, a wealth of empirical evidence suggests that arguments are not very efficient tools to change minds. What to make of the different assessments of the mind-changing potential of arguments? To address this issue, we must take into account the broader contexts in which arguments occur, in particular the propagation of messages across networks of attention, and the choices that epistemic agents must make between alternative potential sources of content and information, which are very much influenced by perceptions of reliability and trustworthiness. Arguments can change minds, but only under conducive, favourable socio-epistemic conditions.
争论能改变想法吗?哲学家们喜欢认为他们可以。然而,大量的经验证据表明,争论并不是改变想法的有效工具。如何理解对辩论改变思维潜力的不同评估?为了解决这个问题,我们必须考虑到争论发生的更广泛的背景,特别是信息在注意力网络上的传播,以及认知代理必须在可选的潜在内容和信息来源之间做出的选择,这在很大程度上受到可靠性和可信度观念的影响。争论可以改变思想,但只有在有利的、有利的社会认知条件下。
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引用次数: 0
V—Who is Responsible for the Climate Change Problem? V——谁应对气候变化问题负责?
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.1093/arisoc/aoad008
Megan Blomfield
According to the Polluter Pays Principle, excessive emitters of greenhouse gases have special obligations to remedy the problem of climate change, because they are the ones who have caused it. But what kind of problem is climate change? In this paper I argue that as a moral problem, climate change has a more complex causal structure than many proponents of the Polluter Pays Principle seem to recognize: it is a problem resulting from the interaction of anthropogenic climate effects with the underlying vulnerability and exposure of human communities and other things of value. This means that we should acknowledge more pathways by which human agency contributes to the climate problem and, accordingly, a different landscape of contribution-based remedial responsibilities.
根据污染者付费原则,温室气体的过度排放者有特殊的义务来解决气候变化问题,因为他们是造成气候变化的人。但是气候变化是一个什么样的问题呢?在本文中,我认为,作为一个道德问题,气候变化具有比“污染者付费”原则的许多支持者似乎认识到的更为复杂的因果结构:这是一个由人为气候影响与人类社区和其他有价值的事物的潜在脆弱性和暴露相互作用造成的问题。这意味着我们应该认识到,人类对气候问题的影响途径更多,因此,基于贡献的补救责任也应该有不同的格局。
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引用次数: 0
II—Forms of Agreement in Plato’s Crito 柏拉图《克里托篇》中的协议形式
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1093/arisoc/aoad003
J. Warren
Crito thinks Socrates should agree to leave the prison and escape from Athens. Socrates is also determined that he and Crito should have a ‘common plan of action’ (koinē boulē: 49d3), but he wants Crito to share his preferred plan of remaining and submitting to the court’s sentence. Much of the drama of the Crito is generated by the interplay of these two old friends, both determined that they should come to an agreement, but differing radically in what they think the two of them should agree to do. I show how agreements of various kinds—including agreements about how to agree—play important roles in the dialogue and how Socrates’ commitment to a certain method for determining what to do underpins his own integrity. What’s more, attention to that theme helps to explain one of the most pressing questions for any interpretation of the Crito: Why does Socrates choose, at the end of the dialogue, to present to Crito a speech in the voice of the personified laws of Athens?
克里托认为苏格拉底应该同意离开监狱,逃离雅典。苏格拉底还决定,他和克里托应该有一个“共同的行动计划”(koinıboulı:49d3),但他希望克里托分享他喜欢的留下来并服从法庭判决的计划。克里托家族的大部分戏剧性事件都是由这两位老朋友的相互作用产生的,他们都决定应该达成协议,但他们认为他们两人应该同意做什么却截然不同。我展示了各种协议——包括关于如何达成一致的协议——如何在对话中发挥重要作用,以及苏格拉底对确定该做什么的特定方法的承诺如何支撑他自己的正直。更重要的是,对这一主题的关注有助于解释对克里托的任何解释中最紧迫的问题之一:为什么苏格拉底选择在对话结束时,用雅典拟人化法律的声音向克里托发表演讲?
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引用次数: 0
III—Sympathy, Empathy, and Twitter: Reflections on Social Media Inspired by an Eighteenth-Century Debate 同情、同理心和推特:受18世纪辩论启发的对社交媒体的反思
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1093/arisoc/aoad004
Lisa Herzog
Abstract How can the harm caused by waves of fake news or derogatory speech on social media be minimized without unduly limiting freedom of expression? I draw on an eighteenth-century debate for thinking about this problem: Hume and Smith present two different models of the transmission of emotions and ideas. Empathetic processes are causal, almost automatic processes; sympathy, in contrast, means putting oneself into the other person’s position and critically evaluating how one should react. I use this distinction to argue that the architectural logic of social media should be improved to prevent cumulative harms and to facilitate sympathetic processes.
如何在不过度限制言论自由的前提下,将社交媒体上一波又一波的假新闻或贬损言论所造成的危害降到最低?我借鉴了18世纪的一场辩论来思考这个问题:休谟和史密斯提出了两种不同的情感和思想传播模式。移情过程是因果的,几乎是自动的过程;相反,同情意味着设身处地地为他人着想,批判性地评估自己应该如何反应。我用这种区别来论证,社交媒体的架构逻辑应该得到改进,以防止累积伤害,并促进同情过程。
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引用次数: 0
IV—Lost in (Modal) Space: Demographic Base-Rate Neglect in the Service of Modal Knowledge IV——迷失在(模态)空间:在模态知识服务中忽视人口基数
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1093/arisoc/aoad002
Jessie Munton
Are there ever good epistemic reasons to neglect base rates? Assuming an empiricist modal epistemology, I argue that we face an interesting tension between some very plausible epistemic norms: a norm requiring us to proportion our beliefs to the evidence may facilitate knowledge of the actual world, whilst inhibiting our acquisition of modal knowledge—knowledge of how things could be, but are not. The potential for this tension in our epistemic norms is a significant result in its own right. It can also rationalize certain forms of demographic base-rate neglect.
有没有充分的认识理由忽视基本利率?假设我们是经验主义的模态认识论,我认为我们面临着一些非常合理的认识规范之间有趣的紧张关系:一种要求我们将信仰与证据相比例的规范可能会促进我们对现实世界的了解,同时抑制我们对模态知识的获取——对事物可能如何,但不是如何的了解。我们认识规范中这种紧张的可能性本身就是一个重要的结果。它还可以使某些形式的人口基本比率忽视合理化。
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引用次数: 0
Mornington Crescent 带到
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1093/arisoc/aoad001
M. McCabe
The neglected Platonic dialogue Euthydemus is peculiar in many ways. It is, apparently, an extensive catalogue of bad arguments by disgraceful sophists; but its complex composition suggests that this focuses attention on the shape and nature of argument—attention that some think Plato is incapable of giving. He uses the idiom of games, and of seriousness and play, to provoke reflection on logical and syntactic structure and their normative features; but to see how he does so we need to consider the complex background of the fiction of a Platonic dialogue, and its use of surprise and humour. Comparison with the bbc Radio 4 game ‘Mornington Crescent’ might help.
被忽视的柏拉图式对话Euthydemus在很多方面都很独特。显然,这是可耻的诡辩家的一系列糟糕论点;但其复杂的构成表明,这将注意力集中在论证的形式和性质上——一些人认为柏拉图无法给予这种关注。他使用游戏、严肃和游戏的成语来引发对逻辑和句法结构及其规范特征的反思;但要想了解他是如何做到这一点的,我们需要考虑柏拉图式对话小说的复杂背景,以及它对惊喜和幽默的使用。与英国广播公司第四台的游戏“Mornington Crescent”进行比较可能会有所帮助。
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引用次数: 0
Intervenções baseadas em teoria para a mudança do comportamento de fumar em adultos: um protocolo de revisão de escopo 成人吸烟行为改变的理论干预:范围综述方案
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.20396/ccfenf220224771
Mayza Luzia dos Santos Neves, Estefany Mayara Sousa Araujo, Maria Candelaria Volponi Moraes de Oliveira, Ana Elisa de Oliveira Alho, Thaís Moreira São-João, Carla Renata Silva Andrechuk, Roberta Cunha Matheus Rodrigues
Introdução: O tabagismo é um importante problema de saúde pública, caracterizado como uma doença crônica degenerativa, de caráter mental e comportamental. A cessação do hábito de fumar traz benefícios como normalização da pressão arterial e da frequência cardíaca, melhora da circulação e da respiração, redução do risco de infarto agudo do miocárdio e de acidente vascular cerebral. Objetivo: mapear e identificar fontes de evidências relacionadas às intervenções que, com base em teoria, possam interferir na mudança do comportamento de fumar em adultos. Método: protocolo de revisão elaborado segundo normas do Framework Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) e, norteado pela pergunta: quais são as intervenções baseadas em teoria para mudança do comportamento de fumar em adultos? De acordo com o mnemônico População, Conceito e Contexto (PCC), considerou-se P fumantes com idade superior a 18 anos. Conceito: intervenções que, com base em uma ou mais teorias, poderiam levar alterações no comportamento de fumar e, por fim, o Contexto, em que foram considerados todos os níveis de atenção à saúde. Serão elegíveis artigos originais, que apresentem avaliação da intervenção e que a população alvo seja de fumantes; publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol e, sem restrição relacionada à data de publicação. Serão excluídos estudos que apresentem formas de fumo que não o cigarro; estudos em que a intervenção não foi fundamentada em teoria; estudos de predição e protocolos. A busca será realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Medline (Pubmed), Cochrane, Cinahl, PsycNet, Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science e Scopus. A extração dos dados será feita em formulário pré-definido por dois revisores independentes e, possíveis divergências serão analisadas por um terceiro revisor. Os dados serão apresentados no formato de fluxogramas e diagramas, de acordo com a pergunta de pesquisa e o mnemônico PCC, que possam mapear intervenções direcionadas ao comportamento de fumar em adultos.
简介:吸烟是一个重要的公共健康问题,其特征是一种慢性退行性疾病,具有精神和行为特征。戒烟带来的好处包括血压和心率正常化,改善循环和呼吸,降低急性心肌梗死和中风的风险。目的:绘制和确定与干预相关的证据来源,基于理论,可能会干扰成人吸烟行为的改变。方法:根据乔安娜·布里格斯研究所框架(JBI)制定的修订方案,并以以下问题为指导:改变成人吸烟行为的理论干预措施是什么?根据记忆人群、概念和背景(PCC),我们考虑18岁以上的吸烟者。概念:基于一种或多种理论的干预措施,可能导致吸烟行为的改变,并最终导致考虑各级保健的背景的改变。符合条件的是对干预进行评估且目标人群为吸烟者的原创文章;以英语、葡萄牙语或西班牙语出版,不受出版日期限制。以香烟以外的形式吸烟的研究将被排除在外;干预没有理论基础的研究;预测研究和协议。搜索将在健康虚拟图书馆、Medline (Pubmed)、Cochrane、Cinahl、PsycNet、Embase (Elsevier)、Web of Science和Scopus进行。数据提取将由两名独立审稿人以预定义的形式进行,可能的差异将由第三名审稿人分析。数据将以流程图和图表的形式呈现,根据研究问题和记忆PCC,可以绘制针对成年人吸烟行为的干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Validade de face de questionário para identificação de crenças relacionadas à iniciação e implementação da insulinoterapia no diabetes mellitus tipo 2 问卷的面部效度,以确定与2型糖尿病胰岛素治疗的开始和实施相关的信念
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.20396/ccfenf220224783
Celline Gabriele da Silva Mesquita, Roberta Cunha Matheus Rodrigues
Introdução: No contexto do DM2, metade dos pacientes não adere ao tratamento. Faz-se necessário um conceito avançado de adesão medicamentosa, que inclui os componentes: Iniciação, Implementação, Persistência e Descontinuidade. Na investigação dos comportamentos em saúde, a Teoria do Comportamento Planejado (TPB) tem sido amplamente utilizada. Objetivo: Verificar a validade face de questionário, construído com base na TPB, para identificação das crenças relacionadas à iniciação e implementação da insulinoterapia em pacientes com DM2. Método: Estudo metodológico referente à validade de conteúdo de instrumento para avaliação de crenças. O instrumento foi construído com base na TPB e estudo pregresso, considerando as etapas de Iniciação e Implementação, e submetido à validade de face por meio da avaliação por comitê de especialistas e pré-teste na população alvo, para avaliação da compreensibilidade. Na análise dos dados, utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC), que mede a proporção de especialistas em concordância na avaliação solicitada, considerado aceitável um IVC>0,80. Os dados de caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica da população alvo foram submetidos à análise descritiva; as respostas às crenças foram analisadas de acordo com análise de conteúdo, com categorização a priori, de acordo com a TBP, sendo destacadas as crenças modais. O estudo foi aprovado pelo CEP (CAAE: 39149220.3.0000.5404; Parecer nº 4.715.120). Resultados: Após cálculo do IVC, foram realizados ajustes conforme sugestões dos avaliadores. O questionário foi aplicado a oito participantes para identificar as crenças e verificar sua compreensibilidade. Foram identificadas crenças salientes nos grupos de crenças comportamentais, normativas, de controle e autoeficácia. Conclusão: O instrumento de crenças de Implementação da insulinoterapia teve seu conteúdo validado. É necessário prosseguir com a validação do instrumento de crenças de Iniciação, devido amostra insuficiente. Os resultados deste estudo subsidiarão a construção de escala de medida para avaliar a adesão à insulinoterapia.
简介:在DM2的背景下,一半的患者不坚持治疗。需要一个先进的药物依从性概念,包括起始、实施、坚持和中断组成部分。在健康行为研究中,计划行为理论得到了广泛的应用。摘要目的:验证以bpd为基础的问卷问卷的面部效度,以确定与糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗的开始和实施相关的信念。方法:对信念评估工具的内容效度进行方法学研究。该工具是在TPB和先前研究的基础上构建的,考虑了启动和实施阶段,并通过专家委员会的评估和目标人群的预测试提交面部效度,以评估可理解性。在数据分析中,我们使用了内容效度指数(cvi),它衡量了专家同意所要求的评估的比例,认为cvi > 0.80是可接受的。对目标人群的社会人口学和临床特征数据进行描述性分析;根据内容分析,根据TBP进行先验分类,并强调模态信念,对信念的反应进行分析。本研究经CEP批准(CAAE: 39149220.3.0000.5404;第4715.120号意见)。结果:计算cvi后,根据评价者的建议进行调整。该问卷被应用于8名参与者,以确定他们的信念并验证他们的可理解性。在行为、规范、控制和自我效能信念组中确定了突出信念。结论:胰岛素治疗实施信念工具的内容得到验证。由于样本不足,有必要继续验证初始化信念工具。本研究的结果将支持测量量表的构建,以评估胰岛素治疗的依从性。
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引用次数: 0
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Proceedings of the Aristotelean Society
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