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Exploring long-term economic well-being and child outcomes with the Supplemental Poverty Measure: evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics 用补充贫困措施探索长期经济福利和儿童成果:来自收入动态小组研究的证据
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2016.1163666
Gary W. Reinbold
ABSTRACT This study is the first to use the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) to reexamine the relationships between long-term economic well-being and child outcomes. We decompose the differences between the Official Poverty Measure (OPM) and the SPM and examine such relationships with 15 cognitive, physical, and social–emotional outcomes for 754 ten- to nineteen-year-olds as reported in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) 2007 Child Development Supplement. Using PSID data from 1998 to 2006, we measure long-term economic well-being using the average natural logarithm of the ratio of family resources to the poverty threshold with a series of models, beginning with the OPM and converting it step-by-step into the SPM. We find that some steps in constructing the SPM, especially including in-kind benefits and using the SPM thresholds, weaken the relationships between our economic well-being measure and the cognitive outcomes, although including in-kind benefits strengthens the relationships with many of the physical and social–emotional outcomes. Better understanding the relationships between different poverty measures and outcomes of interest can open new avenues for research on mitigating the adverse effects of poverty and could perhaps allow us to better target interventions to individuals who are at greatest risk for adverse outcomes.
本研究首次使用补充贫困指标(SPM)来重新审视长期经济福利与儿童结局之间的关系。我们对官方贫困衡量标准(OPM)和SPM之间的差异进行了分解,并对754名10至19岁儿童的15种认知、身体和社会情感结果进行了分析,这些结果发表在《2007年儿童发展补充报告》(PSID)收入动态小组研究中。利用1998年至2006年的PSID数据,我们使用家庭资源与贫困线之比的平均自然对数,通过一系列模型来衡量长期经济福祉,从OPM开始,逐步将其转换为SPM。我们发现,构建SPM的一些步骤,特别是包括实物收益和使用SPM阈值,削弱了我们的经济福祉测量与认知结果之间的关系,尽管包括实物收益加强了与许多身体和社会情感结果的关系。更好地了解不同的贫困措施与相关结果之间的关系,可以为减轻贫困的不利影响的研究开辟新的途径,并可能使我们能够更好地针对那些面临最大不利结果风险的个人进行干预。
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引用次数: 6
Effect of the Imagination Library on caregiver–child literacy interactions and school readiness: findings from two quasi-experimental propensity score studies 想象图书馆对照顾者-儿童识字互动和入学准备的影响:两项准实验倾向得分研究的结果
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2016.1187587
A. Thompson, Heather Klemp, Anne E. Stinson
ABSTRACT The paper reports findings of two quasi-experimental, propensity score matched (PSM) studies on the effects of Imagination Library (IL). IL is a community book-distribution program targeting improved caregiver–child literacy interactions, which are hypothesized to lead to increased school readiness – consisting of improved emergent literacy skills and social-emotional school readiness. In Study One, interviews were used to examine proximal increases in the quality of child–caregiver literacy interactions with 112 PSM families (IL = 56; non-IL = 56). Small effects were observed in Study One favoring IL families on reading interactions (d = .043). In Study Two, 378 PSM kindergarten students (IL = 189; non-IL = 189) were compared with regard to standardized tests of emergent literacy skills and social-emotional school readiness – distal outcomes of IL. No effects were observed in Study Two. Taken together, these two studies run counter to prior reports on the effects of IL and suggest that more must be done to improve emergent literacy and school readiness beyond simply providing free books.
摘要本文报道了两项关于想象库(IL)效果的准实验性倾向评分匹配(PSM)研究结果。IL是一个社区图书分发计划,旨在改善照顾者与儿童的识字互动,假设这会提高入学准备程度,包括提高紧急识字技能和社会情感入学准备程度。在研究一中,访谈被用于检验112个PSM家庭(IL = 56;非IL = 56)。在研究一中观察到有利于IL家族对阅读互动的小影响(d = .043)。在第二项研究中,378名PSM幼儿园学生(伊利诺伊州 = 189;非IL = 189)与IL的突发识字技能和社会情感学校准备程度的标准化测试进行了比较。在研究2中没有观察到任何影响。总之,这两项研究与之前关于IL影响的报告背道而驰,并表明除了简单地提供免费书籍外,还必须做更多的工作来提高紧急识字率和入学准备。
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引用次数: 6
When the fences come down: twenty-first-century lessons from metropolitan school desegregation 当围栏倒塌:21世纪大都市学校废除种族隔离的教训
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2017.1282443
Stephen Kotok
tices jeopardized the stability of their employment. The latter sections of the book focus on theoretical conclusions and implications for policy and practice, such as the significant impact caring adults can have on adolescent development. The authors also detail culturally-based practices that should replace harmful discipline and encourage youth to solve problems and gain respect without using violence. Together, the youths’ stories and these recommendations will motivate readers to recommit to confronting inequality and injustice.
tices危及他们就业的稳定。本书的后几节侧重于理论结论以及对政策和实践的启示,例如关爱成年人对青少年发展的重大影响。作者还详细介绍了基于文化的做法,这些做法应该取代有害的纪律,鼓励年轻人在不使用暴力的情况下解决问题并获得尊重。这些年轻人的故事和这些建议将激励读者重新致力于应对不平等和不公正。
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引用次数: 5
Invisible nation: homeless families in America 看不见的国家:美国无家可归的家庭
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2016.1271775
A. Little
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引用次数: 3
Examining the association between Medicaid coverage and preterm births using 2010–2013 National Vital Statistics Birth Data 使用2010-2013年国家生命统计出生数据检查医疗补助覆盖率与早产之间的关系
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2016.1254601
A. Markus, Shannon Krohe, Nicole Garro, M. Gerstein, C. Pellegrini
ABSTRACT Reducing the number of preterm births is a high public health priority in the U.S. Preterm birth, affecting an estimated 380,000 infants annually, is a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity and is associated with individual and systemic characteristics. Preterm birth is estimated to cost society $26 billion annually. Despite an elevated financial burden caused by preterm birth, very little is known about who bears these costs. This study seeks to understand the relationship between Medicaid and private insurance payment for preterm birth, using multiple years of vital statistics data, which for the first time since 2010 include information on payment source. The nationwide data cover births that occur in all settings, including non-hospital settings, and many maternal characteristics not available in other datasets, improving upon previous analyses. These data can be used to promote better Medicaid coverage of interventions known to be effective in reducing preterm births.
在美国,减少早产的数量是一项高度优先的公共卫生事项,每年约有38万名婴儿受到早产的影响,是婴儿死亡和发病的主要原因,并与个体和全身特征相关。据估计,早产每年给社会造成260亿美元的损失。尽管早产造成的经济负担增加,但人们对谁承担这些费用知之甚少。本研究试图了解医疗补助和私人保险支付早产儿之间的关系,使用多年的生命统计数据,自2010年以来首次包括支付来源的信息。全国范围内的数据涵盖了所有环境下的分娩,包括非医院环境,以及其他数据集中没有的许多产妇特征,在以前的分析基础上有所改进。这些数据可以用来促进更好的医疗补助覆盖的干预措施,已知是有效的减少早产。
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引用次数: 32
School outcomes for homeless children: differences among sheltered, doubled-up, and poor, housed children 无家可归儿童的学业成绩:庇护儿童、双住儿童和贫困儿童、寄宿儿童之间的差异
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2016.1247347
S. Deck
ABSTRACT Some definitions of child homelessness include the category of children who are doubled-up with others due to loss of housing or economic hardship, while others do not. Are doubled-up children more like children in shelters or children who are poor but housed? A quasi-experimental comparison group design was used to test empirically for differences in school mobility, school attendance, and reading and mathematics achievement among three groups of sheltered, doubled-up, and poor, housed children, respectively, with each group containing 49 students. Sheltered students were found to have significantly higher levels of school mobility and significantly lower rates of school attendance than students in the other two groups. An elaboration of the continuum of risk model is proposed to differentiate experiences of sheltered and doubled-up students. Recommendations are made for policy responses as well as future research.
无家可归儿童的一些定义包括由于失去住房或经济困难而与他人住在一起的儿童,而另一些则不包括在内。被双重抚养的孩子更像是住在收容所的孩子,还是贫穷但有住所的孩子?采用准实验比较组设计,对三组庇护儿童、双重儿童和贫困儿童、寄宿儿童在学校流动性、出勤率、阅读和数学成绩方面的差异进行实证检验,每组49名学生。研究发现,与其他两组学生相比,庇护学生的学校流动性明显较高,出勤率明显较低。提出了一种风险连续体模型的阐述,以区分庇护和双重学生的经历。为政策对策和未来的研究提出了建议。
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引用次数: 20
You are where you live: Methodological challenges to measuring children's exposure to hazards. 你就在你居住的地方:测量儿童暴露于危险的方法挑战。
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-06-05 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2017.1336705
Richard C Sadler, Don J Lafreniere

Many of the challenges that affect children living in poverty are directly related to the neighborhoods in which they live. Places that inhibit healthy living and those that expose children to environmental pollution tend to more heavily affect children in poverty. This environmental injustice is a natural concern of the fields of urban planning, geography, and children's health. Yet many decisions that affect opportunities for healthy living are made without a full understanding of how neighborhood context influences such opportunities. In this brief, we paint inequalities in child health outcomes as a spatial problem, review some of the geospatial tools used by urban planners and geographers, discuss common reasons for misclassification or misrepresentation of spatially explicit problems, and propose more suitable methods for measuring opportunities and exposures germane to the field of child poverty. Throughout, we emphasize the need for evidence-driven, spatially grounded responses to child poverty issues with a spatial dimension.

影响贫困儿童的许多挑战与他们所居住的社区直接相关。阻碍健康生活的地方和使儿童暴露于环境污染的地方往往对贫困儿童的影响更大。这种环境上的不公正是城市规划、地理和儿童健康领域的自然关切。然而,许多影响健康生活机会的决定是在没有充分了解社区环境如何影响这些机会的情况下做出的。在本文中,我们将儿童健康结果的不平等描述为一个空间问题,回顾了城市规划者和地理学家使用的一些地理空间工具,讨论了对空间明确问题进行错误分类或歪曲的常见原因,并提出了更合适的方法来衡量与儿童贫困领域相关的机会和风险。在整个过程中,我们强调需要以证据为导向,以空间为基础的应对儿童贫困问题的空间维度。
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引用次数: 13
Adversity and children experiencing family homelessness: Implications for health. 逆境与儿童无家可归:对健康的影响。
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2016.1198753
J J Cutuli, Sandra M Ahumada, Janette E Herbers, Theresa L Lafavor, Ann S Masten, Charles N Oberg

This study tests links between adversity and health problems among children in family emergency housing. Children who experience family homelessness are at risk to also experience high levels of stress, health problems, and need for pediatric care. Understanding the connection between stress and health holds the potential to reduce persistent health disparities. Analyses tested whether experiencing a greater number of stressful life events during the early years of life was related to worse health conditions, emergency health care utilization, and hospitalizations. Parents noted children's experience of negative stressful life events, health problems, emergency room (ER) use, and hospitalization. Two cohorts of kindergarten-aged children staying in emergency family housing participated in the study in 2006-07 (n = 104) and in 2008-09 (n = 138), with the results examined separately. In both cohorts, more health problems were acknowledged for children exposed to more negative stressful life events. Stressful life events were not related to ER use but did relate to hospitalization for the 2006-07 cohort. Results affirm links between stress in early childhood and health problems among children living in emergency housing. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that adversity in early childhood contributes to income and racial disparities in health.

这项研究测试了家庭急诊室儿童的逆境和健康问题之间的联系。经历家庭无家可归的儿童也有可能经历高度的压力、健康问题和儿科护理需求。了解压力和健康之间的联系有可能减少持续的健康差距。分析测试了在生命的早期经历更多的压力性生活事件是否与更糟糕的健康状况、紧急医疗服务的使用和住院有关。家长们注意到孩子们经历过负面的生活压力事件、健康问题、急诊室的使用和住院治疗。2006-07年(n=104)和2008-09年(n=138),两组居住在紧急家庭住房中的幼儿园年龄儿童参与了这项研究,并分别对结果进行了检查。在这两个队列中,暴露于更负面压力生活事件的儿童都承认有更多的健康问题。在2006-07年的队列中,压力性生活事件与ER的使用无关,但与住院治疗有关。研究结果证实了儿童早期的压力与居住在紧急住房中的儿童的健康问题之间的联系。研究结果与以下假设一致,即幼儿时期的逆境会导致收入和健康方面的种族差异。
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引用次数: 29
Jacked up and unjust: Pacific Islander teens confront violent legacies 被劫持和不公正:太平洋岛民青少年面对暴力遗产
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2017.1281796
J. Sharkey
violent relationships, devastating addictions, and sudden unemployment. Instability can seem like the only constant as families move from place to place. While major traumatic events are recalled in vivid detail, the author’s descriptions of physical surroundings and the minutiae of lives in transition are just as compelling: a sign on the bulletproof partition of a Nashville motel lobby that reads, ‘Anyone evicted will have their things thrown away’; a multiple-hour trip across Fairfax commuter traffic to sell a $140 watch for $60 to pay for another night in a motel; a family struggling to keep their bodies and possessions clean and maintain dignity while living in their car in Portland. Much of the historical narrative focuses on how beliefs about the poor have shaped their treatment. Consistently, from the colonial era to the present day, taxpayers have been concerned about their money supporting the ‘idle’, now mostly anonymous, poor. While most of the professionals interviewed about the latest such subsidy – rapid-rehousing programs – find it promising (and results have been encouraging in Fairfax, Portland, and Trenton among other cities), the programs are often difficult to implement because they are perceived as rewarding poor decision-making. Schweid argues that, in fact, more generous housing programs have been shown to be the least expensive and the most effective option over the long term, and that progress can ensue only when we get past the ideological decision-making that has persisted around this issue. While interviews with families and descriptions of their surroundings drive the narrative, Invisible Nation is also an excellent introduction to the topic of American social welfare history. Readers who are well-versed in this topic may find themselves hurrying through explanations of familiar events and trends, though the author rounds these out with interesting details from some primary and older secondary sources. Invisible Nation exemplifies the relevance of history to social science research and policymaking and would be most useful in social welfare history courses aimed at students of social work, policy, and other practical disciplines.
暴力关系、毁灭性的毒瘾和突然失业。随着家庭从一个地方搬到另一个地方,不稳定似乎是唯一不变的。虽然重大创伤事件被生动详细地回忆起来,但作者对物质环境和转型生活细节的描述同样令人信服:纳什维尔一家汽车旅馆大堂的防弹隔板上有一块牌子,上面写着“任何被驱逐的人都会被扔掉他们的东西”;穿越费尔法克斯通勤交通的数小时之旅,以60美元的价格出售一块140美元的手表,以支付在汽车旅馆再住一晚的费用;在波特兰,一家人住在车里,努力保持身体和财产的清洁和尊严。大部分历史叙事都集中在关于穷人的信仰如何影响他们的待遇上。从殖民时代到今天,纳税人一直担心他们的钱支持“闲置”的穷人,现在他们大多是匿名的穷人。尽管大多数接受采访的专业人士认为最新的此类补贴——快速安置计划——很有前景(费尔法克斯、波特兰和特伦顿等城市的结果令人鼓舞),但这些计划往往很难实施,因为它们被认为是对决策失误的奖励。Schweid认为,事实上,从长远来看,更慷慨的住房计划已被证明是成本最低、最有效的选择,只有当我们克服了围绕这个问题持续存在的意识形态决策时,才能取得进展。虽然对家庭的采访和对他们周围环境的描述推动了叙事,但《看不见的国家》也是对美国社会福利史这一主题的极好介绍。熟悉这一主题的读者可能会发现自己匆匆忙忙地对熟悉的事件和趋势进行解释,尽管作者从一些主要和较老的次要来源获得了有趣的细节。《看不见的国家》体现了历史与社会科学研究和政策制定的相关性,在面向社会工作、政策和其他实践学科学生的社会福利历史课程中最为有用。
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引用次数: 17
Public library support of families experiencing homelessness 公共图书馆为无家可归的家庭提供支持
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/10796126.2016.1209166
Vikki C. Terrile
ABSTRACT While public libraries are often used by people experiencing homelessness, the value of libraries for homeless children and families has been understudied. This brief explores how public libraries can support families experiencing homelessness and how they can engage with other service providers and agencies as part of a collective impact model to support a wide array of families’ needs. Since homelessness is the result of many interconnected social and economic conditions, this paper also examines how awareness and a lack of knowledge of these factors can impact service delivery and expectations. Finally, a case study of how the Queens Library in New York City engages with family shelters to support children’s learning and exploration is included to provide best practice examples.
虽然公共图书馆经常被无家可归的人使用,但图书馆对无家可归的儿童和家庭的价值尚未得到充分研究。本简报探讨了公共图书馆如何支持无家可归的家庭,以及它们如何与其他服务提供商和机构合作,作为集体影响模型的一部分,以支持广泛的家庭需求。由于无家可归是许多相互关联的社会和经济条件的结果,本文还研究了对这些因素的认识和缺乏知识如何影响服务的提供和期望。最后,本文还介绍了纽约市皇后图书馆如何与家庭庇护所合作,以支持儿童的学习和探索,以提供最佳实践范例。
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引用次数: 17
期刊
Journal of Children and Poverty
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