By starting from a series of practical manuscript manuals produced by Spanish inquisitors for daily use in their work, then following their references to Latin legal treatises, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the theoretical, theological, philosophical, and pastoral underpinnings of inquisitorial practice. Further information can be gleaned by comparing the procedural structure of trials with the relaciones de causas, the reports that summarized those trials and justified inquisitors’ decisions to their superiors. This double approach reveals that the inquisitorial trial of faith can be conceptualized on two different levels: the formal judicial proceedings that shaped the organizational sequence of the trial, and another process that followed a less explicit internal logic and sought to produce a penitential rather than a judicial truth. Though less evident for modern readers of the Inquisition’s archives, this second level formed a key part of the theoretical apparatus described in the Latin treatises. The first level was repressive and, once the offense was proved in conformity with all judicial forms, imposed punishment. The second was integrative and ecclesiastic, and aimed to reintegrate defendants into the fold of the Catholic Church even when found guilty. The inquisitors mobilized these two levels with a certain flexibility that has not always been evident to historians: seen from this angle, their expressions of interest in defendants’ spiritual well-being were more than simple hypocrisy. The two conflictual logics nevertheless meant that the inquisitorial trial of faith was an unbalanced edifice that could easily sway in one direction or the other, depending on the inquisitors’ choices. Over time, it appears that the penitential aspect of the trial took precedence over the purely judicial dimension. There are several indications that a similar double logic governed the criminal trials of other jurisdictions, meaning that such an approach may shed a broader light on early modern institutions and their resolution of conflicts.
{"title":"The Trial of Faith in the Spanish Inquisition","authors":"J. Dedieu, Gunnar W. Knutsen","doi":"10.1017/ahsse.2022.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2022.27","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 By starting from a series of practical manuscript manuals\u0000produced by Spanish inquisitors for daily use in their work, then following\u0000their references to Latin legal treatises, it is possible to gain a better\u0000understanding of the theoretical, theological, philosophical, and pastoral\u0000underpinnings of inquisitorial practice. Further information can be gleaned by\u0000comparing the procedural structure of trials with the relaciones de causas, the reports that summarized\u0000those trials and justified inquisitors’ decisions to their superiors. This\u0000double approach reveals that the inquisitorial trial of faith can be\u0000conceptualized on two different levels: the formal judicial proceedings that\u0000shaped the organizational sequence of the trial, and another process that\u0000followed a less explicit internal logic and sought to produce a penitential\u0000rather than a judicial truth. Though less evident for modern readers of the\u0000Inquisition’s archives, this second level formed a key part of the theoretical\u0000apparatus described in the Latin treatises. The first level was repressive and,\u0000once the offense was proved in conformity with all judicial forms, imposed\u0000punishment. The second was integrative and ecclesiastic, and aimed to\u0000reintegrate defendants into the fold of the Catholic Church even when found\u0000guilty. The inquisitors mobilized these two levels with a certain flexibility\u0000that has not always been evident to historians: seen from this angle, their\u0000expressions of interest in defendants’ spiritual well-being were more than\u0000simple hypocrisy. The two conflictual logics nevertheless meant that the\u0000inquisitorial trial of faith was an unbalanced edifice that could easily sway in\u0000one direction or the other, depending on the inquisitors’ choices. Over time, it\u0000appears that the penitential aspect of the trial took precedence over the purely\u0000judicial dimension. There are several indications that a similar double logic\u0000governed the criminal trials of other jurisdictions, meaning that such an\u0000approach may shed a broader light on early modern institutions and their\u0000resolution of conflicts.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88176793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the martyrdom of the Jesuit missionary Saint João de Brito (1647-1693) and the beginnings of his cult, at once embedded in the local dynamics of the Tamil country and extending towards broad imperial horizons. How did a Portuguese Jesuit, an agent of modern global Catholicism, become such a locally anchored figure? And how did the last moments of Brito’s life initiate a Tamil devotion that has lasted for over three centuries? A diverse array of sources is used to address these questions: the multilingual archives produced during early inquiries in support of Brito’s canonization (particularly the witness statements of his catechists), a missionary treatise in Tamil, and a life of Brito composed in Tamil by one of his catechists and preserved in a palm-leaf manuscript. Two conclusions emerge from this study. In the early eighteenth century, witnessing a martyrdom could be a means of acquiring a certain degree of sanctity, and thus a spiritual and social authority transmissible within family lineages. Moreover, by witnessing Brito’s life and death, Tamil Christian laymen found a way of inscribing their own lives into the history of Catholicism on both local and global scales.
{"title":"Martyrdom, Witnessing, and Social Lineages in the Tamil Country","authors":"Margherita Trento","doi":"10.1017/ahsse.2022.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2022.26","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the martyrdom of the Jesuit\u0000missionary Saint João de Brito (1647-1693) and the beginnings of his cult, at\u0000once embedded in the local dynamics of the Tamil country and extending towards\u0000broad imperial horizons. How did a Portuguese Jesuit, an agent of modern global\u0000Catholicism, become such a locally anchored figure? And how did the last moments\u0000of Brito’s life initiate a Tamil devotion that has lasted for over three\u0000centuries? A diverse array of sources is used to address these questions: the\u0000multilingual archives produced during early inquiries in support of Brito’s\u0000canonization (particularly the witness statements of his catechists), a\u0000missionary treatise in Tamil, and a life of Brito composed in Tamil by one of\u0000his catechists and preserved in a palm-leaf manuscript. Two conclusions emerge\u0000from this study. In the early eighteenth century, witnessing a martyrdom could\u0000be a means of acquiring a certain degree of sanctity, and thus a spiritual and\u0000social authority transmissible within family lineages. Moreover, by witnessing\u0000Brito’s life and death, Tamil Christian laymen found a way of inscribing their\u0000own lives into the history of Catholicism on both local and global scales.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78923350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article compares the cartographical representations of the Caspian region produced around 1560 in Goa and Venice, with references to other centers of mapmaking such as Lisbon, Seville, and Antwerp. It explores the scientific, cultural, technical, and commercial logics that led to profoundly dissimilar cartographies of the Caspian and its surroundings in different centers of map production around the same time. It asks questions about the contrasts between maritime and terrestrial cartography in the Renaissance, and the cartographical languages associated with each of these cartographical modes. The habitus of maritime cartographers in Goa, Lisbon, and Seville differed profoundly, it is argued, from that of mapmakers in Italy, and particularly Venice, who aimed for an integration of all available data as part of a tradition of commenting on Ptolemy, and produced highly desirable printed maps for a growing consumer audience. The article thus advocates a comparative approach to maps, and critiques the assumption that knowledge “flows” between regions. It proposes instead a “(dis)connected history” of knowledge production and consumption to throw new light on the origins of the cartographical printing revolution.
{"title":"In a Garden of Forking Maps","authors":"Z. Biedermann","doi":"10.1017/ahsse.2022.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2022.13","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article compares the cartographical representations\u0000of the Caspian region produced around 1560 in Goa and Venice, with references to\u0000other centers of mapmaking such as Lisbon, Seville, and Antwerp. It explores the\u0000scientific, cultural, technical, and commercial logics that led to profoundly\u0000dissimilar cartographies of the Caspian and its surroundings in different\u0000centers of map production around the same time. It asks questions about the\u0000contrasts between maritime and terrestrial cartography in the Renaissance, and\u0000the cartographical languages associated with each of these cartographical modes.\u0000The habitus of maritime cartographers in Goa, Lisbon, and Seville differed\u0000profoundly, it is argued, from that of mapmakers in Italy, and particularly\u0000Venice, who aimed for an integration of all available data as part of a\u0000tradition of commenting on Ptolemy, and produced highly desirable printed maps\u0000for a growing consumer audience. The article thus advocates a comparative\u0000approach to maps, and critiques the assumption that knowledge “flows” between\u0000regions. It proposes instead a “(dis)connected history” of knowledge production\u0000and consumption to throw new light on the origins of the cartographical printing\u0000revolution.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75572430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper applies to ancient Greece an approach developed by Pierre Rosanvallon: the integration of philosophical texts with the most everyday documents to better grasp a society’s understanding of its political life. For the ancient polis, this means focusing on the more prosaic evidence offered by cities’ inscriptions, especially their collective decisions published on stone. It is used here to consider the changing ideas about the nature of political and private life—and especially the space between them. In a very influential model, Classical Athenian democrats and philosophers tended to insist on a sharp binary distinction between public/ political life and private life, leaving little room for a notion of an intermediate third space of polis life, similar to a “social sphere” or “civil society.” This pattern remained dominant in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, but, especially after c. 150 BC, some Greek citizens and intellectuals developed, above all in inscriptions, a much more explicit, complex, and subtle notion of “social life” as something between politics and private life. The article concludes by asking what the different ancient concepts discussed can contribute to current historiographical debates about the nature of the Greek city after c. 150 BC, especially when it comes to moving beyond the traditional picture of “depoliticization.” It also calls into question the orthodox narrative of the development of ideas of “the social” over many centuries up to the present.
{"title":"The Invention of the Social?","authors":"B. Gray","doi":"10.1017/ahsse.2022.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2022.25","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper applies to ancient Greece an approach\u0000 developed by Pierre Rosanvallon: the integration of philosophical\u0000 texts with the most everyday documents to better grasp a society’s\u0000 understanding of its political life. For the ancient polis, this means\u0000 focusing on the more prosaic evidence offered by cities’ inscriptions,\u0000 especially their collective decisions published on stone. It is used\u0000 here to consider the changing ideas about the nature of political and\u0000 private life—and especially the space between them. In a very\u0000 influential model, Classical Athenian democrats and philosophers\u0000 tended to insist on a sharp binary distinction between public/\u0000 political life and private life, leaving little room for a notion of\u0000 an intermediate third space of polis life, similar to a “social\u0000 sphere” or “civil society.” This pattern remained dominant in the\u0000 Hellenistic and Roman periods, but, especially after c. 150 BC, some\u0000 Greek citizens and intellectuals developed, above all in inscriptions,\u0000 a much more explicit, complex, and subtle notion of “social life” as\u0000 something between politics and private life. The article concludes by\u0000 asking what the different ancient concepts discussed can contribute to\u0000 current historiographical debates about the nature of the Greek city\u0000 after c. 150 BC, especially when it comes to moving beyond the\u0000 traditional picture of “depoliticization.” It also calls into question\u0000 the orthodox narrative of the development of ideas of “the social”\u0000 over many centuries up to the present.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86106702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay analyzes a recently discovered French play, Les esclaves livournais à Alger, authored by François Gariel in Livorno in 1786. The protagonist of the piece, which is full of allusions to contemporary Tuscan and European events and subtle references to classics of French Enlightenment literature, is a virtuous, Algiers-based Jewish merchant who preaches toleration for all peoples and religions and greatly admires the grand duke of Tuscany. Important context for understanding Gariel’s play and the Jewish question in Livorno is provided by the relocation in the 1780s of prominent Algerian Jewish families who had built their fortunes on the ransom of captives, as well as the active but contested Jewish participation in the Livornese theatrical scene. Once the play’s many allusions are decoded and its layers are peeled back, Les esclaves takes us to the heart of Tuscan political debates about Jewish participation in the public sphere and illuminates widespread anxieties about Jewish power, intertwined with ambivalence about the prominent role of Jews in the commerce and ransom of captives. Livorno’s historical ties with the Maghreb are thus central to assessing the public discourse about the Jewish condition in Tuscany. A Mediterranean perspective in turn complicates our understanding of minority-majority relations as Enlightenment debates on toleration and Jewish integration flourished in Western Europe.
{"title":"The Livornese Slaves in Algiers","authors":"A. Addobbati, Francesca Bregoli","doi":"10.1017/ahsse.2022.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2022.15","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This essay analyzes a recently discovered French play, Les esclaves livournais à Alger, authored by François Gariel in Livorno in 1786. The protagonist of the piece, which is full of allusions to contemporary Tuscan and European events and subtle references to classics of French Enlightenment literature, is a virtuous, Algiers-based Jewish merchant who preaches toleration for all peoples and religions and greatly admires the grand duke of Tuscany. Important context for understanding Gariel’s play and the Jewish question in Livorno is provided by the relocation in the 1780s of prominent Algerian Jewish families who had built their fortunes on the ransom of captives, as well as the active but contested Jewish participation in the Livornese theatrical scene. Once the play’s many allusions are decoded and its layers are peeled back, Les esclaves takes us to the heart of Tuscan political debates about Jewish participation in the public sphere and illuminates widespread anxieties about Jewish power, intertwined with ambivalence about the prominent role of Jews in the commerce and ransom of captives. Livorno’s historical ties with the Maghreb are thus central to assessing the public discourse about the Jewish condition in Tuscany. A Mediterranean perspective in turn complicates our understanding of minority-majority relations as Enlightenment debates on toleration and Jewish integration flourished in Western Europe.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86524849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a comparative analysis of the commons in two broad regions of medieval southern Europe: northern Italy and the Iberian Peninsula’s Duero Plateau. Recent scholarship on different regions of northern Europe has highlighted the centrality of common lands to both agrosystems and the organization of communities, drawing on the economic theories of Elinor Ostrom and generally focusing on the early modern period. It has also suggested a contrast between resilient communities in northern Europe, where the presence of stable commons helped absorb social inequality, and those of southern Europe, where less solid commons supposedly resulted in lower cohesion among communities. Our longue-durée comparative study of these two regions shows, however, that commons existed in southern Europe from the early medieval period on. It also reveals how they evolved and adapted throughout the High and late Middle Ages, in tandem with the documentary practices that recorded them. This resilience took different forms in each of the areas studied, reflecting the influence of a range of different factors across southern Europe. The commons endured because they were part of a “moral economy” of collective use, which, in constant dialogue with notions of property and ownership, helped forge lasting identities in both rural and urban contexts and on different scales.
{"title":"Commons and Dynamics of Power in Medieval Southern Europe","authors":"Martín Iñaki Viso, Riccardo Rao","doi":"10.1017/ahsse.2022.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2022.24","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article presents a comparative analysis of\u0000 the commons in two broad regions of medieval southern Europe: northern\u0000 Italy and the Iberian Peninsula’s Duero Plateau. Recent scholarship on\u0000 different regions of northern Europe has highlighted the centrality of\u0000 common lands to both agrosystems and the organization of communities,\u0000 drawing on the economic theories of Elinor Ostrom and generally\u0000 focusing on the early modern period. It has also suggested a contrast\u0000 between resilient communities in northern Europe, where the presence\u0000 of stable commons helped absorb social inequality, and those of\u0000 southern Europe, where less solid commons supposedly resulted in lower\u0000 cohesion among communities. Our longue-durée comparative study of these two\u0000 regions shows, however, that commons existed in southern Europe from\u0000 the early medieval period on. It also reveals how they evolved and\u0000 adapted throughout the High and late Middle Ages, in tandem with the\u0000 documentary practices that recorded them. This resilience took\u0000 different forms in each of the areas studied, reflecting the influence\u0000 of a range of different factors across southern Europe. The commons\u0000 endured because they were part of a “moral economy” of collective use,\u0000 which, in constant dialogue with notions of property and ownership,\u0000 helped forge lasting identities in both rural and urban contexts and\u0000 on different scales.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86467126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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{"title":"Patrick Louvier (dir.), Le Languedoc et la mer (xive-xxie siècle), Montpellier, PULM, [2012] 2020 [seconde édition revue et augmentée], 316 p.","authors":"Élias Burgel","doi":"10.1017/ahss.2023.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahss.2023.83","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135194331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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{"title":"Irus Braverman et Elizabeth R. Johnson (dir.), Blue Legalities: The Life and Laws of the Sea, Durham, Duke University Press, 2020, 352 p.","authors":"Pascale Ricard","doi":"10.1017/ahss.2023.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahss.2023.98","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135194338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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{"title":"Penny McCall Howard, Environment, Labour and Capitalism at Sea: “Working the Ground” in Scotland, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2017, 248 p.","authors":"Fabien Clouette","doi":"10.1017/ahss.2023.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahss.2023.94","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135194343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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{"title":"AHS volume 78 issue 2 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/ahss.2023.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ahss.2023.102","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.","PeriodicalId":35258,"journal":{"name":"Annales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135194548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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