V. Tamme, A. Jänes, T. Romann, H. Tamme, P. Muiste, A. Kangur
Abstract Wood moisture content (MC) has a significant impact on all electrical properties of wood. Regarding the development of the (so-called polarization-type) wood moisture meter with the electrical charging effect for monitoring and controlling the wood drying process, it is of interest to expand the theoretical background of this type of novel wood moisture meter by means of modelling. Two mediums were selected for modelling – raw birch wood and, as a reference medium, birch liquid sap – into which two symmetrical carbon fibre measuring electrodes were inserted. In both mediums, direct current and alternating current were passed between electrodes at different electrode potentials. The electrical field and electrical response of the current-affected mediums were then measured and modelled in the time domain and frequency domain. The numerical results of modelling are comparable both in the time domain and frequency domain (i.e. if E = 1.8V, then Cs = 0.5 mF and C1,int = 0.7 mF). The concept of energetic chargeability (CHA(W)) of wood was defined and compared to conventional chargeability as defined by C. Schlumberger in 1913. Empirical dependencies of CHA(W) on electrode potential and primary energy W1 transmitted through the wood (sap) medium were found. In the frequency domain, frequency dependencies were found to distinguish between adsorption processes and mixed kinetics ranges in birch sap and in raw birch wood.
{"title":"Investigation and modelling of the electrical charging effect in birch wood above the fibre saturation point (FSP)","authors":"V. Tamme, A. Jänes, T. Romann, H. Tamme, P. Muiste, A. Kangur","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2022-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2022-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wood moisture content (MC) has a significant impact on all electrical properties of wood. Regarding the development of the (so-called polarization-type) wood moisture meter with the electrical charging effect for monitoring and controlling the wood drying process, it is of interest to expand the theoretical background of this type of novel wood moisture meter by means of modelling. Two mediums were selected for modelling – raw birch wood and, as a reference medium, birch liquid sap – into which two symmetrical carbon fibre measuring electrodes were inserted. In both mediums, direct current and alternating current were passed between electrodes at different electrode potentials. The electrical field and electrical response of the current-affected mediums were then measured and modelled in the time domain and frequency domain. The numerical results of modelling are comparable both in the time domain and frequency domain (i.e. if E = 1.8V, then Cs = 0.5 mF and C1,int = 0.7 mF). The concept of energetic chargeability (CHA(W)) of wood was defined and compared to conventional chargeability as defined by C. Schlumberger in 1913. Empirical dependencies of CHA(W) on electrode potential and primary energy W1 transmitted through the wood (sap) medium were found. In the frequency domain, frequency dependencies were found to distinguish between adsorption processes and mixed kinetics ranges in birch sap and in raw birch wood.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"21 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72666636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Significant changes in the environment have caused awareness of the strategic importance of forests as a factor in global environmental security, and socio-economic development of territories. Evidence of this are many international acts, including the provisions of the New EU Forest Strategy for 2030. However, in areas where hostilities are taking place, forests are being destroyed en masse, leading to systemic losses, the restoration of which will require large investments, efforts, and a long period of time. Therefore, it is important to improve the mechanisms for recovering compensation from the aggressor country, whose actions have led to losses from loss or damage to forest ecosystems. In this case, justification of the amount of compensation plays a significant role, and therefore there is a need to develop methodological approaches to their definition. Based on the summary of international practices, guidelines of international organizations, regulations of Ukraine, and scientific publications on the assessment and compensation of environmental damage, the author used a systematic approach that combines the assessment of damage from loss or damage to forest ecosystems and the cost of their restoration. The methodology involves taking into account the degree of damage in determining losses, lost profits, and costs of restoration of forest ecosystems in the context of forest ecosystem services – Provisioning Services, Regulating Services, Supporting Services, or other ecosystem maintenance services; Cultural Services, such as educational, aesthetic, and cultural heritage values, recreation, and tourism. The author proposes relevant methods for each component of the assessment and the relevant indicators. In determining the sets of indicators the author used those that can be calculated based on objective data, or that have an international practice of their calculation. The choice of data sources for the calculation of damage and losses from losses or damage to forest ecosystems and objects within them, caused to Ukraine as a result of hostilities, is stipulated.
{"title":"Methodology for the assessment of damage and economic losses from harm to forest ecosystems as a result of armed aggression","authors":"L. Cherchyk","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Significant changes in the environment have caused awareness of the strategic importance of forests as a factor in global environmental security, and socio-economic development of territories. Evidence of this are many international acts, including the provisions of the New EU Forest Strategy for 2030. However, in areas where hostilities are taking place, forests are being destroyed en masse, leading to systemic losses, the restoration of which will require large investments, efforts, and a long period of time. Therefore, it is important to improve the mechanisms for recovering compensation from the aggressor country, whose actions have led to losses from loss or damage to forest ecosystems. In this case, justification of the amount of compensation plays a significant role, and therefore there is a need to develop methodological approaches to their definition. Based on the summary of international practices, guidelines of international organizations, regulations of Ukraine, and scientific publications on the assessment and compensation of environmental damage, the author used a systematic approach that combines the assessment of damage from loss or damage to forest ecosystems and the cost of their restoration. The methodology involves taking into account the degree of damage in determining losses, lost profits, and costs of restoration of forest ecosystems in the context of forest ecosystem services – Provisioning Services, Regulating Services, Supporting Services, or other ecosystem maintenance services; Cultural Services, such as educational, aesthetic, and cultural heritage values, recreation, and tourism. The author proposes relevant methods for each component of the assessment and the relevant indicators. In determining the sets of indicators the author used those that can be calculated based on objective data, or that have an international practice of their calculation. The choice of data sources for the calculation of damage and losses from losses or damage to forest ecosystems and objects within them, caused to Ukraine as a result of hostilities, is stipulated.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"2 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88528025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Tran Quang Bao, Diego I. Rodríguez-Hernández, Ilaria Gliottone
Abstract Tree species inventories, particularly of poorly known dry forests, are necessary to protect and restore them in degraded landscapes. The present research has been conducted to compare taxonomic diversity and community composition in four dry forests (DF) categories with different standing volume levels: very low (DFV), low (DFP), medium (DFM) and high (DFR). This quantitative assessment of taxonomic diversity, forest structure and species composition were obtained from 103 sample plots (0.1 ha each). The regeneration potential of trees was assessed in 515 subplots (4 m × 4 m) located within the 103 plots. A total of 1,072 trees representing 87 species belonging to 37 families were recorded in 10.3 ha of total sampled area. The ranges of diversity indices observed in the four forest types were: Margalef's (5.44–8.43), Shannon-Wiener (1.80–2.29), Simpson diversity (0.76–0.87) and evenness (0.32–0.35). The regeneration potential of rare and threatened species Dalbergia oliveri, Hopea recopei, Dalbergia bariensis, Sindora siamensis, Parashorea stellata was observed to be poor. Conversely, Cratoxylon formosum, Shorea obtusa, Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Terminalia alata, Shorea siamensis and Xylia xylocarpa were the most dominant species at the seedling and sapling stage, showing a strong potential for regeneration. Overall, this study provides useful information on tree species diversity and composition for tropical dry forests which can be used as baseline data to develop incoming plans for forest management and conservation in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region.
{"title":"Tree diversity and species composition of tropical dry forests in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region","authors":"Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Tran Quang Bao, Diego I. Rodríguez-Hernández, Ilaria Gliottone","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tree species inventories, particularly of poorly known dry forests, are necessary to protect and restore them in degraded landscapes. The present research has been conducted to compare taxonomic diversity and community composition in four dry forests (DF) categories with different standing volume levels: very low (DFV), low (DFP), medium (DFM) and high (DFR). This quantitative assessment of taxonomic diversity, forest structure and species composition were obtained from 103 sample plots (0.1 ha each). The regeneration potential of trees was assessed in 515 subplots (4 m × 4 m) located within the 103 plots. A total of 1,072 trees representing 87 species belonging to 37 families were recorded in 10.3 ha of total sampled area. The ranges of diversity indices observed in the four forest types were: Margalef's (5.44–8.43), Shannon-Wiener (1.80–2.29), Simpson diversity (0.76–0.87) and evenness (0.32–0.35). The regeneration potential of rare and threatened species Dalbergia oliveri, Hopea recopei, Dalbergia bariensis, Sindora siamensis, Parashorea stellata was observed to be poor. Conversely, Cratoxylon formosum, Shorea obtusa, Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Terminalia alata, Shorea siamensis and Xylia xylocarpa were the most dominant species at the seedling and sapling stage, showing a strong potential for regeneration. Overall, this study provides useful information on tree species diversity and composition for tropical dry forests which can be used as baseline data to develop incoming plans for forest management and conservation in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"92 1","pages":"80 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85491478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Knowing and analyzing the effect of the successful implementation of forest management policies mediated by community empowerment by moderating a network of actors and stakeholder collaborations. This study uses a quantitative approach to examine specific populations and samples. The research instrument is a questionnaire. The sample in this study were 100 people around the KPHP Model Yogjakarta. The analytical tool used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) WarpPLS and IPA approaches. Communication, resources, environmental conditions, and relationships between organizations have a direct and significant effect on community empowerment, and the empowerment variable has a direct and significant effect on the successful implementation of forest management policies. The variables that do not directly affect the disposition and organizational structure variables do not significantly influence community empowerment. The influence of actor-networks and stakeholder collaborations as moderation which strengthens implementation of community empowerment and successful implementation is a novelty in research.
{"title":"The effect of implementation on successful forest management policy, moderated by actor-network and stakeholder collaboration","authors":"Drasospolino, B. Supriyono, B. Haryono, T. Domai","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Knowing and analyzing the effect of the successful implementation of forest management policies mediated by community empowerment by moderating a network of actors and stakeholder collaborations. This study uses a quantitative approach to examine specific populations and samples. The research instrument is a questionnaire. The sample in this study were 100 people around the KPHP Model Yogjakarta. The analytical tool used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) WarpPLS and IPA approaches. Communication, resources, environmental conditions, and relationships between organizations have a direct and significant effect on community empowerment, and the empowerment variable has a direct and significant effect on the successful implementation of forest management policies. The variables that do not directly affect the disposition and organizational structure variables do not significantly influence community empowerment. The influence of actor-networks and stakeholder collaborations as moderation which strengthens implementation of community empowerment and successful implementation is a novelty in research.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"43 1","pages":"119 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79957488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article explores the development of the North Estonian city of Tallinn and the history of the forests on Naissaar, the greatest of the four offshore islands, in the 13th–17th century. In 1219, the northern part of Estonia was conquered by King of Denmark Waldemar II, who built a new stone citadel on the site of the former Estonian stronghold on the hill of Toompea. Under the sovereign rule of the King of Denmark, North Estonia became the Duchy of Estonia. Subsequently, the citadel developed into the settlement of Toompea, the seat of the governor and state authority, and the surrounding areas into the settlement of Tallinn. In 1248, Tallinn gained Lübeck city rights. King of Denmark Erik VI Menved’s law of 1297 granted the city of Tallinn and Toompea, i.e., the state, joint use of the insular forests. The law came to be interpreted as the beginning of nature conservation in Estonia, as it was the first law regulating forest use and users. Naissaare forest also served as a landmark for sea vessels. As the state did not interfere with the city’s affairs, the latter saw itself as the sole owner of Naissaare Island. Over the next four centuries, Tallinn exploited the Naissaare forests for various purposes. The city managed the forests with relative economy, but not without conflicts, as the provincial government also contended for the use of Naissaare. In 1689, the state asserted its rule over the islands by reduction. The city of Tallinn was forced to terminate the use of Naissaare forests, with the right of forest use reserved to the state. Kokkuvõte Siinses artiklis käsitletakse Tallinna (Põhja -Eesti) linna arengut ning Tallinna neljast lähisaarest suurima, Naissaare metsade ajalugu 13.–17. sajandil. 1219. aastal hõlmas Põhja-Eesti Taani kuningas Valdemar II, kes ehitas Toompea kõrgendikule kivikindlustuse. Põhja-Eestist sai Taani kuninga suveräänse võimu all Eesti hertsogkond, kus keskus ja ametkond paiknesid Toompeal. Kivilinnus arenes hiljem Toompea ja Vanalinna asulaks, esimene sai kuberneri ja riigivõimu residentsiks, teine kujunes välja kõrgendikku ümbritseval alal. 1248. aastal sai Tallinn Lübecki linnaõigused. Taani kuninga Erik VI Menvedi 1297. aasta seadus andis saarte metsade ühiskasutuse Tallinna linnale ja Toompeale (st riigile). Valdavalt mändidega, väiksemal määral kuuskedega kaetud Naissaare kõrgete puudega mets oli ka meremärk. 1297. aasta seadust on hakatud käsitlema kui looduskaitse algust Eestis, sest see oli esimene metsakasutust ja kasutajate ringi reguleeriv seadus. Kuna riik ei sekkunud linna asjadesse, pidas viimane ennast Naissaare ainuomanikuks. Järgneva nelja sajandi jooksul saigi Tallinn kasutada Naissaare (ka teiste lähissaarte) metsi, mille puitu kasutati väga mitmesugusel otsatarbel. Linn oli metsamajandamisel suhteliselt ökonoomne. Kuid esines ka konflikte, nii taotles Eestimaa kuberner 1642. aastal raelt dokumentaalset kinnitust Naissaare kuuluvust linnale. Küsimuse lahendamiseks moodustati komisjon,
本文探讨了爱沙尼亚北部塔林市的发展，以及13 - 17世纪四个近海岛屿中最大的奈萨尔岛上森林的历史。1219年，丹麦国王瓦尔德马尔二世征服了爱沙尼亚北部，他在Toompea山上的前爱沙尼亚要塞遗址上建造了一座新的石头城堡。在丹麦国王的主权统治下，北爱沙尼亚成为爱沙尼亚公国。随后，城堡发展成为Toompea定居点，州长和国家权力机构的所在地，周围地区发展成为塔林定居点。1248年，塔林获得了l贝克市权。丹麦国王埃里克六世·门维德于1297年颁布法律，授予塔林市和托姆皮亚市，即国家，共同使用岛屿森林。这项法律被解释为爱沙尼亚自然保护的开端，因为它是第一部规范森林使用和使用者的法律。奈萨雷森林也被用作海上船只的地标。由于国家不干涉城市事务，后者认为自己是奈萨雷岛的唯一所有者。在接下来的四个世纪里，塔林为了各种目的开发了奈萨雷森林。城市以相对经济的方式管理森林，但也不是没有冲突，因为省政府也在争夺奈萨尔的使用权。1689年，国家通过缩减对这些岛屿的统治。塔林市被迫终止对奈萨雷森林的使用，森林的使用权保留给国家。Kokkuvõte sinses artiklis käsitletakse Tallinna (Põhja -Eesti) linna arengut ning Tallinna neljast lähisaarest suurima, Naissaare metsade ajalugu 13 - 17。sajandil。1219. aastal hõlmas Põhja-Eesti Taani kuningas Valdemar II, kes ehitas Toompea kõrgendikule kivikindlustuse。Taani kuninga说:Põhja-Eestist suveräänse võimu所有的Eesti hertsokond, kuskeskus和paekkus都是来自日本的竞争对手。kivilinus arenes hiljem Toompea ja Vanalinna asulaks, esimene sai kuberneri ja riigivõimu居民siks, teine kujunes välja kõrgendikku mbritseval alal。1248. 阿斯塔尔说，塔林贝基linnaõigused。塔尼·库宁加，埃里克六世，门维迪，1297。这是一个很好的例子，它是一个很好的例子，它是一个很好的例子，它是一个很好的例子。Valdavalt mändidega, väiksemal määral kuuskedega kaetud naiissaare kõrgete pupudega mets oli ka meremärk。1297. 在hakatud上的astastseadus käsitlema kui looduskaitse just Eestis, see oli esimene metsakasutust ja kasutajate ringi regulerevseadus。Kuna riik ei sekkunud linna asadesse, pidas viimane enist Naissaare ainumanikks。Järgneva nelja sajandi jooksul saigi Tallinn kasutada Naissaare (ka teiste lähissaarte) metsi, mille puitu kasutati väga mitmesugusel otsatarbel。Linn oli metsamajandamisel suhteliselt ökonoomne。Kuid esines ka konflikte, nii taotteres (Eestimaa kuberner 1642)。有一篇文献介绍了一种新的研究方法，那就是建立一种新的研究方法。ksimuse lahendamiseks moodustati komisjon, kes ei suutnud lahendit pakkuda。Seda kasutas ära Eestimaa kuberner, kes 1645。aastal lasi hankida naissaaret rohkesti puitu, mis põhjustas linna pahameele。Seetõttu pidi sekkuma Rootsi kuninganna(1632-1654)克里斯蒂娜，生于1653年。这是一种解决方案，它的主要成分是维生素c、维生素c、维生素c、维生素c和维生素c。Kubermangu valitsus, tundes oma kaasaomandi õigust saartele，客家Naissaare metsi rohkem kasutama, eelkõige fortifikatsioonitöödeks。参见põhjustas linnas在vastumeetmeid的抗议活动，包括1686年的抗议活动。aastal Naissaarele special aalse vahtkonna, kes piidi jälgima, et raraks varutava ehituspuidu raiumisega ei mindaks iliks。奎鲁特里克(1689年)Aastal läbi mõisate reduktsiooni, siis riigistati peaeggu linnasaras saartega。Kui muus osas说linin oma endisi valdusi edasi kasutada, siis sasaas võeti riigi valitseda ja linnal keelati igasugune majanduslik tegevus, sealhulgas ka pupuderae。17. Sajandi lõpul ja 18。sajandi algul nõudsid mitmesused linnarajatised rokesti puitja seda tarbiti ka naissaaret。从1700年开始，在pärit Naissaare metsade kaart, kust nähtub, et suurema, metsadest moodustas noor männimets loodusliku uendusega, puudus aga korralik palgimets。
{"title":"The Forests of Naissaare Island in 1297–1698 in relation to the development of the City of Tallinn, Estonia","authors":"H. Sander, T. Meikar","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article explores the development of the North Estonian city of Tallinn and the history of the forests on Naissaar, the greatest of the four offshore islands, in the 13th–17th century. In 1219, the northern part of Estonia was conquered by King of Denmark Waldemar II, who built a new stone citadel on the site of the former Estonian stronghold on the hill of Toompea. Under the sovereign rule of the King of Denmark, North Estonia became the Duchy of Estonia. Subsequently, the citadel developed into the settlement of Toompea, the seat of the governor and state authority, and the surrounding areas into the settlement of Tallinn. In 1248, Tallinn gained Lübeck city rights. King of Denmark Erik VI Menved’s law of 1297 granted the city of Tallinn and Toompea, i.e., the state, joint use of the insular forests. The law came to be interpreted as the beginning of nature conservation in Estonia, as it was the first law regulating forest use and users. Naissaare forest also served as a landmark for sea vessels. As the state did not interfere with the city’s affairs, the latter saw itself as the sole owner of Naissaare Island. Over the next four centuries, Tallinn exploited the Naissaare forests for various purposes. The city managed the forests with relative economy, but not without conflicts, as the provincial government also contended for the use of Naissaare. In 1689, the state asserted its rule over the islands by reduction. The city of Tallinn was forced to terminate the use of Naissaare forests, with the right of forest use reserved to the state. Kokkuvõte Siinses artiklis käsitletakse Tallinna (Põhja -Eesti) linna arengut ning Tallinna neljast lähisaarest suurima, Naissaare metsade ajalugu 13.–17. sajandil. 1219. aastal hõlmas Põhja-Eesti Taani kuningas Valdemar II, kes ehitas Toompea kõrgendikule kivikindlustuse. Põhja-Eestist sai Taani kuninga suveräänse võimu all Eesti hertsogkond, kus keskus ja ametkond paiknesid Toompeal. Kivilinnus arenes hiljem Toompea ja Vanalinna asulaks, esimene sai kuberneri ja riigivõimu residentsiks, teine kujunes välja kõrgendikku ümbritseval alal. 1248. aastal sai Tallinn Lübecki linnaõigused. Taani kuninga Erik VI Menvedi 1297. aasta seadus andis saarte metsade ühiskasutuse Tallinna linnale ja Toompeale (st riigile). Valdavalt mändidega, väiksemal määral kuuskedega kaetud Naissaare kõrgete puudega mets oli ka meremärk. 1297. aasta seadust on hakatud käsitlema kui looduskaitse algust Eestis, sest see oli esimene metsakasutust ja kasutajate ringi reguleeriv seadus. Kuna riik ei sekkunud linna asjadesse, pidas viimane ennast Naissaare ainuomanikuks. Järgneva nelja sajandi jooksul saigi Tallinn kasutada Naissaare (ka teiste lähissaarte) metsi, mille puitu kasutati väga mitmesugusel otsatarbel. Linn oli metsamajandamisel suhteliselt ökonoomne. Kuid esines ka konflikte, nii taotles Eestimaa kuberner 1642. aastal raelt dokumentaalset kinnitust Naissaare kuuluvust linnale. Küsimuse lahendamiseks moodustati komisjon,","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"100 1","pages":"10 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82394616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research into the possibility of applying the electric impedance spectrometry (EIS) method and the dielectric capacitance method (DECM) simultaneously above fibre saturation point (FSP) and in harsh kiln conditions has been relatively scarce. In the framework of this research, tests were carried out on the operational reliability of the measuring capacitor (MEC) prototype used for calibrating the DECM in the harsh internal climate (50°C and 98% RH) of the kiln. Condensation of water vapor on MEC plates, leakage of MEC insulators and the emergence of static electric charges on MEC plates were studied. Quantitative ranges were found for MEC performance-disrupting effects on the parasitic capacities induced by each effect. The DECM was found to be less reliable than the EIS method for application in harsh kiln conditions. Secondly, under the same test conditions and for the same wood species (birch), the possibilities of the DECM method and the EIS method were comparatively modeled with the predetermined Rozema quality criterion of ±1.75% MC for predicting the moisture content (MC) of birch wood above FSP. It was found that, under the same test conditions, the DECM method proved more accurate than the EIS method for predicting birch wood MC above FSP. Based on the tests, it was concluded that DECM can be used in practice by applying a non-destructive method to reliably determine the average moisture content of a wood batch immediately prior to commencing the wood-drying process. Kokkuvõte Selles artiklis uuriti kahte erinevat vahelduvvoolu meetodit puidu niiskussisalduse määramiseks. Dielektrilise mahtuvusmeetodi (lühidalt mahtuvusmeetod) korral asetatakse puit, mille niiskussisaldust määratakse, omavahel, ja ühtlasi uuritavast puidust elektriliselt isoleeritud metallplaatide vahele. Moodustub nn. mõõtekondensaator, milles puit täidab dielektriku rolli. Plaatide vahelise elektrimahtuvuse mõõtmiseks rakendatakse plaatidele vahelduvpinge. Puidu niiskussisaldus muudab dielektriku (antud juhul puidu) elektrilisi omadusi, ning seetõttu muutub ka mõõtekondensaatori elektrimahtuvus, mis mõõdetakse ja seostatakse mõõtemudelis ehk kalibreerimismudelis puidu niiskussisaldusega. Teise vahelduvvoolu meetodi, elektrilise impedantsi spektromeetria meetodi korral antakse vahelduvpinge otseselt puitu sisestatud roostevabast terasest või süsinikkiust nõelelektroodidele, ja mõõdetakse puidu elektrilist kogutakistust (impedantsi), seejärel koostatakse vastav mõõtemudel puidu niiskussisalduse määramiseks. Elektrilise impedantsi spektromeetria ja mahtuvusmeetodi kasutamise võimalusi on üheaegselt üle kiu küllastuspunkti puidu niiskussisaldustel ja puidukuivati karmides kliimatingimustes suhteliselt vähe uuritud. Selle uurimuse raames tehti mahtuvusmeetodi kalibreerimiseks kasutatud mõõtekondensaatori prototüübi töökindluse katsetused puidukuivati karmi sisekliima (50°C ja 98% RH) tingimustes. Uuriti veeauru kondenseerumist mõõtekondensaatori plaatidel, plaatide
在纤维饱和点(FSP)以上和恶劣的窑炉条件下同时应用电阻抗谱法(EIS)和介电容量法(DECM)的可能性研究相对较少。在本研究的框架内，对用于在窑内恶劣气候(50°C和98% RH)下校准DECM的测量电容器(MEC)原型的运行可靠性进行了测试。研究了MEC板上水蒸气的凝结、MEC绝缘子的泄漏以及MEC板上静电的产生。找到了MEC性能破坏效应对每种效应诱导的寄生能力的定量范围。在恶劣的窑炉条件下，DECM法的可靠性不如EIS法。其次，在相同试验条件下，针对同一树种(桦木)，采用Rozema质量标准(±1.75% MC)，比较了DECM方法和EIS方法预测FSP以上桦木含水率(MC)的可能性。结果表明，在相同的试验条件下，DECM方法比EIS方法对FSP以上桦木MC的预测精度更高。基于测试，结论是，DECM可以在实践中使用，采用一种非破坏性的方法，在开始木材干燥过程之前立即可靠地确定木材批次的平均水分含量。Kokkuvõte出售的artiklis uuriti的erinevat vahelduvvolu会议，它的puidu niisissisaluse määramiseks。Dielektrilise mahtuvusmeetodi (l hidalt mahtuvusmeetod) korral asetatakse puit, mille niiskussisaldust määratakse, omavahel, ja htlasi uuritavast puidust elektriliselt isoleiteud metallplatatide vahele。Moodustub nn。Mõõtekondensaator, miles puit täidab dielektriku rolli。platide vahelise elektrimahtuvuse mõõtmiseks rakendatakse platidele vahelduvpinge。Puidu niiskussisaldus muudab dielektriku (and and juhul Puidu) elektrilisi omadusi, ning seetõttu muutub ka mõõtekondensaatori elektrimahtuvus, mis mõõdetakse ja seostatakse mõõtemudelis ehk kalibreerimismudelis Puidu niiskussisaldusega。Teise vahelduvvolu meetodi, elektrilise impedantsi spectra meetodi korral antakse vahelduvpinge otseselt puitu sisestatud roostevabast terasest või s sinikkiust nõelelektroodidele, ja mõõdetakse puidu elektrilist kogutakistust (impedantsi)， seejärel koostatakse vastav mõõtemudel puidu niiskussisalduse määramiseks。Elektrilise impedantsi spectrotria ja mahtuvusmeetodi kasutamise võimalusi on the heegselt le kiu kllastuspunkti puidu niiskussisaldustel ja puidukuivati karmides kliimatingimustes suhteliselt vähe uurd。Selle uurimuse raames tehti mahtuvusmeetodi kalibreerimiseks kasutatud mõõtekondensaatori protot比töökindluse katsetused puidukuivati karmi sisekliima(50°C, 98% RH) tingimutes。这句话的意思是:如果你是一个国家，你可以把这个国家看作是一个孤立的国家。Mõõtekondensaatori töökindlust häirivate efektide jakks leiti iga efekti poolt esile kutsutud parasiitmatuvustele kantitivalized vahmikud。Leiti, et mahtuvusmeettoon puidukuivati karmides kimustes kasutamisek vähem töökindel kui - elektrilise阻抗会议。Samuti modelleeriti võrdlevalt samades katsetingimustes ja sama puuliigi (kask) korral mahtuvusmeetodi ja elektrilise impedantsimeetodi võimalusi etteantud Rozema kvaliteedikriteeriumiga±1.75% kasepuidu niiskussisalduse ennustamiseks le puidu kiu klasastuspunkti niiskussisaldustel。Samades katsetingimustes osutus kasepuidu niiskussisalduse ennustamisel le kiu kllastuspunkti puidu niiskussisalduste piirkonnas mahtuvusmeetod täpsemaks kui elektrilise impedantsi meetod。
{"title":"Comparative testing of two alternating current methods for determining wood moisture content in kiln conditions","authors":"H. Tamme, R. Kask, P. Muiste, V. Tamme","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research into the possibility of applying the electric impedance spectrometry (EIS) method and the dielectric capacitance method (DECM) simultaneously above fibre saturation point (FSP) and in harsh kiln conditions has been relatively scarce. In the framework of this research, tests were carried out on the operational reliability of the measuring capacitor (MEC) prototype used for calibrating the DECM in the harsh internal climate (50°C and 98% RH) of the kiln. Condensation of water vapor on MEC plates, leakage of MEC insulators and the emergence of static electric charges on MEC plates were studied. Quantitative ranges were found for MEC performance-disrupting effects on the parasitic capacities induced by each effect. The DECM was found to be less reliable than the EIS method for application in harsh kiln conditions. Secondly, under the same test conditions and for the same wood species (birch), the possibilities of the DECM method and the EIS method were comparatively modeled with the predetermined Rozema quality criterion of ±1.75% MC for predicting the moisture content (MC) of birch wood above FSP. It was found that, under the same test conditions, the DECM method proved more accurate than the EIS method for predicting birch wood MC above FSP. Based on the tests, it was concluded that DECM can be used in practice by applying a non-destructive method to reliably determine the average moisture content of a wood batch immediately prior to commencing the wood-drying process. Kokkuvõte Selles artiklis uuriti kahte erinevat vahelduvvoolu meetodit puidu niiskussisalduse määramiseks. Dielektrilise mahtuvusmeetodi (lühidalt mahtuvusmeetod) korral asetatakse puit, mille niiskussisaldust määratakse, omavahel, ja ühtlasi uuritavast puidust elektriliselt isoleeritud metallplaatide vahele. Moodustub nn. mõõtekondensaator, milles puit täidab dielektriku rolli. Plaatide vahelise elektrimahtuvuse mõõtmiseks rakendatakse plaatidele vahelduvpinge. Puidu niiskussisaldus muudab dielektriku (antud juhul puidu) elektrilisi omadusi, ning seetõttu muutub ka mõõtekondensaatori elektrimahtuvus, mis mõõdetakse ja seostatakse mõõtemudelis ehk kalibreerimismudelis puidu niiskussisaldusega. Teise vahelduvvoolu meetodi, elektrilise impedantsi spektromeetria meetodi korral antakse vahelduvpinge otseselt puitu sisestatud roostevabast terasest või süsinikkiust nõelelektroodidele, ja mõõdetakse puidu elektrilist kogutakistust (impedantsi), seejärel koostatakse vastav mõõtemudel puidu niiskussisalduse määramiseks. Elektrilise impedantsi spektromeetria ja mahtuvusmeetodi kasutamise võimalusi on üheaegselt üle kiu küllastuspunkti puidu niiskussisaldustel ja puidukuivati karmides kliimatingimustes suhteliselt vähe uuritud. Selle uurimuse raames tehti mahtuvusmeetodi kalibreerimiseks kasutatud mõõtekondensaatori prototüübi töökindluse katsetused puidukuivati karmi sisekliima (50°C ja 98% RH) tingimustes. Uuriti veeauru kondenseerumist mõõtekondensaatori plaatidel, plaatide","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"80 1","pages":"72 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83840396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The study material of Scots pine sample trees originated from five different forest site types (Cladonia, Calluna, Myrtillus, natural raised bog and drained raised bog) in Estonia. Altogether, 60 trees were sampled from 10 stands. From these, test disks and sample blocks (1.2 m in length) were cut at 1.3 m height, 1/2 of tree height and 3/4 of tree height. We analysed the effect of forest site type on the growth of tree ring width, proportion of late- and heartwood, oven-dry density, bending and compression strength and wood hardness. Wood properties in stands of the same age showed great variability. Significant differences were found in the wood properties between site types. Wood density and strength characteristics were higher in samples from heath site types than from the sites more optimal for pine (e.g., Myrtillus). The quality of the wood from peatland stands was lower than from trees grown on mineral soil. The decreasing trend in strength properties towards the top of trees was steeper in the wood formed under poor nutrient conditions. Latewood proportion increased with tree age. However, in the case of equal latewood percentages, heartwood density was higher than sapwood density.
{"title":"Effect of growth conditions on wood properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)","authors":"R. Kask, J. Pikk, A. Kangur","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study material of Scots pine sample trees originated from five different forest site types (Cladonia, Calluna, Myrtillus, natural raised bog and drained raised bog) in Estonia. Altogether, 60 trees were sampled from 10 stands. From these, test disks and sample blocks (1.2 m in length) were cut at 1.3 m height, 1/2 of tree height and 3/4 of tree height. We analysed the effect of forest site type on the growth of tree ring width, proportion of late- and heartwood, oven-dry density, bending and compression strength and wood hardness. Wood properties in stands of the same age showed great variability. Significant differences were found in the wood properties between site types. Wood density and strength characteristics were higher in samples from heath site types than from the sites more optimal for pine (e.g., Myrtillus). The quality of the wood from peatland stands was lower than from trees grown on mineral soil. The decreasing trend in strength properties towards the top of trees was steeper in the wood formed under poor nutrient conditions. Latewood proportion increased with tree age. However, in the case of equal latewood percentages, heartwood density was higher than sapwood density.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"176 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72947096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Baiturina, A. Gabdelkhakov, K. Gabdrakhimov, Vasilina Yanbaeva
Abstract This paper aimed to study the distribution of the main tree species in the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) in a transforming climate and compare the results for the last decades. The analysis was based on the forest fund data, forest management documents, route surveys and field studies, and conducted by generally established forestry methods. The trial plots had identical soil conditions. The paper considers the impact of climate on the forest resources of the RB located at the junction of the Urals with the West Siberian Lowland, the Cis-Ural plain and steppe belt with diverse vegetation. The floristic composition of the republic is varied and includes about 1700 species of higher plants. Comprehensive research was followed by field results comparison. In 1998–2018, the area of soft-leaved species, primarily Betula pendula Roth and Tilia cordata Mill. increased by 70.8 (39%) and 74.2 thousand hectares (32%), respectively; the share of coniferous Picea and Abies declined by 57.9 thousand hectares – 15%, short-trunk Quercus robur L. lowered by 34% and the high-trunk one decreased by 6% and Acer by 8%. The conducted study suggests a significant increase in destructive insects. Spruce forests will suffer, because there is a reduction in the area by 20% over 20 years. Thus, there has been a gradual displacement of forest species. Forestry challenges and the sustainable ecological balance both in the republic and the planet as a whole require further joint efforts of scientific and environmental organisations and authorities for forecasting transformational processes and developing measures to address them.
{"title":"Changes in the forest structure of the Bashkortostan Republic over two decades","authors":"R. Baiturina, A. Gabdelkhakov, K. Gabdrakhimov, Vasilina Yanbaeva","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper aimed to study the distribution of the main tree species in the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) in a transforming climate and compare the results for the last decades. The analysis was based on the forest fund data, forest management documents, route surveys and field studies, and conducted by generally established forestry methods. The trial plots had identical soil conditions. The paper considers the impact of climate on the forest resources of the RB located at the junction of the Urals with the West Siberian Lowland, the Cis-Ural plain and steppe belt with diverse vegetation. The floristic composition of the republic is varied and includes about 1700 species of higher plants. Comprehensive research was followed by field results comparison. In 1998–2018, the area of soft-leaved species, primarily Betula pendula Roth and Tilia cordata Mill. increased by 70.8 (39%) and 74.2 thousand hectares (32%), respectively; the share of coniferous Picea and Abies declined by 57.9 thousand hectares – 15%, short-trunk Quercus robur L. lowered by 34% and the high-trunk one decreased by 6% and Acer by 8%. The conducted study suggests a significant increase in destructive insects. Spruce forests will suffer, because there is a reduction in the area by 20% over 20 years. Thus, there has been a gradual displacement of forest species. Forestry challenges and the sustainable ecological balance both in the republic and the planet as a whole require further joint efforts of scientific and environmental organisations and authorities for forecasting transformational processes and developing measures to address them.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"104 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85424321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper we carried out a comparative analysis of three alliances, namely Quercion petraea, Betonico-Quercion and Lathyro-Quercion, which span Central and Eastern European thermophilous oak forests. The main goal was to find out floristic and ecological differences as well as to assess specificities in the phytosociological and layer structure across the syntaxa in different regions of Europe. Cluster analysis was performed based on the Bray-Curtis distance matrix and the flexible beta algorithm. A phytoindication method was applied to determine ecological relationships. Variability in the phytosociological structure was studied by shares of species of different classes of vegetation. The layer structure features were investigated by comparing species with the highest constancy value within each layer. Analysis of the distribution boundaries of differentiating species allowed the geographical boundaries of the three identified syntaxa clusters to be delineated. In the phytosociological structure, the greatest differences were found in the proportion of species of Quercetea pubescentis and Brachypodio-Betuletea classes. The Central and Eastern European syntaxa groups were shown to be significantly different in the constancy-ranked series of major layer-forming species.
{"title":"Comparative study of Central and Eastern European alliances of thermophilous oak forests (Quercion petraea, Betonico-Quercion, and Lathyro-Quercion) within the temperate zone of Europe","authors":"Igor Goncharenko","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper we carried out a comparative analysis of three alliances, namely Quercion petraea, Betonico-Quercion and Lathyro-Quercion, which span Central and Eastern European thermophilous oak forests. The main goal was to find out floristic and ecological differences as well as to assess specificities in the phytosociological and layer structure across the syntaxa in different regions of Europe. Cluster analysis was performed based on the Bray-Curtis distance matrix and the flexible beta algorithm. A phytoindication method was applied to determine ecological relationships. Variability in the phytosociological structure was studied by shares of species of different classes of vegetation. The layer structure features were investigated by comparing species with the highest constancy value within each layer. Analysis of the distribution boundaries of differentiating species allowed the geographical boundaries of the three identified syntaxa clusters to be delineated. In the phytosociological structure, the greatest differences were found in the proportion of species of Quercetea pubescentis and Brachypodio-Betuletea classes. The Central and Eastern European syntaxa groups were shown to be significantly different in the constancy-ranked series of major layer-forming species.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"108 1","pages":"41 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87598735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Santiago Santoandré, J. Filloy, G. Zurita, M. Isabel Bellocq
Abstract The increasing demand for raw materials favours habitat conversion into tree plantations in different biomes over the world. In Argentina, fast-growing plantations occur in physiognomically contrasting biomes, such as the subtropical forest and grassland. Our objectives were to analyze variations in basic habitat metrics and their similarity to the natural habitat along pine plantation cycles, and to compare those patterns between plantations developing in a subtropical forest and a grassland biome. In each biome we selected pine stands of eight ages to represent the environmental gradient of the forest cycle, and natural areas. At each site we estimated the temperature, thermal variability, relative humidity, and percentage coverage of herbaceous plants, shrubs and canopy. We explored environmental similarity between plantations and the natural habitat. In general, patterns of the environmental variables along plantation chronosequences were similar between plantations developing in different biomes. As expected, opposite patterns of similarity in most environmental variables between plantations and the natural habitat were observed along chronosequences developing in contrasting biomes. The time period of high environmental similarity between plantations and the natural environment was longer in the subtropical forest than in the grassland. Our results have implications for land use planning and biodiversity conservation.
{"title":"Variations in habitat metrics along plantation chronosequences: contrasting tree plantations in subtropical forest and grassland","authors":"Santiago Santoandré, J. Filloy, G. Zurita, M. Isabel Bellocq","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The increasing demand for raw materials favours habitat conversion into tree plantations in different biomes over the world. In Argentina, fast-growing plantations occur in physiognomically contrasting biomes, such as the subtropical forest and grassland. Our objectives were to analyze variations in basic habitat metrics and their similarity to the natural habitat along pine plantation cycles, and to compare those patterns between plantations developing in a subtropical forest and a grassland biome. In each biome we selected pine stands of eight ages to represent the environmental gradient of the forest cycle, and natural areas. At each site we estimated the temperature, thermal variability, relative humidity, and percentage coverage of herbaceous plants, shrubs and canopy. We explored environmental similarity between plantations and the natural habitat. In general, patterns of the environmental variables along plantation chronosequences were similar between plantations developing in different biomes. As expected, opposite patterns of similarity in most environmental variables between plantations and the natural habitat were observed along chronosequences developing in contrasting biomes. The time period of high environmental similarity between plantations and the natural environment was longer in the subtropical forest than in the grassland. Our results have implications for land use planning and biodiversity conservation.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"55 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77209614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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