Abstract Morni Hills of Panchkula district, Haryana harbor floristically important tropical dry deciduous forests and are quite enriched with the phytodiversity of medicinally important plant species. But these forests are under huge pressure due to anthropogenic activities facilitating the establishment and spread of invasive plant species. So, the present study was conducted in the forests of Morni Hills to understand the ecology of invasive alien plant species growing there. During the study, the area was colonized by many invasive alien plant species, such as Ageratum conyzoides L., A. haustonianum Mill., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Lantana camara L., etc. In terms of longevity, the annual growth form dominated over the perennial. The family Asteraceae was dominant with 11 species, followed by Malvaceae and others. The biological spectrum showed that the dominant life form was therophytes followed by phanerophytes and others, indicating vegetation disturbance while during flowering phenology assessment, maximum plant species were found to be flowering throughout the year. Using the data of flowering (presence or absence), a hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out and a heatmap was prepared. The diversity of invasive plants was calculated along an altitudinal gradient and was found to be changing along with rising altitude in a hump-shaped pattern. The invasive alien plant species cause severe threats to the forest ecosystems. Hence, by policy planning and adopting appropriate management strategies in the forests of Morni Hills, the growth of invasive alien plant species should be controlled to retain the natural ecology of the area.
{"title":"Study of invasive plants in tropical dry deciduous forests – biological spectrum, phenology, and diversity","authors":"H. Dhiman, H. Saharan, S. Jakhar","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Morni Hills of Panchkula district, Haryana harbor floristically important tropical dry deciduous forests and are quite enriched with the phytodiversity of medicinally important plant species. But these forests are under huge pressure due to anthropogenic activities facilitating the establishment and spread of invasive plant species. So, the present study was conducted in the forests of Morni Hills to understand the ecology of invasive alien plant species growing there. During the study, the area was colonized by many invasive alien plant species, such as Ageratum conyzoides L., A. haustonianum Mill., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Lantana camara L., etc. In terms of longevity, the annual growth form dominated over the perennial. The family Asteraceae was dominant with 11 species, followed by Malvaceae and others. The biological spectrum showed that the dominant life form was therophytes followed by phanerophytes and others, indicating vegetation disturbance while during flowering phenology assessment, maximum plant species were found to be flowering throughout the year. Using the data of flowering (presence or absence), a hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out and a heatmap was prepared. The diversity of invasive plants was calculated along an altitudinal gradient and was found to be changing along with rising altitude in a hump-shaped pattern. The invasive alien plant species cause severe threats to the forest ecosystems. Hence, by policy planning and adopting appropriate management strategies in the forests of Morni Hills, the growth of invasive alien plant species should be controlled to retain the natural ecology of the area.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79291655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This review provides an overview of and describes the current situation of Dutch elm disease (DED), which is one of the most devastating diseases for elms worldwide and in Estonia. It is known that in Estonia DED’s agent Ophiostoma ulmi has been damaging elms since the 1930s. Today a new species Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is considered to be an agent of DED. Since 2013 the current epidemic has been recorded in most of the counties of Estonia. The both known DED agents, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi and O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana were molecularly detected on Ulmus spp. Additionally, one hybrid pathogen of the subspecies (americana x novo-ulmi) was identified in northern Estonia. Also, the health status of elms and the potential vector agents of the pathogen are discussed and recommendations for disease management are provided. Summary The threat to Ulmus spp. has risen in Estonia, apparently due to the trade of infected elm plants and changing climatic conditions having contributed to the invasion of new pathogens and their vectors. It is known that in Estonia Dutch Elm Disease (DED) has had a devastating impact on elms since the 1930s. Today its agent Ophiostoma ulmi has been replaced by a new, apparently an invasive species Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in most countries of Europe, as well as in Estonia. Since 2013 the health status of elms in Estonia has worsened substantially. The aim of this research was to analyse the current spread of DED until 2020, specify the taxonomy of pathogens, evaluate the health status of host plants, and analyse the control options of the disease. Visual assessment has been provided for the period of 2014 to 2020. Methods and results for the years 2014–2016 are presented in a previous paper (see Jürisoo et al., 2019). More precise monitoring of Dutch elm disease in Estonia started in 2014. A preliminary map of DED was provided on the basis of the assessments of the distribution (records). Thereafter, in the period of 2014–2020 more than 2,200 trees of genus Ulmus, mostly Ulmus glabra were assessed. Also, over 500 samples were collected of which 183 pure cultures of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi were isolated and analysed with different molecular primers (Table 3). In the period of 2018–2020, DED was detected in 14 counties of the total of 15 counties in Estonia. The analyses show that O. novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi is widely spread; however, O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana was detected only in northern Estonia and on Hiiumaa island in western Estonia (Fig. 6). For the first time the hybrid pathogen (americana x novo-ulmi) was detected at a sampling site at Kose in northern Estonia (Figure 6). Our investigation demonstrated that in terms of the use of Ulmus as an amenity tree species Ulmus laevis could be considered more prospective than U. glabra because the health of U. laevis is significantly better and DED is not so devastating to the host. Also, we have to test resistant hybrid elms in our environmental conditions be
摘要本文对荷兰榆树病(Dutch elm disease, DED)的现状进行了综述和描述。荷兰榆树病是全世界和爱沙尼亚榆树最具破坏性的疾病之一。众所周知，自20世纪30年代以来，爱沙尼亚DED的代理商Ophiostoma ulmi一直在破坏榆树。目前发现的一种新物种新乌尔米蛇瘤被认为是一种DED病原体。自2013年以来，爱沙尼亚大多数县都记录了目前的疫情。这两种已知的致病菌，新乌米蛇瘤亚种。novoo -ulmi和O. novoo -ulmi子。此外，在爱沙尼亚北部还发现了美洲亚种的一种杂交病原菌(americana x novoo -ulmi)。讨论了榆树的健康状况和潜在的病原体媒介，并提出了疾病管理建议。在爱沙尼亚，榆木属的威胁有所上升，这显然是由于受感染的榆树植物的贸易以及气候条件的变化导致了新的病原体及其媒介的入侵。众所周知，自20世纪30年代以来，爱沙尼亚的荷兰榆树病(DED)对榆树造成了毁灭性的影响。今天，在欧洲大多数国家和爱沙尼亚，它的病原体乌尔米蛇已经被一种新的、明显是入侵物种的新乌尔米蛇所取代。自2013年以来，爱沙尼亚榆树的健康状况大幅恶化。本研究的目的是分析到2020年DED的传播现状，明确病原体的分类，评估寄主植物的健康状况，并分析疾病的控制方案。提供了2014年至2020年期间的目视评估。2014-2016年的方法和结果见之前的一篇论文(见j risoo et al.， 2019)。2014年，爱沙尼亚开始对荷兰榆树病进行更精确的监测。根据对分布(记录)的评估，绘制了DED的初步地图。随后，在2014-2020年期间，对2200多棵榆属树木进行了评估，其中大部分是大榆。此外，收集了500多个样本，其中分离了183个新乌尔米蛇瘤纯培养物，并使用不同的分子引物进行了分析(表3)。在2018-2020年期间，爱沙尼亚15个县中的14个县检测到DED。分析结果表明，O. novoo -ulmi亚种。nova -ulmi的传播范围很广;然而，O. novo-ulmi subsp。美国是只发现在爱沙尼亚北部和西部Hiiumaa岛上爱沙尼亚(图6)。第一次混合病原体(美国x novo-ulmi)检测在采样站点在爱沙尼亚北部高丝(图6)。我们的调查表明,在榆属的使用作为一个礼仪树种榆属光滑的可以被认为是比美国更前瞻性glabra因为美国的健康光滑的明显更好,d并非如此毁灭性的主机。此外，在开始在绿地大规模种植之前，我们必须在我们的环境条件下测试耐药的杂交榆树。所有植物材料应符合当地《苗木质量要求》标准(见EVS 939-2, 2020)。我们已经在爱沙尼亚进行了几项来源试验，以确定未来榆树品种或原产地的耐受性。由于没有有效的通用控制方法，电磁干扰控制非常复杂。因此，需要一个良好的卫生规划和可靠的调查。有症状的榆树应予以砍伐和彻底销毁;这似乎是控制DED最有效的方法。引进的种植材料应经过认证和控制，以尽量减少病虫害的入侵。
{"title":"Jalakasurma levikust ja ohtlikkusest Eestis","authors":"Liina Jürisoo, Allar Padari ja Rein Drenkhan","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review provides an overview of and describes the current situation of Dutch elm disease (DED), which is one of the most devastating diseases for elms worldwide and in Estonia. It is known that in Estonia DED’s agent Ophiostoma ulmi has been damaging elms since the 1930s. Today a new species Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is considered to be an agent of DED. Since 2013 the current epidemic has been recorded in most of the counties of Estonia. The both known DED agents, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi and O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana were molecularly detected on Ulmus spp. Additionally, one hybrid pathogen of the subspecies (americana x novo-ulmi) was identified in northern Estonia. Also, the health status of elms and the potential vector agents of the pathogen are discussed and recommendations for disease management are provided. Summary The threat to Ulmus spp. has risen in Estonia, apparently due to the trade of infected elm plants and changing climatic conditions having contributed to the invasion of new pathogens and their vectors. It is known that in Estonia Dutch Elm Disease (DED) has had a devastating impact on elms since the 1930s. Today its agent Ophiostoma ulmi has been replaced by a new, apparently an invasive species Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in most countries of Europe, as well as in Estonia. Since 2013 the health status of elms in Estonia has worsened substantially. The aim of this research was to analyse the current spread of DED until 2020, specify the taxonomy of pathogens, evaluate the health status of host plants, and analyse the control options of the disease. Visual assessment has been provided for the period of 2014 to 2020. Methods and results for the years 2014–2016 are presented in a previous paper (see Jürisoo et al., 2019). More precise monitoring of Dutch elm disease in Estonia started in 2014. A preliminary map of DED was provided on the basis of the assessments of the distribution (records). Thereafter, in the period of 2014–2020 more than 2,200 trees of genus Ulmus, mostly Ulmus glabra were assessed. Also, over 500 samples were collected of which 183 pure cultures of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi were isolated and analysed with different molecular primers (Table 3). In the period of 2018–2020, DED was detected in 14 counties of the total of 15 counties in Estonia. The analyses show that O. novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi is widely spread; however, O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana was detected only in northern Estonia and on Hiiumaa island in western Estonia (Fig. 6). For the first time the hybrid pathogen (americana x novo-ulmi) was detected at a sampling site at Kose in northern Estonia (Figure 6). Our investigation demonstrated that in terms of the use of Ulmus as an amenity tree species Ulmus laevis could be considered more prospective than U. glabra because the health of U. laevis is significantly better and DED is not so devastating to the host. Also, we have to test resistant hybrid elms in our environmental conditions be","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85914655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rizki Arisandi, S. N. Marsoem, G. Lukmandaru, J. Sutapa
Abstract We investigated the distribution of extractive, phenolic, and polysaccharides content of young S. mahagoni trees aged 1 to 5 years. The wood powder materials in two vertical positions (bottom and top) were successively extracted using n-hexane, methanol, and hot water solutions. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between the tree age and axial position in all parameters. The methanol and total extractive content decreased significantly from 1 to 3-year-old at the top part. In contrast, the amount of hot water and total extractive increased significantly from 3 to 4-year-old trees at the bottom part. Furthermore, a significant increase was also found at the bottom heartwood for hexane, methanol, and the total extractive from 4 to 5-year-old trees. The reverse trend was observed in the polar fractions (methanol and hot water) at the top of the trees. Generally, the extractive pattern tends to decrease from bottom to top with the highest proportion of methanol extract (70% based on the total extractive weight), and it increased from sapwood to heartwood. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total soluble polysaccharides (TSP) generally increase with tree age (except for TSP from 2 to 3-year-old trees at the top part). The high content of TPC in the heartwood and TSP in the sapwood indicated the process of heartwood formation. In addition, a drastic decrease in the methanol extract and TSP at the age of 3 years at the top indicated that the TSP was transferred from top to bottom for the heartwood formation at the bottom part of 4-year-old trees.
{"title":"The changes of extractive contents of young Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq trees during heartwood formation","authors":"Rizki Arisandi, S. N. Marsoem, G. Lukmandaru, J. Sutapa","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We investigated the distribution of extractive, phenolic, and polysaccharides content of young S. mahagoni trees aged 1 to 5 years. The wood powder materials in two vertical positions (bottom and top) were successively extracted using n-hexane, methanol, and hot water solutions. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between the tree age and axial position in all parameters. The methanol and total extractive content decreased significantly from 1 to 3-year-old at the top part. In contrast, the amount of hot water and total extractive increased significantly from 3 to 4-year-old trees at the bottom part. Furthermore, a significant increase was also found at the bottom heartwood for hexane, methanol, and the total extractive from 4 to 5-year-old trees. The reverse trend was observed in the polar fractions (methanol and hot water) at the top of the trees. Generally, the extractive pattern tends to decrease from bottom to top with the highest proportion of methanol extract (70% based on the total extractive weight), and it increased from sapwood to heartwood. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total soluble polysaccharides (TSP) generally increase with tree age (except for TSP from 2 to 3-year-old trees at the top part). The high content of TPC in the heartwood and TSP in the sapwood indicated the process of heartwood formation. In addition, a drastic decrease in the methanol extract and TSP at the age of 3 years at the top indicated that the TSP was transferred from top to bottom for the heartwood formation at the bottom part of 4-year-old trees.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85776984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Noe, A. Krasnova, D. Krasnov, H. Peter, E. Cordey, A. Kangur
Abstract Estimations of forests’ carbon sequestration capacity relies on proper assessment of the eddy covariance measurement mast’s footprint. Harsh winter temperatures in Estonia lead to ice formation on 3D sonic anemometer sensor heads and thus induce measurement gaps in the data. To maximise data availability, we use a smart heating algorithm to minimise ice formation on the anemometer sensor heads. Here, we studied the temperature distribution of ice formation on the measurement instruments. Three major temperature ranges were found, between 0°C and −3°C, which is the most abundant temperature range for ice formation, and two temperature regions with peaks around −10°C and −20°C. Our algorithm to prevent ice formation led to very short median heating intervals of about 25 to 30 seconds.
{"title":"Facilitating long-term 3D sonic anemometer measurements in hemiboreal forest ecosystems","authors":"S. Noe, A. Krasnova, D. Krasnov, H. Peter, E. Cordey, A. Kangur","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Estimations of forests’ carbon sequestration capacity relies on proper assessment of the eddy covariance measurement mast’s footprint. Harsh winter temperatures in Estonia lead to ice formation on 3D sonic anemometer sensor heads and thus induce measurement gaps in the data. To maximise data availability, we use a smart heating algorithm to minimise ice formation on the anemometer sensor heads. Here, we studied the temperature distribution of ice formation on the measurement instruments. Three major temperature ranges were found, between 0°C and −3°C, which is the most abundant temperature range for ice formation, and two temperature regions with peaks around −10°C and −20°C. Our algorithm to prevent ice formation led to very short median heating intervals of about 25 to 30 seconds.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77455703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mait Lang, A. Kuusk, Mihkel Kaha, J. Pisek, Jan-Peter George, A. Kiviste, D. Laarmann, K. Türk, T. Arumäe
Abstract In 2007, three mature hemi-boreal stands were selected from Järvselja forest district, South-East Estonia to establish one-hectare-large test plots for the international inter-comparison experiment of radiation models (RAMI). All trees with a stem diameter at breast height greater than 4 cm were mapped and measured in the field. In summer 2019, the forests were inventoried again. Here we present a summary of changes that occurred in the forest structure – mainly growth and mortality. In the birch stand basal area G has increased from 23.3 m2 ha-1 to 28.2 m2 ha-1 in the upper layer and the number of trees N has decreased from 654 to 565 ha-1. In the upper layer of spruce stand G has increased from 30.9 m2 ha-1 to 35.4 m2 ha-1 and N has decreased from 774 to 724 ha-1 and N substantially decreased in the lower layers from 912 to 577 ha-1. In the pine stand G has increased from 28.3 m2 ha-1 to 29.1 m2 ha-1 and N decreased from 1116 to 971 ha-1. The three test stands can be used now for validating remote sensing data-based estimates of forest inventory variables at single tree level. Kokkuvõte 2007. aastal rajati Järvseljal kolm ühe hektari suurust katseala, kui kaardistati ja mõõdeti üle kõik puud simulatsioon eksperimentide korraldamiseks (Kuusk, et al., 2013; Widlowski et al., 2015). Need kolm puistut (vt fotod lisas 1) esindavad tüüpilist liitunud võrastikuga kuusikut, kaasikut ja siirdesoo männikut. Kaasikus oli tehtud 2004. aastal harvendusraie, 2018. aastal puhastati katseala alusmetsast, et valmistada ala ette maapealse laser skanneriga mõõtmisteks. Kuusikus ja männikus teadaolevalt viimase 30 aasta jooksul raieid tehtud ei ole. Katsealade (joonised 1, 3, 5) nurkade koordinaadid on mõõdetud diferentsiaal-GPS meetodiga peale mahamärkimist (tabel 1). 2019. aasta kordus mõõtmiste tulemusena ilmnes, et puistute rinnaspindala, keskmine kõrgus ning keskmise puu rinnasläbimõõt olid kasvanud (tabelid 2–4). Puude arv oli kahanenud kõigis puistutes, välja arvatud kaasikus, kus 2018. aasta puhastus raie käigus jäeti alles selleks ajaks 4 cm rinnasdiameetri saavutanud puud. Kuusikus saadi tulemuseks, et võrade raadiused olid võrreldes 2007. aastaga kahanenud. Kas tegemist on võra projektsiooni välispiiri erineva tõlgendamise või tegelikult toimunud muutusega, võiks edaspidi selguda 2013. (Kuusk et al., 2015) ja 2019. aastal tehtud maapealse laserskanneri mõõtmiste andmete analüüsist.
2007年，在爱沙尼亚东南部Järvselja林区选择3个成熟的半北方林分，建立了1公顷规模的辐射模式国际比对试验(RAMI)试验田。所有茎粗胸高大于4厘米的树木都在田间作图和测量。2019年夏季，再次对森林进行了盘点。在这里，我们总结了发生在森林结构上的变化——主要是生长和死亡率。在桦树林中，上层基面积G从23.3 m2 ha-1增加到28.2 m2 ha-1，乔木数N从654减少到565 ha-1。云杉林分上层G从30.9 m2 ha-1增加到35.4 m2 ha-1, N从774 ha-1减少到724 ha-1，下层N从912 ha-1减少到577 ha-1。在松林中，G从28.3 m2 ha-1增加到29.1 m2 ha-1, N从1116减少到971 ha-1。这三个试验台现在可用于在单一树木水平上验证基于遥感数据的森林清查变量估计。Kokkuvote 2007。aastal rajati Järvseljal kolm he hektari suurust katseala, kui kaardistati ja mõõdeti le kõik pud模拟(Kuusk等，2013;Widlowski et al.， 2015)。需要kolm puistut (vt food lisas 1) esindavad t pilist liitunud võrastikuga kuusikut, kaasikut ja siirdesoo männikut。Kaasikus oli, 2004。Aastal harvest杂志，2018。Aastal puhastati katseala alusmetsast，等valmistada alette maapealse激光skanneriga mõõtmisteks。Kuusikus ja männikus teadaolevalt viimase 30是一种具有高强度和高强度的材料。Katsealade(联合1,3,5)在mõõdetud差分- gps meetodiga peale mahamärkimist(表1). 2019。Aasta kordus mõõtmiste tulemusena ilmnes, et puistute rinnaspindala, keskmine kõrgus ning keskmise puu rinnasläbimõõt olid kasvanud(表2-4)。Puude arv oli kahanenud kõigis puistutes, välja arvatud kaasikus, kus 2018。Aasta puhastus rae käigus jäeti所有的出售的ajaks直径4厘米，saavutanud pud。Kuusikus saadi tulemuseks等võrade放射性固体võrreldes 2007。aastaga kahanenud。研究方向:võra project jektsiooni välispiiri erineva tõlgendamise või tegelikult toimunud muutusega, võiks edaspidi selguda 2013。(Kuusk et al.， 2015) ja 2019。Aastal tetud maapealse laserskanneri mõõtmiste和测量分析。
{"title":"Changes during twelve years in three mature hemiboreal stands growing in a radiation model intercomparison test site, Järvselja, Estonia","authors":"Mait Lang, A. Kuusk, Mihkel Kaha, J. Pisek, Jan-Peter George, A. Kiviste, D. Laarmann, K. Türk, T. Arumäe","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2007, three mature hemi-boreal stands were selected from Järvselja forest district, South-East Estonia to establish one-hectare-large test plots for the international inter-comparison experiment of radiation models (RAMI). All trees with a stem diameter at breast height greater than 4 cm were mapped and measured in the field. In summer 2019, the forests were inventoried again. Here we present a summary of changes that occurred in the forest structure – mainly growth and mortality. In the birch stand basal area G has increased from 23.3 m2 ha-1 to 28.2 m2 ha-1 in the upper layer and the number of trees N has decreased from 654 to 565 ha-1. In the upper layer of spruce stand G has increased from 30.9 m2 ha-1 to 35.4 m2 ha-1 and N has decreased from 774 to 724 ha-1 and N substantially decreased in the lower layers from 912 to 577 ha-1. In the pine stand G has increased from 28.3 m2 ha-1 to 29.1 m2 ha-1 and N decreased from 1116 to 971 ha-1. The three test stands can be used now for validating remote sensing data-based estimates of forest inventory variables at single tree level. Kokkuvõte 2007. aastal rajati Järvseljal kolm ühe hektari suurust katseala, kui kaardistati ja mõõdeti üle kõik puud simulatsioon eksperimentide korraldamiseks (Kuusk, et al., 2013; Widlowski et al., 2015). Need kolm puistut (vt fotod lisas 1) esindavad tüüpilist liitunud võrastikuga kuusikut, kaasikut ja siirdesoo männikut. Kaasikus oli tehtud 2004. aastal harvendusraie, 2018. aastal puhastati katseala alusmetsast, et valmistada ala ette maapealse laser skanneriga mõõtmisteks. Kuusikus ja männikus teadaolevalt viimase 30 aasta jooksul raieid tehtud ei ole. Katsealade (joonised 1, 3, 5) nurkade koordinaadid on mõõdetud diferentsiaal-GPS meetodiga peale mahamärkimist (tabel 1). 2019. aasta kordus mõõtmiste tulemusena ilmnes, et puistute rinnaspindala, keskmine kõrgus ning keskmise puu rinnasläbimõõt olid kasvanud (tabelid 2–4). Puude arv oli kahanenud kõigis puistutes, välja arvatud kaasikus, kus 2018. aasta puhastus raie käigus jäeti alles selleks ajaks 4 cm rinnasdiameetri saavutanud puud. Kuusikus saadi tulemuseks, et võrade raadiused olid võrreldes 2007. aastaga kahanenud. Kas tegemist on võra projektsiooni välispiiri erineva tõlgendamise või tegelikult toimunud muutusega, võiks edaspidi selguda 2013. (Kuusk et al., 2015) ja 2019. aastal tehtud maapealse laserskanneri mõõtmiste andmete analüüsist.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77472933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nesrine Hafidou, Zoheir Mehdadi, A. Latrèche, M. Dadach, I. Bouchaour
Abstract Our work is part of the ex situ conservation of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Manetti ex Endl.) Carrière), a threatened and endemic Pinaceae of the Maghreb. Our objectives are to evaluate the viability of seeds from three Algerian cedar groves ecotypes (Thienet El Had, Chelia, Chrea) by the 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TZ) test and to elucidate the effect of continuous temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C) on their germinative capacity. Moreover, the effects of some physicochemical pretreatments in breaking dormancy and improving germinability were estimated on the seeds of the cedar grove of Thienet El Had. In addition, in the same ecotype, the water stress, as simulated by using the PEG6000 (0 to −2.20 bar), was induced upon seed germination. Results of the TZ test showed variability in seeds’ viability among the three ecotypes with rates of 60, 85 and 90% in those of Chelia, Chrea and Thienet El Had, respectively. However, germination tests revealed the existence of partial dormancy in all tested seeds. Dramatic differences in the degree of dormancy were noted among the three provenances investigated. Untreated seeds of the three ecotypes exhibited maximum germination at 20°C: Thienet El Had (52%), Chelia (32%) and Chrea (7%). The final germination percentage was as high as 76% in seeds soaked in hot water (80°C) for 5 min followed by 56% in seeds treated with GA3 (150 ppm). The increase in water stress regularly decreases germination with a tolerance threshold corresponding to −2.2 bar.
我们的工作是阿特拉斯雪松(Cedrus atlantica (Manetti ex Endl.))迁地保护的一部分。马格里布的一种受威胁的地方性松科植物。我们的目标是通过2,3,5三苯基四唑氯(TZ)试验来评估阿尔及利亚雪松林三种生态型(Thienet El Had, Chelia, Chrea)种子的生存能力，并阐明连续温度(15°C, 20°C, 25°C)对其发芽能力的影响。在此基础上，评价了不同理化处理对松林种子破休眠和提高萌发性的影响。此外，在同一生态型中，PEG6000模拟的水分胁迫(0 ~−2.20 bar)对种子萌发有诱导作用。TZ试验结果表明，3个生态型的种子活力差异较大，Chelia、Chrea和Thienet El Had的种子活力差异分别为60%、85%和90%。然而，发芽试验显示所有被试种子都存在部分休眠。在调查的三个种源中，休眠程度有显著差异。3种生态型未经处理的种子在20℃萌发率最高:Thienet El Had(52%)、Chelia(32%)和Chrea(7%)。在热水(80°C)中浸泡5 min，种子的最终发芽率高达76%，GA3 (150 ppm)处理的种子的最终发芽率为56%。水分胁迫的增加有规律地降低萌发，其耐受阈值为−2.2 bar。
{"title":"Seed viability and optimal germination conditions of Cedrus atlantica (Manetti ex Endl.) Carrière","authors":"Nesrine Hafidou, Zoheir Mehdadi, A. Latrèche, M. Dadach, I. Bouchaour","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Our work is part of the ex situ conservation of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Manetti ex Endl.) Carrière), a threatened and endemic Pinaceae of the Maghreb. Our objectives are to evaluate the viability of seeds from three Algerian cedar groves ecotypes (Thienet El Had, Chelia, Chrea) by the 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TZ) test and to elucidate the effect of continuous temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C) on their germinative capacity. Moreover, the effects of some physicochemical pretreatments in breaking dormancy and improving germinability were estimated on the seeds of the cedar grove of Thienet El Had. In addition, in the same ecotype, the water stress, as simulated by using the PEG6000 (0 to −2.20 bar), was induced upon seed germination. Results of the TZ test showed variability in seeds’ viability among the three ecotypes with rates of 60, 85 and 90% in those of Chelia, Chrea and Thienet El Had, respectively. However, germination tests revealed the existence of partial dormancy in all tested seeds. Dramatic differences in the degree of dormancy were noted among the three provenances investigated. Untreated seeds of the three ecotypes exhibited maximum germination at 20°C: Thienet El Had (52%), Chelia (32%) and Chrea (7%). The final germination percentage was as high as 76% in seeds soaked in hot water (80°C) for 5 min followed by 56% in seeds treated with GA3 (150 ppm). The increase in water stress regularly decreases germination with a tolerance threshold corresponding to −2.2 bar.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78401082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract On the Kamchatka Peninsula, Far East Russia, Pinus pumila-dominated communities occur from sea level up to 1200 m and geographically from the southern extremity of the peninsula up to the Kamchatka Isthmus and the Koryak Upland. Variation in species composition and abundance in P. pumila stands are determined mainly by the habitat’s moisture, soil fertility (expressed as the litter-humus coefficient) and altitude. The fertility level of the habitats has a significant positive impact especially on the abundance of the herb layer species, and to a lesser extent on the cover of the shrub layer. The growth of dwarf-shrubs and lichens is inhibited in habitats with better fertility. In relation to the fertility gradient, the vertical structure of the communities is also changing explicitly; the thickness of snow cover and exposition has a modest effect on the vegetation of P. pumila stands on Kamchatka. The analysed set of 272 relevés were clustered into six community type groups: (i) pure dwarf-pine communities, (ii) shrub-rich communities, (iii) dwarf-shrub-rich communities, (iv) herb-grass-rich communities, (v) moss-rich communities and (vi) lichen-rich communities; further 18 community types were established. They have a fairly good correspondence with most of the syntaxa described by previous scholars, but this is not always the case.
{"title":"Diversity of Pinus pumila-dominated communities on the Kamchatka Peninsula","authors":"J. Paal, Anton Pesterov, V. Neshataeva","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On the Kamchatka Peninsula, Far East Russia, Pinus pumila-dominated communities occur from sea level up to 1200 m and geographically from the southern extremity of the peninsula up to the Kamchatka Isthmus and the Koryak Upland. Variation in species composition and abundance in P. pumila stands are determined mainly by the habitat’s moisture, soil fertility (expressed as the litter-humus coefficient) and altitude. The fertility level of the habitats has a significant positive impact especially on the abundance of the herb layer species, and to a lesser extent on the cover of the shrub layer. The growth of dwarf-shrubs and lichens is inhibited in habitats with better fertility. In relation to the fertility gradient, the vertical structure of the communities is also changing explicitly; the thickness of snow cover and exposition has a modest effect on the vegetation of P. pumila stands on Kamchatka. The analysed set of 272 relevés were clustered into six community type groups: (i) pure dwarf-pine communities, (ii) shrub-rich communities, (iii) dwarf-shrub-rich communities, (iv) herb-grass-rich communities, (v) moss-rich communities and (vi) lichen-rich communities; further 18 community types were established. They have a fairly good correspondence with most of the syntaxa described by previous scholars, but this is not always the case.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78440401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the core component of the terrestrial and global carbon cycle and Earth’s climate research. In this study, GPP estimation was performed with the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model to check its performance for hemi-boreal forests on the example of the Soontaga area in Estonia. The model was run by using a combination of remote sensing (leaf area index (LAI), clumping index) and meteorological data inputs (air temperature, global radiation, air humidity, precipitation and wind speed). The results were validated against GPP derived from the available flux tower measurements. The spatial representativeness of the site was evaluated using multiple spatial thresholds (500 m–2 km), as well. We found that the BEPS model can track the GPP changes with the season and inter-annual variation very well in a coniferous hemi-boreal forest, given that good quality input data are provided.
{"title":"Suitability of the boreal ecosystem simulator (BEPS) model for estimating gross primary productivity in hemi-boreal upland pine forest","authors":"Fariha Harun, K. Soosaar, A. Krasnova, J. Pisek","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the core component of the terrestrial and global carbon cycle and Earth’s climate research. In this study, GPP estimation was performed with the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model to check its performance for hemi-boreal forests on the example of the Soontaga area in Estonia. The model was run by using a combination of remote sensing (leaf area index (LAI), clumping index) and meteorological data inputs (air temperature, global radiation, air humidity, precipitation and wind speed). The results were validated against GPP derived from the available flux tower measurements. The spatial representativeness of the site was evaluated using multiple spatial thresholds (500 m–2 km), as well. We found that the BEPS model can track the GPP changes with the season and inter-annual variation very well in a coniferous hemi-boreal forest, given that good quality input data are provided.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85545960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Turkey oak is a frequent tree species in the Mediterranean climate zones of southern Europe and Asia Minor. It has been used in the human diet, for medicinal purposes, firewood and charcoal production. Like all oaks, Turkey oak is suffering from dieback and decline owing to the combination of several detrimental factors, such as insects, diseases and unfavorable environment, leading to their deterioration and sometimes resulting in their early death.
{"title":"Quercus cerris L.: An Overview","authors":"Rola Najib, Tarek Houri, Yara Khairallah, Mahmoud Khalil","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Turkey oak is a frequent tree species in the Mediterranean climate zones of southern Europe and Asia Minor. It has been used in the human diet, for medicinal purposes, firewood and charcoal production. Like all oaks, Turkey oak is suffering from dieback and decline owing to the combination of several detrimental factors, such as insects, diseases and unfavorable environment, leading to their deterioration and sometimes resulting in their early death.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77511022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article provides an overview of the results of the maturity age calculations for economically important tree species’ stands in Estonian commercial forests. The maturity by price is determined by a stand’s stumpage value per year of rotation. The maturity by net income (forest rent) is determined by the average annual net income of forest management, which is calculated based on the timber sales revenue, forest management costs and rotation period. The annual land tax and administrative costs have been included in the calculations, as well. The calculated maturity ages are compared with the required rotation ages stated in the Rules of Forest Management. According to the calculations, the maturity age by net income for pine stands in Ia and I site classes is 10…20 years lower than the current rotation age for regeneration felling. The maturity ages for spruce stands coincide with the current rotation ages. The calculated maturity ages by net income for aspen are about ten years higher than the current rotation ages. A comparison of the calculated maturity ages with the current rotation ages shows that these are rather similar.
{"title":"Puhtpuistute hinna- ja kasumiküpsuse empiiriline analüüs Eesti majandusmetsades ning selle võrdlus uuendusraiet lubava vanusega","authors":"Enn Pärt, Paavo Kaimre","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2021-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article provides an overview of the results of the maturity age calculations for economically important tree species’ stands in Estonian commercial forests. The maturity by price is determined by a stand’s stumpage value per year of rotation. The maturity by net income (forest rent) is determined by the average annual net income of forest management, which is calculated based on the timber sales revenue, forest management costs and rotation period. The annual land tax and administrative costs have been included in the calculations, as well. The calculated maturity ages are compared with the required rotation ages stated in the Rules of Forest Management. According to the calculations, the maturity age by net income for pine stands in Ia and I site classes is 10…20 years lower than the current rotation age for regeneration felling. The maturity ages for spruce stands coincide with the current rotation ages. The calculated maturity ages by net income for aspen are about ten years higher than the current rotation ages. A comparison of the calculated maturity ages with the current rotation ages shows that these are rather similar.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74398557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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