Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605083448
Ronald S Veazey
Among the most significant findings in the pathogenesis of HIV infection was the discovery that almost total depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells occurs rapidly after SIV or HIV infection, regardless of the route of exposure, and long before CD4+ T cell losses occur in blood or lymph nodes. Since these seminal discoveries, we have learned much about mucosal and systemic CD4+ T cells, and found several key differences between the circulating and intestinal CD4+ T cell subsets, both in phenotype, relative proportions, and functional capabilities. Further, specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are selectively targeted and eliminated first, especially cells critically important for initiating primary immune responses, and for maintenance of mucosal integrity (Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells). This simultaneously results in loss of innate immune responses, and loss of mucosal integrity, resulting in mucosal, and systemic immune activation that drives proliferation and activation of new target cells throughout the course of infection. The propensity for the SIV/HIV to infect and efficiently replicate in specific cells also permits viral persistence, as the mucosal and systemic activation that ensues continues to damage mucosal barriers, resulting in continued influx of target cells to maintain viral replication. Finally, infection and elimination of recently activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells, and infection and dysregulation of Tfh and other key CD4+ T cell results in hyperactive, yet non-protective immune responses that support active viral replication and evolution, and thus persistence in host tissue reservoirs, all of which continue to challenge our efforts to design effective vaccine or cure strategies.
{"title":"Intestinal CD4 Depletion in HIV / SIV Infection.","authors":"Ronald S Veazey","doi":"10.2174/1573395514666180605083448","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573395514666180605083448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among the most significant findings in the pathogenesis of HIV infection was the discovery that almost total depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells occurs rapidly after SIV or HIV infection, regardless of the route of exposure, and long before CD4+ T cell losses occur in blood or lymph nodes. Since these seminal discoveries, we have learned much about mucosal and systemic CD4+ T cells, and found several key differences between the circulating and intestinal CD4+ T cell subsets, both in phenotype, relative proportions, and functional capabilities. Further, specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are selectively targeted and eliminated first, especially cells critically important for initiating primary immune responses, and for maintenance of mucosal integrity (Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells). This simultaneously results in loss of innate immune responses, and loss of mucosal integrity, resulting in mucosal, and systemic immune activation that drives proliferation and activation of new target cells throughout the course of infection. The propensity for the SIV/HIV to infect and efficiently replicate in specific cells also permits viral persistence, as the mucosal and systemic activation that ensues continues to damage mucosal barriers, resulting in continued influx of target cells to maintain viral replication. Finally, infection and elimination of recently activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells, and infection and dysregulation of Tfh and other key CD4+ T cell results in hyperactive, yet non-protective immune responses that support active viral replication and evolution, and thus persistence in host tissue reservoirs, all of which continue to challenge our efforts to design effective vaccine or cure strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":"15 1 1","pages":"76-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6701936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43235978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054
Pamela A Kozlowski, Anna Aldovini
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
{"title":"Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission.","authors":"Pamela A Kozlowski, Anna Aldovini","doi":"10.2174/1573395514666180605092054","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573395514666180605092054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":"15 1 1","pages":"102-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6709706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44559068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.2174/157339551402181017144417
Cody Cissom, Z. Shariat-Madar
{"title":"Diet Matters, But Heterogeneity Looms: Altered Fatty Acid Profiles and Mental Status in Health and Disease","authors":"Cody Cissom, Z. Shariat-Madar","doi":"10.2174/157339551402181017144417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/157339551402181017144417","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47743477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180530093702
D. R. Mickle
{"title":"Osteoarthritis: Potential for Herbal Medicines as Therapies in the Management of Chronic Inflammatory Damage","authors":"D. R. Mickle","doi":"10.2174/1573395514666180530093702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666180530093702","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1573395514666180530093702","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45168547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180622121750
M. Mohammadi, R. Falak, R. Z. Emameh, S. Maleki, G. Kardar
{"title":"Computational Analysis of Specific IgE Epitopes Responsible for Allergy to Fish","authors":"M. Mohammadi, R. Falak, R. Z. Emameh, S. Maleki, G. Kardar","doi":"10.2174/1573395514666180622121750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666180622121750","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49424992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180723162753
Matthew Kelling, M. Dimza, S. Dalia
{"title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Risk of Myocarditis: A Review of the Literature","authors":"Matthew Kelling, M. Dimza, S. Dalia","doi":"10.2174/1573395514666180723162753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666180723162753","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47865246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180724121419
H. K. Norhalifah, N. Mat, H. A. Edinur
{"title":"Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Cancer and Inflammatory Disorders","authors":"H. K. Norhalifah, N. Mat, H. A. Edinur","doi":"10.2174/1573395514666180724121419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666180724121419","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46972863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666181005121833
A. K. Saini, S. Chandra, A. Rai
{"title":"Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: A Very Rare and Tortuously Exasperating Facet of Pre-Synaptic Disorder of Neuromuscular Junction","authors":"A. K. Saini, S. Chandra, A. Rai","doi":"10.2174/1573395514666181005121833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666181005121833","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49523700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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