Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999201112092152
P. Sharma, Tanu Sharma, K. Veer
An outbreak of new coronavirus (COVID-19) originated by SARS-CoV has reached 212 countries throughout the world. India is the second-highest populated country, so it is critical to forecasting the confirmed cases and deaths due to pandemic. To fulfil the purpose, three machine learning models Linear Regression, Multilayer Perceptron, and Sequential Minimal Optimization Regression are used. The predictive data of three geographic regions (India, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu) are compared with the data considered to be adequate in practice. The analysis concluded that Sequential Minimal Optimization Regression can be adopted for possible pandemic predictions such as COVID-19.
{"title":"Forecasting of COVID-19 Cases in India: A Predictive Study","authors":"P. Sharma, Tanu Sharma, K. Veer","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999201112092152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999201112092152","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000An outbreak of new coronavirus (COVID-19) originated by SARS-CoV has reached\u0000212 countries throughout the world. India is the second-highest populated country, so it is critical\u0000to forecasting the confirmed cases and deaths due to pandemic. To fulfil the purpose, three machine\u0000learning models Linear Regression, Multilayer Perceptron, and Sequential Minimal Optimization\u0000Regression are used. The predictive data of three geographic regions (India, Maharashtra, and\u0000Tamil Nadu) are compared with the data considered to be adequate in practice. The analysis concluded\u0000that Sequential Minimal Optimization Regression can be adopted for possible pandemic predictions\u0000such as COVID-19.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45699837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999201112092557
Ashok Arasu, P. Balakrishnan, T. Velusamy, T. Ramesh
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is an emerging pandemic that poses a severe threat to global public health. This pandemic started from the Wuhan City of Hubei Province in China, and is speculated to have originated from bats and spread among humans with an unknown intermediate transmitter. The virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is abundantly expressed on various human cells, including lung epithelial and intestinal cells, thereby entering into these cells and causing infection. It is transmitted to other humans through airborne droplets from infected patients. Presently there are no specific treatments or vaccines that are available to curtail the spread of this disease. There are few indirect reports that explain the potential importance of the mandated BCG vaccine as a protective factor against COVID-19. There is a speculation that a live attenuated vaccine (BCG vaccine) can be beneficial against COVID-19 to develop the initial immune response, and can also spread in the community, thereby boosting herd immunity to fight against COVID-19. This review summarizes the conclusions of various reports on the BCG vaccine, and is an attempt to establish BCG-vaccination mediated herd immunity as an effective instant intermediate approach in curbing COVID-19 spread in highly populous countries.
{"title":"Can Mandated BCG Vaccine Promote herd Immunity against Novel Coronavirus? A Potential Solution at Hand to Tackle Covid-19 Pandemic","authors":"Ashok Arasu, P. Balakrishnan, T. Velusamy, T. Ramesh","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999201112092557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999201112092557","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is an emerging pandemic that poses\u0000a severe threat to global public health. This pandemic started from the Wuhan City of Hubei\u0000Province in China, and is speculated to have originated from bats and spread among humans with\u0000an unknown intermediate transmitter. The virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),\u0000which is abundantly expressed on various human cells, including lung epithelial and intestinal\u0000cells, thereby entering into these cells and causing infection. It is transmitted to other humans\u0000through airborne droplets from infected patients. Presently there are no specific treatments or\u0000vaccines that are available to curtail the spread of this disease. There are few indirect reports that\u0000explain the potential importance of the mandated BCG vaccine as a protective factor against\u0000COVID-19. There is a speculation that a live attenuated vaccine (BCG vaccine) can be beneficial\u0000against COVID-19 to develop the initial immune response, and can also spread in the community,\u0000thereby boosting herd immunity to fight against COVID-19. This review summarizes the conclusions\u0000of various reports on the BCG vaccine, and is an attempt to establish BCG-vaccination mediated\u0000herd immunity as an effective instant intermediate approach in curbing COVID-19 spread in\u0000highly populous countries.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47141367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999201111162844
F. Agha-Hosseini, N. Rezaei, Mahdieh-Sadat Moosavi
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a powerful anti-inflammatory cytokine capable of preventing inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory disease with relapsing nature involving oral mucous membranes. It was prevsiouly assumed that like other autoimmune diseases, IL-10 may have a role in OLP pathogenesis, and many studies focused on that. But there are obvious controversies among IL-10 levels in OLP patients. In this review with Meta-Analysis, we attempt to assess IL-10 expression in OLP patients. The search was conducted via Pubmed, Ovid, and Google Scholar, to identify articles published up to Jun 2020. A meta-Analysis by Revman 5.3 was conducted based on serum levels of IL-10 in 313 OLPs and 203 controls. With Meta-Analysis in 313 OLPs and 203 controls, the Mean difference between IL-10 in OLPs and controls was obtained as 0.26 (95% CI: -0.51-1.03), demonstrating no statistically significant difference. IL-10, in concert with its receptors, has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Both over-expression, as well as IL-10 deficiency, have been described in oral lichen planus. With Meta-Analysis on serum IL-10 levels, it is speculated that no significant relationship exists between IL-10 and OLP pathogenesis. With respect to the importance of cytokines in the autoimmunity process, performing additional studies is of necessity to understand the association of other cytokines with OLP predisposition and its underlying pathological processes.
{"title":"Interleukin-10 in Oral Lichen Planus – Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"F. Agha-Hosseini, N. Rezaei, Mahdieh-Sadat Moosavi","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999201111162844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999201111162844","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a powerful anti-inflammatory cytokine capable\u0000of preventing inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune,\u0000chronic, inflammatory disease with relapsing nature involving oral mucous membranes. It was prevsiouly\u0000assumed that like other autoimmune diseases, IL-10 may have a role in OLP pathogenesis,\u0000and many studies focused on that. But there are obvious controversies among IL-10 levels in OLP\u0000patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this review with Meta-Analysis, we attempt to assess IL-10 expression in OLP patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The search was conducted via Pubmed, Ovid, and Google Scholar, to identify articles\u0000published up to Jun 2020. A meta-Analysis by Revman 5.3 was conducted based on serum levels\u0000of IL-10 in 313 OLPs and 203 controls.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000With Meta-Analysis in 313 OLPs and 203 controls, the Mean difference between IL-10 in\u0000OLPs and controls was obtained as 0.26 (95% CI: -0.51-1.03), demonstrating no statistically significant\u0000difference.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 IL-10, in concert with its receptors, has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various\u0000diseases, including inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Both over-expression, as\u0000well as IL-10 deficiency, have been described in oral lichen planus. With Meta-Analysis on serum\u0000IL-10 levels, it is speculated that no significant relationship exists between IL-10 and OLP pathogenesis.\u0000With respect to the importance of cytokines in the autoimmunity process, performing additional\u0000studies is of necessity to understand the association of other cytokines with OLP predisposition\u0000and its underlying pathological processes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42916348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999201111163304
Milad Shirvaliloo
It is not unbeknownst to us that since the very onset of the COVID-19 outbreak, many patients from different age groups have suffered greatly, and in a remarkable number of cases, succumbed to their untimely demise as a result of infection with the novel coronavirus or SARS-CoV- -2. The elderly are perhaps the most vulnerable community, who stand at the pinnacle of morbidity and mortality rates due to contracting severe forms of COVID-19. Hopefully, based on the recent findings and the present evidence, there might be a number of medications that would possibly be of great prophylactic and therapeutic value to the elderly patients diagnosed with COVID-19. According to an interventional study, Thymosin α1 is arguably one such medication that has recently been indicated to be an effective therapeutic agent for inpatient management of lymphocytopenia and T cell exhaustion caused by COVID-19.
{"title":"Thymosin α1; Potential Therapeutic Implications of an Immunoregulatory Drug in the Treatment of Lymphocytopenia Associated with COVID-19","authors":"Milad Shirvaliloo","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999201111163304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999201111163304","url":null,"abstract":"It is not unbeknownst to us that since the very onset of the COVID-19 outbreak, many patients from different age groups have suffered greatly, and in a remarkable number of cases, succumbed to their untimely demise as a result of infection with the novel coronavirus or SARS-CoV- -2. The elderly are perhaps the most vulnerable community, who stand at the pinnacle of morbidity and mortality rates due to contracting severe forms of COVID-19. Hopefully, based on the recent findings and the present evidence, there might be a number of medications that would possibly be of great prophylactic and therapeutic value to the elderly patients diagnosed with COVID-19. According to an interventional study, Thymosin α1 is arguably one such medication that has recently been indicated to be an effective therapeutic agent for inpatient management of lymphocytopenia and T cell exhaustion caused by COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45694940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999201001154837
R. Chauhan, P. Sharma, S. Srivastava
COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease) is the most contagious virus, which has been characterized as a global pandemic by WHO. The pathological cycle of COVID-19 virus can be specified as RNAaemia, severe pneumonia, along with the Ground-glass opacity (GGO), and acute cardiac injury. The S protein of Coronavirus has been reported to be involved in the entry of the virus into the host cell, which can be accomplished by direct membrane fusion between the virus and plasma membrane. In the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi membrane, the newly formed enveloped glycoproteins are introduced. The spread of disease occurs due to contact and droplets unleashed by the vesicles holding the virus particles combined with the plasma membrane to the virus released by the host. The present manuscript describes the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and various treatment strategies that include drugs such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, an anti-malarial drug, antibodies: SARS-CoV-specific human monoclonal antibody CR3022 and plasma treatment facilitate the therapeutic effect.
{"title":"COVID-19: Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies","authors":"R. Chauhan, P. Sharma, S. Srivastava","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999201001154837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999201001154837","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease) is the most contagious virus, which has been characterized\u0000as a global pandemic by WHO. The pathological cycle of COVID-19 virus can be specified as\u0000RNAaemia, severe pneumonia, along with the Ground-glass opacity (GGO), and acute cardiac injury.\u0000The S protein of Coronavirus has been reported to be involved in the entry of the virus into\u0000the host cell, which can be accomplished by direct membrane fusion between the virus and plasma\u0000membrane. In the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi membrane, the newly formed enveloped glycoproteins\u0000are introduced. The spread of disease occurs due to contact and droplets unleashed by the\u0000vesicles holding the virus particles combined with the plasma membrane to the virus released by\u0000the host. The present manuscript describes the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and various treatment\u0000strategies that include drugs such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, an anti-malarial drug,\u0000antibodies: SARS-CoV-specific human monoclonal antibody CR3022 and plasma treatment facilitate\u0000the therapeutic effect.","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47326559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999200930122850
M. Bahrami, G. Mosayebi, A. Ghazavi, A. Ganji
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that can cause cognition, mobility, and sensory impairments. Studies have shown that the immune system through inflammation and autoreactive T cells are involved in the progression of MS. The present article aimed to review the potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory agents that could modulate the immune response in MS. In herbal medicine, various medicinal plants including Olive, Silybum marianum, Grape, Pomegranate peel extract, Nigella sativa, Turmeric, Green tea, Aloysia citrodora, Boswellia papyrifera, Boswellia serrata, Ruta graveolens, and Andrographis paniculata are known with therapeutic benefits in MS patients through immunoregulation and reduction of major symptoms.
{"title":"Immunomodulation in Multiple Sclerosis by Phytotherapy","authors":"M. Bahrami, G. Mosayebi, A. Ghazavi, A. Ganji","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999200930122850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999200930122850","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central\u0000nervous system (CNS) that can cause cognition, mobility, and sensory impairments. Studies have\u0000shown that the immune system through inflammation and autoreactive T cells are involved in the\u0000progression of MS. The present article aimed to review the potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,\u0000and immunomodulatory agents that could modulate the immune response in MS. In herbal\u0000medicine, various medicinal plants including Olive, Silybum marianum, Grape, Pomegranate peel\u0000extract, Nigella sativa, Turmeric, Green tea, Aloysia citrodora, Boswellia papyrifera, Boswellia serrata,\u0000Ruta graveolens, and Andrographis paniculata are known with therapeutic benefits in MS patients\u0000through immunoregulation and reduction of major symptoms.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47460004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999200819164045
Nahid Tavakoli Movaghar, S. Mojarrad, H. Shahraki, M. Nazari, M. Hadadi, M. Motamedifar
Hemodialysis [HD] patients are more prone to blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and, to a lesser extent, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]. Chronic HBV and HCV infections are associated with liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and early graft failure after kidney transplantation. As there was no recent information, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. This could help health policymakers to run more effective infection control practices for reducing such blood-borne virus infections, if necessary. This cross-sectional study was performed on 906 HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. A total of 906 blood samples were obtained from patients and diagnostic tests of HBV, HCV, and HIV were done. Demographic data and some other information, such as duration of dialysis, were extracted from the patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 18. Out of the patients enrolled in the study, 547 [60.4%] were male and 359 [39.6%] female. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 58.0 ± 15.8 years. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection was 0.88%, 0.55% and 0.44%, respectively. HIV-infected subjects were significantly younger than the HIV-negative group [P <0.017]. It seems that Fars is among the provinces with low HBV and HCV prevalence in HD patients in comparison to other provinces of Iran. On the other hand, HIV prevalence here is higher than other provincial studies. Strict adherence to preventive infection control measures is recommended in HD centers.
血液透析[HD]患者更容易感染血源性病毒，如乙型肝炎病毒[HBV]、丙型肝炎病毒[HCV]，以及在较小程度上感染人类免疫缺陷病毒[HIV]。慢性HBV和HCV感染与肝硬化、肝细胞癌和肾移植后早期移植物衰竭有关。由于没有最新的信息，本研究旨在评估伊朗南部法尔斯省HD患者中HBV、HCV和HIV感染的流行情况。这可能有助于卫生政策制定者在必要时实施更有效的感染控制措施，以减少这种血液传播的病毒感染。这项横断面研究在伊朗南部法尔斯省的906名HD患者中进行。共采集了906份患者血液样本，并进行了HBV、HCV和HIV诊断检测。从患者的医疗记录中提取了人口统计数据和一些其他信息，如透析持续时间。数据分析采用SPSS, version 18。在纳入研究的患者中，男性547例(60.4%)，女性359例(39.6%)。患者的平均±SD年龄为58.0±15.8岁。HBV、HCV和hiv感染率分别为0.88%、0.55%和0.44%。hiv感染者年龄明显低于hiv阴性组[P <0.017]。与伊朗其他省份相比，法尔斯似乎是hdv患者中HBV和HCV患病率较低的省份之一。另一方面，这里的艾滋病毒感染率高于其他省级研究。建议艾滋病中心严格遵守预防感染控制措施。
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients, Southern Iran","authors":"Nahid Tavakoli Movaghar, S. Mojarrad, H. Shahraki, M. Nazari, M. Hadadi, M. Motamedifar","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999200819164045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999200819164045","url":null,"abstract":"Hemodialysis [HD] patients are more prone to blood-borne viruses, such\u0000as hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and, to a lesser extent, Human Immunodeficiency\u0000Virus [HIV]. Chronic HBV and HCV infections are associated with liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular\u0000carcinoma, and early graft failure after kidney transplantation. As there was no recent information,\u0000this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in HD patients\u0000in Fars province, southern Iran. This could help health policymakers to run more effective infection\u0000control practices for reducing such blood-borne virus infections, if necessary.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This cross-sectional study was performed on 906 HD patients in Fars province, southern\u0000Iran. A total of 906 blood samples were obtained from patients and diagnostic tests of HBV, HCV,\u0000and HIV were done. Demographic data and some other information, such as duration of dialysis,\u0000were extracted from the patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 18.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Out of the patients enrolled in the study, 547 [60.4%] were male and 359 [39.6%] female.\u0000The mean ± SD age of the patients was 58.0 ± 15.8 years. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV\u0000infection was 0.88%, 0.55% and 0.44%, respectively. HIV-infected subjects were significantly\u0000younger than the HIV-negative group [P <0.017].\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 It seems that Fars is among the provinces with low HBV and HCV prevalence in HD\u0000patients in comparison to other provinces of Iran. On the other hand, HIV prevalence here is higher\u0000than other provincial studies. Strict adherence to preventive infection control measures is recommended\u0000in HD centers.","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42426485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-07DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999200807162612
M. Raturi, A. Kusum
The prevalence of the major subgroup of A as A1 in almost 80% of the A group population is a known fact. A2 and the remaining subgroups such as Aend, Am, Ax etc comprise the remaining population, based on erythrocyte agglutinability and various serological reactions. These A subgroups can often result in an ABO typing discrepancy. Anti-A1 antibody often appears as an irregular cold agglutinin in the sera of A2 or A2B individuals who lack the corresponding antigen. Rather notably, the literature suggests that 1% to 8% of A2 and 22% to 35% of A2B individuals possess an allo-anti-A1 in their sera, which reacts at a temperature below 25°C. Although routinely, it does not pose any problem either during or post blood transfusion, however, the literature reports of hemolysis happening in procedures that are performed at lower temperatures, particularly in hypothermic situations. We report herein, a case of a massively bleeding A2B Indian lady after the expulsion of her dead fetus and an underlying uterine fibroid having a warm reactive allo-anti-A1 agglutinin that warranted an urgent blood transfusion management.
{"title":"Warm Reactive Anti-A1 Agglutinin in an A2B individual: A Rare Case with Review of Literature","authors":"M. Raturi, A. Kusum","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999200807162612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999200807162612","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The prevalence of the major subgroup of A as A1 in almost 80% of the A group population\u0000is a known fact. A2 and the remaining subgroups such as Aend, Am, Ax etc comprise the remaining\u0000population, based on erythrocyte agglutinability and various serological reactions. These A subgroups\u0000can often result in an ABO typing discrepancy. Anti-A1 antibody often appears as an irregular\u0000cold agglutinin in the sera of A2 or A2B individuals who lack the corresponding antigen. Rather\u0000notably, the literature suggests that 1% to 8% of A2 and 22% to 35% of A2B individuals possess an\u0000allo-anti-A1 in their sera, which reacts at a temperature below 25°C. Although routinely, it does not\u0000pose any problem either during or post blood transfusion, however, the literature reports of hemolysis\u0000happening in procedures that are performed at lower temperatures, particularly in hypothermic\u0000situations. We report herein, a case of a massively bleeding A2B Indian lady after the expulsion of\u0000her dead fetus and an underlying uterine fibroid having a warm reactive allo-anti-A1 agglutinin that\u0000warranted an urgent blood transfusion management.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43593794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-31DOI: 10.2174/1573395516999200914143054
Manzoor M. Khan
Interstitial lung disease, a term for a group of disorders, causes lung fibrosis, is mostly refractory to treatments and has a high death rate. After diagnosis the survival is up to 3 years but in some cases the patients live much longer. It involves a heterogenous group of lung diseases that exhibit progressive and irreversible destruction of the lung due to the formation of scars. This results in lung malfunction, disruption of gas exchange, and eventual death because of respiratory failure. The etiology of lung fibrosis is mostly unknown with a few exceptions. The major characteristics of the disease are comprised of injury of epithelial type II cells, increased apoptosis, chronic inflammation, monocytic and lymphocytic infiltration, accumulation of myofibroblasts, and inability to repair damaged tissue properly. These events result in abnormal collagen deposition and scarring. The inflammation process is mild, and the disease is primarily fibrotic driven. Immunosuppressants do not treat the disease but the evidence is evolving that both innate and acquired immune responses a well as the cytokines contribute to at least early progression of the disease. Furthermore, mediators of inflammation including cytokines are involved throughout the process of lung fibrosis. The diverse clinical outcome of the disease is due to different pattern of inflammatory markers. Nonetheless, the development of novel therapeutic strategies requires better understanding of the role of the immune response. This review highlights the role of the immune response in interstitial lung disease and considers the therapeutic strategies based on these observations. For this review several literature data sources were used to assess the role of the immune response in interstitial lung disease and to evaluate the possible therapeutic strategies for the disease.
{"title":"Is Immune Response Relevant in Interstitial Lung Disease?","authors":"Manzoor M. Khan","doi":"10.2174/1573395516999200914143054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999200914143054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Interstitial lung disease, a term for a group of disorders, causes lung fibrosis, is mostly\u0000refractory to treatments and has a high death rate. After diagnosis the survival is up to 3 years but\u0000in some cases the patients live much longer. It involves a heterogenous group of lung diseases that\u0000exhibit progressive and irreversible destruction of the lung due to the formation of scars. This results\u0000in lung malfunction, disruption of gas exchange, and eventual death because of respiratory\u0000failure. The etiology of lung fibrosis is mostly unknown with a few exceptions. The major characteristics\u0000of the disease are comprised of injury of epithelial type II cells, increased apoptosis, chronic\u0000inflammation, monocytic and lymphocytic infiltration, accumulation of myofibroblasts, and inability\u0000to repair damaged tissue properly. These events result in abnormal collagen deposition and\u0000scarring. The inflammation process is mild, and the disease is primarily fibrotic driven. Immunosuppressants\u0000do not treat the disease but the evidence is evolving that both innate and acquired immune\u0000responses a well as the cytokines contribute to at least early progression of the disease. Furthermore,\u0000mediators of inflammation including cytokines are involved throughout the process of\u0000lung fibrosis. The diverse clinical outcome of the disease is due to different pattern of inflammatory\u0000markers. Nonetheless, the development of novel therapeutic strategies requires better understanding\u0000of the role of the immune response. This review highlights the role of the immune response in\u0000interstitial lung disease and considers the therapeutic strategies based on these observations. For\u0000this review several literature data sources were used to assess the role of the immune response in interstitial\u0000lung disease and to evaluate the possible therapeutic strategies for the disease.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48345305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-12DOI: 10.2174/1573395516666200312111456
E. Dimitrov, K. Halacheva, E. Enchev, G. Minkov, Y. Yovtchev
Complicated intra-abdominal infections are still associated with a high risk of an unfavorable outcome. Despite the equal treatment, the mortality rates in some patients’ populations remain significant, especially when the impaired immune response is present. The object of this research is to analyze the impact of pro-inflammatory neutrophil CD64 and anti-inflammatory monocyte HLA-DR on the final outcome. We have searched in the PubMed database, the literature relating the prognostic value of two biomarkers - nCD64 and mHLA-DR in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections and/or sepsis. Eighteen original studies with 2960 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The data about nCD64 that we found was contradictory, whereas low mHLA-DR expression showed good prognostic value. Our review showed heterogeneous data about nCD64 survival prediction. Further investigations with surgical patients exclusively are needed to evaluate its prognostic value in cIAIs. However, we observed a good prognostic performance of low mHLA-DR expression. After a validation in larger multicentre studies, mHLA-DR could be used as promising prognostic biomarker in cIAIs.
{"title":"The Potential Prognostic Performance of Neutrophil CD64 and Monocyte HLA-DR in Patients with Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections","authors":"E. Dimitrov, K. Halacheva, E. Enchev, G. Minkov, Y. Yovtchev","doi":"10.2174/1573395516666200312111456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395516666200312111456","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Complicated intra-abdominal infections are still associated with a high risk of\u0000an unfavorable outcome. Despite the equal treatment, the mortality rates in some patients’ populations\u0000remain significant, especially when the impaired immune response is present.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The object of this research is to analyze the impact of pro-inflammatory neutrophil CD64 and\u0000anti-inflammatory monocyte HLA-DR on the final outcome.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We have searched in the PubMed database, the literature relating the prognostic value of two\u0000biomarkers - nCD64 and mHLA-DR in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections and/or\u0000sepsis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Eighteen original studies with 2960 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The data about\u0000nCD64 that we found was contradictory, whereas low mHLA-DR expression showed good prognostic\u0000value.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our review showed heterogeneous data about nCD64 survival prediction. Further investigations\u0000with surgical patients exclusively are needed to evaluate its prognostic value in cIAIs. However,\u0000we observed a good prognostic performance of low mHLA-DR expression. After a validation in\u0000larger multicentre studies, mHLA-DR could be used as promising prognostic biomarker in cIAIs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35403,"journal":{"name":"Current Immunology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44804375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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