Pub Date : 2012-08-02DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.048326
Mariza Almeida, Jose Manoel Carvalho de Mello, H. Etzkowitz
The incubator model of a support structure to develop high-tech firms from academic research was imported from the USA to Brazil, where it serves a variety of economic and social purposes. The Brazilian cooperative incubator is a creative reinterpretation of the business incubator model to advance social innovation. It addresses issues of social exclusion, poverty and unemployment by empowering favela residents to create their own jobs. Having diffused broadly, the Brazilian cooperative incubator allows us to address the issue of growth in social enterprises. This paper employs a triple helix dynamic model, including government (local, regional and national), academic (different types of universities, industry (firms of varying scale and sector, industry associations) and NGOs (non governamental organizations) to explain the diffusion and expansion of this innovation in social entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Social innovation in a developing country: invention and diffusion of the Brazilian cooperative incubator","authors":"Mariza Almeida, Jose Manoel Carvalho de Mello, H. Etzkowitz","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.048326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.048326","url":null,"abstract":"The incubator model of a support structure to develop high-tech firms from academic research was imported from the USA to Brazil, where it serves a variety of economic and social purposes. The Brazilian cooperative incubator is a creative reinterpretation of the business incubator model to advance social innovation. It addresses issues of social exclusion, poverty and unemployment by empowering favela residents to create their own jobs. Having diffused broadly, the Brazilian cooperative incubator allows us to address the issue of growth in social enterprises. This paper employs a triple helix dynamic model, including government (local, regional and national), academic (different types of universities, industry (firms of varying scale and sector, industry associations) and NGOs (non governamental organizations) to explain the diffusion and expansion of this innovation in social entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.048326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-02DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.048319
Boladale Adebowale, B. Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
Interactive learning is the touchstone of innovation while the strength of actors constitutes the capacity of each node of the system; however, very few studies exist on a quantitative measure of these interactions. This paper provides evidence on the microeconomic processes of interactive learning showing the key roles of human capital in current productivity of firms, their broad collaboration mechanisms and actions of state agencies in firm performance. Horizontal relationship between suppliers, traders and subcontractors is regularly formed in clusters. Education of owners, skill of workers and past productivity records are the key determinants of firm-level productivity.
{"title":"Determinants of productivity and inter-firm collaboration in Nigerian Clusters","authors":"Boladale Adebowale, B. Oyelaran-Oyeyinka","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.048319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.048319","url":null,"abstract":"Interactive learning is the touchstone of innovation while the strength of actors constitutes the capacity of each node of the system; however, very few studies exist on a quantitative measure of these interactions. This paper provides evidence on the microeconomic processes of interactive learning showing the key roles of human capital in current productivity of firms, their broad collaboration mechanisms and actions of state agencies in firm performance. Horizontal relationship between suppliers, traders and subcontractors is regularly formed in clusters. Education of owners, skill of workers and past productivity records are the key determinants of firm-level productivity.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.048319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-02DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.048359
C. Franco
The study analyses the role played by technological determinants, using the approach of National System of Innovation (NSI), in enhancing or hampering Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) with different motivations, namely horizontal and vertical FDI. The empirical analysis is carried out using data relative to the final destination of sales of US foreign subsidiaries in 42 host countries grouped according to income criteria. A two step empirical strategy is employed: first, we estimate a benchmark model finding that technological determinants mainly drive HFDI rather than VFDI. Secondly, applying a dynamic panel data approach we take into account that agglomeration economies may play a role as well more than other FDI determinants. Finally, through a sensitivity analysis we account for different ways of measuring HFDI and VFDI finding that measurement issue matters especially to establish which component of NSI results of greater relevance.
{"title":"Horizontal and vertical FDI: an analysis of technological determinants","authors":"C. Franco","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.048359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.048359","url":null,"abstract":"The study analyses the role played by technological determinants, using the approach of National System of Innovation (NSI), in enhancing or hampering Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) with different motivations, namely horizontal and vertical FDI. The empirical analysis is carried out using data relative to the final destination of sales of US foreign subsidiaries in 42 host countries grouped according to income criteria. A two step empirical strategy is employed: first, we estimate a benchmark model finding that technological determinants mainly drive HFDI rather than VFDI. Secondly, applying a dynamic panel data approach we take into account that agglomeration economies may play a role as well more than other FDI determinants. Finally, through a sensitivity analysis we account for different ways of measuring HFDI and VFDI finding that measurement issue matters especially to establish which component of NSI results of greater relevance.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"45 1","pages":"225-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.048359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-02DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.048325
V. Galushko, C. Ryan
Through one-on-one in-depth interviews of Canadian public sector flax breeders, this study explores issues around Intellectual Property (IP) and Freedom To Operate (FTP) in flax breeding from a Canadian perspective. The results are supported by a scan of flax breeding efforts worldwide, an in-depth patent analysis (using Patent Lens and the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) databases) and a review of varietal registrations (via the International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Variety Registration database) for countryby-country applications to national listings and Plant Breeders Rights (PBRs). The results suggest that while stronger Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) seem to hamper research in some crops, flax breeding – overall – has not witnessed the negative effects of stronger IP protection. Relative to other crops, flax production worldwide is small. The flax breeding industry itself is represented primarily by public research institutions with only a few small private companies operating in this area worldwide. Given the significant involvement of the public sector and the limited use of biotechnology, the flax IP landscape is not as complex as that of other oil crops such as canola and soybeans.
{"title":"Intellectual property and Freedom To Operate in the flax breeding world: Canada in the global context","authors":"V. Galushko, C. Ryan","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.048325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.048325","url":null,"abstract":"Through one-on-one in-depth interviews of Canadian public sector flax breeders, this study explores issues around Intellectual Property (IP) and Freedom To Operate (FTP) in flax breeding from a Canadian perspective. The results are supported by a scan of flax breeding efforts worldwide, an in-depth patent analysis (using Patent Lens and the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) databases) and a review of varietal registrations (via the International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Variety Registration database) for countryby-country applications to national listings and Plant Breeders Rights (PBRs). The results suggest that while stronger Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) seem to hamper research in some crops, flax breeding – overall – has not witnessed the negative effects of stronger IP protection. Relative to other crops, flax production worldwide is small. The flax breeding industry itself is represented primarily by public research institutions with only a few small private companies operating in this area worldwide. Given the significant involvement of the public sector and the limited use of biotechnology, the flax IP landscape is not as complex as that of other oil crops such as canola and soybeans.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.048325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-06DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045299
B. Wixted
The developmental state literature has typically focused attention on the role of nation-state actors. However, cities are increasingly important centres of innovation and commerce (OECD, 2006). Thus as national state policy instruments are progressively governed by international conventions (Wade, 2003), can non-national level actors influence industry development? This paper explores the role of policy in the development of Calgary's (Alberta, Canada) wireless cluster. The paper shows that while the Alberta Government was important in the early phase, it withdrew leaving the cluster struggling through recent crises. Policy suggestions that are pro-market and pro-innovation and relevant to the context are indicated.
{"title":"Alberta: Policy inaction, crises, unintended consequences and cluster success in the semi-periphery","authors":"B. Wixted","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.045299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045299","url":null,"abstract":"The developmental state literature has typically focused attention on the role of nation-state actors. However, cities are increasingly important centres of innovation and commerce (OECD, 2006). Thus as national state policy instruments are progressively governed by international conventions (Wade, 2003), can non-national level actors influence industry development? This paper explores the role of policy in the development of Calgary's (Alberta, Canada) wireless cluster. The paper shows that while the Alberta Government was important in the early phase, it withdrew leaving the cluster struggling through recent crises. Policy suggestions that are pro-market and pro-innovation and relevant to the context are indicated.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-06DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045293
A. Hira, B. Wixted, R. Arechavala-Vargas
What explains the uneven competitiveness we find in global markets, where some firms are able to dominate? Obvious path dependency and ‘stickiness’ in markets persists, despite efforts by others with potentially greater comparative advantage. An evolutionary view of global market competitiveness provides the best answer. Timing determines fortunes. In order to take advantage of technological windows of opportunity, a co-evolutionary state-private sector partnership is required. Our study of the emergence of wireless manufacturing entrants suggests that success depends on the ability to adapt to changes in comparative advantage, markets, and technology. Globalisation therefore requires even more state intervention, albeit in more strategic ways, not less, and state intervention is at the heart of the success of national firms. The cyclical nature of global markets and technology advances offers currently unrecognised opportunities for late entrants.
{"title":"Explaining sectoral leapfrogging in countries: comparative studies of the wireless sector","authors":"A. Hira, B. Wixted, R. Arechavala-Vargas","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.045293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045293","url":null,"abstract":"What explains the uneven competitiveness we find in global markets, where some firms are able to dominate? Obvious path dependency and ‘stickiness’ in markets persists, despite efforts by others with potentially greater comparative advantage. An evolutionary view of global market competitiveness provides the best answer. Timing determines fortunes. In order to take advantage of technological windows of opportunity, a co-evolutionary state-private sector partnership is required. Our study of the emergence of wireless manufacturing entrants suggests that success depends on the ability to adapt to changes in comparative advantage, markets, and technology. Globalisation therefore requires even more state intervention, albeit in more strategic ways, not less, and state intervention is at the heart of the success of national firms. The cyclical nature of global markets and technology advances offers currently unrecognised opportunities for late entrants.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-06DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045296
A. Hira, J. Morfopoulos, Florence M. Chee
Two of the leading wireless manufacturers, LG and Samsung, got their start from Korean state-sponsored efforts to support industrialisation in advanced technology. These efforts follow an evolutionary trajectory of heavy handed state ‘guidance’ to a more regulatory approach in line with change circumstances and events, including the companies’ success. While not without negative and idiosyncratic aspects, the South Korean experience in developing wireless champions points to a general strategy for state-private company relations for other developing nations. These include the importance of financial support, focused investments in human capital, and the interlinking of social capital networks around a common national purpose. As in the case of Nokia, the development of a specific sectoral strategy, the ability to absorb multiple failures along the way, and the embracing of a research and development strategy oriented towards global export success all suggest the importance of timing and learning featured in this edition.
{"title":"Evolution of the South Korean wireless industry: from state guidance to global competition","authors":"A. Hira, J. Morfopoulos, Florence M. Chee","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.045296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045296","url":null,"abstract":"Two of the leading wireless manufacturers, LG and Samsung, got their start from Korean state-sponsored efforts to support industrialisation in advanced technology. These efforts follow an evolutionary trajectory of heavy handed state ‘guidance’ to a more regulatory approach in line with change circumstances and events, including the companies’ success. While not without negative and idiosyncratic aspects, the South Korean experience in developing wireless champions points to a general strategy for state-private company relations for other developing nations. These include the importance of financial support, focused investments in human capital, and the interlinking of social capital networks around a common national purpose. As in the case of Nokia, the development of a specific sectoral strategy, the ability to absorb multiple failures along the way, and the embracing of a research and development strategy oriented towards global export success all suggest the importance of timing and learning featured in this edition.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-06DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045297
Ricardo Arechavala, Claudia Díaz Pérez
The paper outlines that the wireless Mexican industry is in an emergent stage, despite its high domestic market growth. Young institutions in their initial learning phases integrate the industry; it has small endogenous capabilities and faces huge technological uncertainties, the leading national companies are not manufacturers, being characterised by a highly concentrated market. The argument presents a description of the mobile telecommunication sector, the role of some of the central actors and particularly the main operator: TELMEX and its wireless subsidiary America Movil. It also describes the history of the telecommunication sector because its evolution is intertwined with that of the wireless Mexican industry. Additionally, there is an analysis to explain how the opening, the liberalisation process and the public regulation inadequacy explain the industry development stage. Fieldwork was done through open-ended interviews and available statistical information.
{"title":"Mexico's telecommunications industry: the absence of industrial policy","authors":"Ricardo Arechavala, Claudia Díaz Pérez","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.045297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045297","url":null,"abstract":"The paper outlines that the wireless Mexican industry is in an emergent stage, despite its high domestic market growth. Young institutions in their initial learning phases integrate the industry; it has small endogenous capabilities and faces huge technological uncertainties, the leading national companies are not manufacturers, being characterised by a highly concentrated market. The argument presents a description of the mobile telecommunication sector, the role of some of the central actors and particularly the main operator: TELMEX and its wireless subsidiary America Movil. It also describes the history of the telecommunication sector because its evolution is intertwined with that of the wireless Mexican industry. Additionally, there is an analysis to explain how the opening, the liberalisation process and the public regulation inadequacy explain the industry development stage. Fieldwork was done through open-ended interviews and available statistical information.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-06DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045298
A. Hira, Luciana Thibau M. da Rocha Socorro
Brazil had the preconditions for the development of a national manufacturing capability in wireless phones. The weak performance of state-run phone system created pent up demand for wireless telecommunications. Pro-active government policies helped to build a research and development capacity, including a successful switching technology. However, incoherence in policies led to eventual failure of efforts to create national production. Brazil is now a maquila manufacturer, largely involved in labour-intensive assembly operations for foreign multinationals with few local development linkages. Brazil’s experience provides a cautionary tale for the importance of consistent policies, for locating the appropriate relationship between public and private sectors in consonance with opportunities provided by technological and market cycles.
{"title":"Manufacturing telecommunications in Brazil: from leading edge to maquilas","authors":"A. Hira, Luciana Thibau M. da Rocha Socorro","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.045298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045298","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil had the preconditions for the development of a national manufacturing capability in wireless phones. The weak performance of state-run phone system created pent up demand for wireless telecommunications. Pro-active government policies helped to build a research and development capacity, including a successful switching technology. However, incoherence in policies led to eventual failure of efforts to create national production. Brazil is now a maquila manufacturer, largely involved in labour-intensive assembly operations for foreign multinationals with few local development linkages. Brazil’s experience provides a cautionary tale for the importance of consistent policies, for locating the appropriate relationship between public and private sectors in consonance with opportunities provided by technological and market cycles.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-06DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045294
A. Hira
The evolution of global wireless markets can be understood as paralleling and spurring technological and regulatory developments in co-evolutionary fashion. Wireless technology has deep roots in a number of different technologies, from the telephone to radar. The public monopoly nature of telephone service probably retarded the introduction of wireless technologies, whose early commercial precursors were introduced as early as 1974. The deregulation of telephone services allowed for the development of cell phones as an alternative. More recent technological advances have brought about a convergence of data and voice services, demanding again further regulatory and industry re-organisation.
{"title":"Introduction to wireless technology and markets","authors":"A. Hira","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2012.045294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045294","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of global wireless markets can be understood as paralleling and spurring technological and regulatory developments in co-evolutionary fashion. Wireless technology has deep roots in a number of different technologies, from the telephone to radar. The public monopoly nature of telephone service probably retarded the introduction of wireless technologies, whose early commercial precursors were introduced as early as 1974. The deregulation of telephone services allowed for the development of cell phones as an alternative. More recent technological advances have brought about a convergence of data and voice services, demanding again further regulatory and industry re-organisation.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":"6 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2012.045294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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