Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2014.066615
Daewoong Choo
Innovation can be made through two different processes or effects of R&D, which are the creative effect and the learning effect. The existing literatures have focused on foreign direct investment (FDI) as the critical method through which R&D exerts its learning effect. However, it should be noted that export activities can also offer an important source of learning – as important as FDI – and may be exceptionally meaningful for firms in countries with export-oriented economies, such as South Korea. I argue that to examine the two true different effects of R&D accurately and offer right implications for the firms, the alternative learning effect of R&D through export at firm-level should be included in a unified framework. Using longitudinal firm-level data for the period of 2000 to 2009 in South Korea, empirical tests show that the creative effect of R&D is more important than the other two learning effects in generating innovation.
{"title":"Two different effects of R&D on innovation in South Korea: evidence from the firm level data","authors":"Daewoong Choo","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2014.066615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2014.066615","url":null,"abstract":"Innovation can be made through two different processes or effects of R&D, which are the creative effect and the learning effect. The existing literatures have focused on foreign direct investment (FDI) as the critical method through which R&D exerts its learning effect. However, it should be noted that export activities can also offer an important source of learning – as important as FDI – and may be exceptionally meaningful for firms in countries with export-oriented economies, such as South Korea. I argue that to examine the two true different effects of R&D accurately and offer right implications for the firms, the alternative learning effect of R&D through export at firm-level should be included in a unified framework. Using longitudinal firm-level data for the period of 2000 to 2009 in South Korea, empirical tests show that the creative effect of R&D is more important than the other two learning effects in generating innovation.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2014.066615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2014.066617
Diane A. Isabelle, Louise A. Heslop
A growing body of literature has demonstrated the importance of social capital in value creation from alliances, networks, and collaboration. This study investigates the application of a social capital perspective to large-scale international scientific collaborations (ISCs) through a survey of senior scientists from Canada, the USA, Europe, Australia and China. The findings support the relevance of social capital to ISCs and also indicate that network ties, shared goals among collaborators, and effectiveness of collaboration management are key factors for collaboration effectiveness. Further, a broad range of spillover outcomes are perceived to occur. The study contributes to research examining the role of social capital in inter-organisational relations.
{"title":"The role of social capital in international scientific collaborations: evidence from a multi-country survey","authors":"Diane A. Isabelle, Louise A. Heslop","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2014.066617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2014.066617","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of literature has demonstrated the importance of social capital in value creation from alliances, networks, and collaboration. This study investigates the application of a social capital perspective to large-scale international scientific collaborations (ISCs) through a survey of senior scientists from Canada, the USA, Europe, Australia and China. The findings support the relevance of social capital to ISCs and also indicate that network ties, shared goals among collaborators, and effectiveness of collaboration management are key factors for collaboration effectiveness. Further, a broad range of spillover outcomes are perceived to occur. The study contributes to research examining the role of social capital in inter-organisational relations.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2014.066617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2014.066619
N. Kumar, Neena Sinha
The energy use in India is at present considerably higher than a few decades ago, mainly as a result of economic growth. The primary source of energy in India, thermal power, is a source of greenhouse gas emissions. To stabilise the CO2 emissions and promote sustainable development, economic development must go hand in hand with low-carbon society’s development. A transition towards a green economy will require a shift away from current production and consumption patterns of energy. This is achievable through improved process and end-use energy efficiency, and increased adoption of cleaner energy sources. Fostering increased investments in clean energy and energy efficiency is an important step to achieving more sustainable economic development. Therefore, we have undertaken this study that attempts to examine the impact of FDI in Indian power sector on the path of clean energy.
{"title":"Transition towards a green economy: role of FDI","authors":"N. Kumar, Neena Sinha","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2014.066619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2014.066619","url":null,"abstract":"The energy use in India is at present considerably higher than a few decades ago, mainly as a result of economic growth. The primary source of energy in India, thermal power, is a source of greenhouse gas emissions. To stabilise the CO2 emissions and promote sustainable development, economic development must go hand in hand with low-carbon society’s development. A transition towards a green economy will require a shift away from current production and consumption patterns of energy. This is achievable through improved process and end-use energy efficiency, and increased adoption of cleaner energy sources. Fostering increased investments in clean energy and energy efficiency is an important step to achieving more sustainable economic development. Therefore, we have undertaken this study that attempts to examine the impact of FDI in Indian power sector on the path of clean energy.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2014.066619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2014.066622
N. Meyer
Mitigation of global warming and transitioning to a green and sustainable world are counteracted by a number of barriers and dilemmas. The paper analyses a number of these barriers and dilemmas in order to highlight efficient strategies and solutions for a sustainable development. Most governments in industrial countries do not pay enough attention to concepts as limits to growth in a finite globe and the importance of economic and social equity. They also overlook in practice the need for keeping at least 50% of known fossil reserves under ground in order to avoid a critical increase in global temperature. On the contrary, a number of industrial countries are now promoting exploitation of new fossil sources like shale gas and oil from tar sand. Reversing population growth facilitates sustainable development, but most governments of industrial nations appear to be more concerned about decreases in their population. The central problem is that limits to growth are not taken seriously by finance ministers in most industrial countries. This paper will focus on the consequences of limits to growth and the need for an alternative concept of employment and work.
{"title":"Dilemmas and solutions for a sustainable green transition","authors":"N. Meyer","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2014.066622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2014.066622","url":null,"abstract":"Mitigation of global warming and transitioning to a green and sustainable world are counteracted by a number of barriers and dilemmas. The paper analyses a number of these barriers and dilemmas in order to highlight efficient strategies and solutions for a sustainable development. Most governments in industrial countries do not pay enough attention to concepts as limits to growth in a finite globe and the importance of economic and social equity. They also overlook in practice the need for keeping at least 50% of known fossil reserves under ground in order to avoid a critical increase in global temperature. On the contrary, a number of industrial countries are now promoting exploitation of new fossil sources like shale gas and oil from tar sand. Reversing population growth facilitates sustainable development, but most governments of industrial nations appear to be more concerned about decreases in their population. The central problem is that limits to growth are not taken seriously by finance ministers in most industrial countries. This paper will focus on the consequences of limits to growth and the need for an alternative concept of employment and work.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2014.066622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-15DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2014.064743
N. Mrinalini, Pradosh Nath, G. Sandhya
The focus of the paper is on the nature and extent of linkages between MNCs RD mostly in the information technology and software sector. Out of 706 firms, only 117 firms have formal linkages with Indian institutions and that too mostly with the universities and other educational institutions. Least preferred for linkages are Indian R&D institutions. The study indicates the possibility that India is emerging as human resource hub for MNCs future research endeavours.
{"title":"MNCs R&D interest in India: an overview of their R&D centre linkages with Indian institutions","authors":"N. Mrinalini, Pradosh Nath, G. Sandhya","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2014.064743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2014.064743","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of the paper is on the nature and extent of linkages between MNCs RD mostly in the information technology and software sector. Out of 706 firms, only 117 firms have formal linkages with Indian institutions and that too mostly with the universities and other educational institutions. Least preferred for linkages are Indian R&D institutions. The study indicates the possibility that India is emerging as human resource hub for MNCs future research endeavours.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2014.064743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-15DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2014.064741
T. Papaioannou
Recent approaches to innovation and development have slowly started shifting their emphasis from economic growth to social equality and justice. These two concepts were prominent in the 1970s, but were sidelined during the neo-liberal era and are currently being rediscovered. Thus, innovation and development researchers now agree that ‘making new things in new ways’ has positive and negative impact on equality and socio-economic and political relations within and between countries. They recognise that innovation and technical change are significant from the point of view of distributive justice. However, despite their recognition, none of them adequately defines these concepts or provides a set of principles which ought to guide socially equitable or just innovation and development. This paper explains why innovation and development studies need to move towards the normative terrain in search of a plausible theory of distributive justice. Unless such a theory can be found and defended against other competing theories, the recent shift from economic growth to equality and social justice will be temporary and without any substantial impact on global policies for poverty reduction.
{"title":"Innovation and development in search of a political theory of justice","authors":"T. Papaioannou","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2014.064741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2014.064741","url":null,"abstract":"Recent approaches to innovation and development have slowly started shifting their emphasis from economic growth to social equality and justice. These two concepts were prominent in the 1970s, but were sidelined during the neo-liberal era and are currently being rediscovered. Thus, innovation and development researchers now agree that ‘making new things in new ways’ has positive and negative impact on equality and socio-economic and political relations within and between countries. They recognise that innovation and technical change are significant from the point of view of distributive justice. However, despite their recognition, none of them adequately defines these concepts or provides a set of principles which ought to guide socially equitable or just innovation and development. This paper explains why innovation and development studies need to move towards the normative terrain in search of a plausible theory of distributive justice. Unless such a theory can be found and defended against other competing theories, the recent shift from economic growth to equality and social justice will be temporary and without any substantial impact on global policies for poverty reduction.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2014.064741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-15DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2014.064742
J. Hobbs, W. Kerr, S. Smyth
Tolerance levels exist for many undesirable attributes in food for which there exists general consensus regarding the potential food safety hazard: insect fragments, stones, livestock antibiotics, chemical residues, weed seeds, etc. Yet much of the current debate about zero tolerance relates to the presence of genetically modified (GM) material, with far less consensus regarding the acceptance of traces of GM material and the role of science and technology as the arbiter of a safety threshold. The result has been international trade disruptions, and increased complexity in supply chain relationships. Embedded in zero tolerance standards for GM material are divergent perceptions encompassing what constitutes high and low quality and an extension of the use of zero tolerance requirements beyond food safety to encompass different notions of food quality. Against this background, the paper examines the drivers and implications of zero tolerance standards for GM material for supply chains and international trade.
{"title":"The perils of zero tolerance: technology management, supply chains and thwarted globalisation","authors":"J. Hobbs, W. Kerr, S. Smyth","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2014.064742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2014.064742","url":null,"abstract":"Tolerance levels exist for many undesirable attributes in food for which there exists general consensus regarding the potential food safety hazard: insect fragments, stones, livestock antibiotics, chemical residues, weed seeds, etc. Yet much of the current debate about zero tolerance relates to the presence of genetically modified (GM) material, with far less consensus regarding the acceptance of traces of GM material and the role of science and technology as the arbiter of a safety threshold. The result has been international trade disruptions, and increased complexity in supply chain relationships. Embedded in zero tolerance standards for GM material are divergent perceptions encompassing what constitutes high and low quality and an extension of the use of zero tolerance requirements beyond food safety to encompass different notions of food quality. Against this background, the paper examines the drivers and implications of zero tolerance standards for GM material for supply chains and international trade.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2014.064742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-15DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2014.064740
G. Gutman, P. Lavarello
In Argentina, some biotechnology firms operating in the human health sector managed to enter into the biosimilars segment of global biopharmaceutical markets at an early stage. These firms’ forms of organisation and their articulation with local science and technology infrastructure have played a key role in the development of business strategies in an institutional context that does not facilitate the resolution of the particular risks and uncertainties – be they technological, regulatory, or commercial – associated with these products. This paper examines the strategies of selected firms, using case studies. It postulates that firm organisation in economic groups, and the articulation in public/private networks enables local firms to successfully surmount the obstacles faced by innovative biotechnology firms in peripheral countries, which leads in turn to the achievement of technological and financial advantages.
{"title":"Biopharmaceuticals and firm organisation in Argentina: opportunities and challenges","authors":"G. Gutman, P. Lavarello","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2014.064740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2014.064740","url":null,"abstract":"In Argentina, some biotechnology firms operating in the human health sector managed to enter into the biosimilars segment of global biopharmaceutical markets at an early stage. These firms’ forms of organisation and their articulation with local science and technology infrastructure have played a key role in the development of business strategies in an institutional context that does not facilitate the resolution of the particular risks and uncertainties – be they technological, regulatory, or commercial – associated with these products. This paper examines the strategies of selected firms, using case studies. It postulates that firm organisation in economic groups, and the articulation in public/private networks enables local firms to successfully surmount the obstacles faced by innovative biotechnology firms in peripheral countries, which leads in turn to the achievement of technological and financial advantages.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2014.064740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-11DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2013.052029
Majlinda Zhegu
This study aims to bridge the literature regarding organisational learning and the system of innovation perspective. This paper explores the dynamics of technology policy learning in an innovation systems context. Firstly, the main findings on organisational learning attributes are presented. Secondly, the process of public policy learning is discussed. Finally, a life cycle approach for analysing technology policy learning is presented for the Canadian aerospace industry. By discerning the complimentary factors among differing theoretical perspectives, this paper provides a better understanding of the process and evolution of technological policy.
{"title":"Technology policy learning and innovation systems life cycle: the Canadian aircraft industry","authors":"Majlinda Zhegu","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2013.052029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2013.052029","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to bridge the literature regarding organisational learning and the system of innovation perspective. This paper explores the dynamics of technology policy learning in an innovation systems context. Firstly, the main findings on organisational learning attributes are presented. Secondly, the process of public policy learning is discussed. Finally, a life cycle approach for analysing technology policy learning is presented for the Canadian aerospace industry. By discerning the complimentary factors among differing theoretical perspectives, this paper provides a better understanding of the process and evolution of technological policy.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2013.052029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-11DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2013.052030
A. Maculan
The growth path of the Brazilian aerospace industry and its competitiveness in international market are examples of a successful process of ‘catching up’. However, the Brazilian aviation industry needs to deal with various vulnerability factors. The paper presents a short retrospective of the growth of the Embraer company. We describe the company’s activities in its first years, the growing problems in the 1980s that led to privatisation in 1994 and Embraer’s behaviour after privatisation. Particular attention is given to its technology and marketing strategy. Finally, we discuss the current challenges to the company’s ability to compete.
{"title":"Embraer and the growth of the Brazilian aircraft industry","authors":"A. Maculan","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2013.052030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2013.052030","url":null,"abstract":"The growth path of the Brazilian aerospace industry and its competitiveness in international market are examples of a successful process of ‘catching up’. However, the Brazilian aviation industry needs to deal with various vulnerability factors. The paper presents a short retrospective of the growth of the Embraer company. We describe the company’s activities in its first years, the growing problems in the 1980s that led to privatisation in 1994 and Embraer’s behaviour after privatisation. Particular attention is given to its technology and marketing strategy. Finally, we discuss the current challenges to the company’s ability to compete.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2013.052030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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