Artificial insemination and embryo transfer (ET) are important in the reproduction of dairy cows. The conception rate after AI or ET is an essential indicator when selecting appropriate breeding methods. However, information on the environmental factors affecting ET conception rate when compared with AI is limited. We aimed to investigate environmental factors affecting ET conception rate and characterize the differences in environmental factors between AI and ET. Records of the first AI (n = 1,870,143) and ET (n = 29,922) from Holstein nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous cows in Hokkaido, Japan, were analyzed using separate multivariable logistic regression models. For each breeding method, we grouped primiparous and multiparous cows according to milk yield at peak lactation (PY; <25, 25–30, 30–35, or ≥35 kg in primiparous; <40, 40–45, 45–50, or ≥50 kg in multiparous) and the interval from calving to first AI or to first ET (CFI and CFT, respectively; <60, 60–79, 80–99, or ≥100 d) to evaluate the effects of PY and CFI or CFT on conception rate. The AI conception rate decreased with increasing PY in primiparous and multiparous cows, whereas ET conception rate did not decrease significantly. Additionally, the ET conception rate did not decrease even in primiparous and multiparous cows slightly earlier than 60 d in CFI/CFT compared with those in CFI/CFT after 60 d, which differed from the AI conception rate. Collectively, breeding by ET leads to the avoidance of negative effects of high milk yield and calving on the conception rate, indicating that cows are fertile by ET within 60 d after calving.
{"title":"Characterization of conception rate after embryo transfer in comparison with that after artificial insemination in dairy cattle","authors":"Shuhei Fukaya , Takeshi Yamazaki , Hayato Abe , Satoshi Nakagawa , Toshimi Baba , Hanako Bai , Masashi Takahashi , Manabu Kawahara","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24805","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial insemination and embryo transfer (ET) are important in the reproduction of dairy cows. The conception rate after AI or ET is an essential indicator when selecting appropriate breeding methods. However, information on the environmental factors affecting ET conception rate when compared with AI is limited. We aimed to investigate environmental factors affecting ET conception rate and characterize the differences in environmental factors between AI and ET. Records of the first AI (n = 1,870,143) and ET (n = 29,922) from Holstein nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous cows in Hokkaido, Japan, were analyzed using separate multivariable logistic regression models. For each breeding method, we grouped primiparous and multiparous cows according to milk yield at peak lactation (PY; <25, 25–30, 30–35, or ≥35 kg in primiparous; <40, 40–45, 45–50, or ≥50 kg in multiparous) and the interval from calving to first AI or to first ET (CFI and CFT, respectively; <60, 60–79, 80–99, or ≥100 d) to evaluate the effects of PY and CFI or CFT on conception rate. The AI conception rate decreased with increasing PY in primiparous and multiparous cows, whereas ET conception rate did not decrease significantly. Additionally, the ET conception rate did not decrease even in primiparous and multiparous cows slightly earlier than 60 d in CFI/CFT compared with those in CFI/CFT after 60 d, which differed from the AI conception rate. Collectively, breeding by ET leads to the avoidance of negative effects of high milk yield and calving on the conception rate, indicating that cows are fertile by ET within 60 d after calving.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9516-9526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141537191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samantha Bolten , Robert D. Ralyea , Timothy T. Lott , Renato H. Orsi , Nicole H. Martin , Martin Wiedmann , Aljosa Trmcic
Farmstead dairy processing facilities may be particularly susceptible to Listeria spp. contamination due to the close physical proximity of their processing environments (PE) to associated dairy farm environments (FE). In this case study, we supported the implementation of interventions focused on improving (1) cleaning and sanitation efficacy, (2) hygienic zoning, and (3) sanitary equipment and facility design and maintenance in a farmstead dairy processing facility, and evaluated their effect on Listeria spp. detection in the farmstead's PE over 1 yr. Detection of Listeria spp. in the farmstead's PE was numerically reduced from 50% to 7.5% after 1 yr of intervention implementation, suggesting that these interventions were effective at improving Listeria spp. control. In addition, environmental samples were also collected from the farmstead's FE to evaluate the risk of the FE as a potential source of Listeria spp. in the PE. Overall, detection of Listeria spp. was higher in samples collected from the FE (75%, 27/36) compared with samples collected from the PE (24%, 29/120). Whole-genome sequencing performed on select isolates collected from the PE and FE supported the identification of 6 clusters (range of 3 to 15 isolates per cluster) that showed ≤ 50 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism differences. Of these 6 clusters, 3 (i.e., clusters 2, 4, and 5) contained isolates that were collected from both the PE and FE, suggesting that transmission between these 2 environments was likely. Moreover, all cluster 2 isolates represented a clonal complex of L. monocytogenes commonly associated with dairy farm environmental reservoirs (i.e., CC666), which may support that the farmstead's FE represented an upstream source of the cluster 2 isolates that were found in the PE. Overall, our data underscore that although the FE can represent a potential upstream source of Listeria spp. contamination in a farmstead dairy processing facility, implementation of targeted interventions can help effectively minimize Listeria spp. contamination in the PE.
牧场乳品加工设施由于其加工环境（PE）与相关的奶牛场环境（FE）非常接近，因此特别容易受到李斯特菌污染。在本案例研究中，我们在一个牧场的乳品加工设施中支持实施了干预措施，重点是提高（i）清洁和卫生功效，（ii）卫生分区，以及（iii）卫生设备/设施的设计和维护，并评估了这些措施对牧场加工环境中李斯特菌检出的影响。干预措施实施 1 年后，牧场 PE 中李斯特菌的检出率从 50% 降至 7.5%，表明这些干预措施能有效改善李斯特菌的控制。此外，还从农场的农场设施中采集了环境样本，以评估农场设施作为 PE 中李斯特菌潜在来源的风险。总体而言，与 PE 样本（24%，29/120）相比，FE 样本（75%，27/36）的李斯特菌检出率更高。对从 PE 和 FE 采集到的部分分离物进行的全基因组测序（WGS）确定了 6 个群集（每个群集有 3 至 15 个分离物），这些群集显示出≤ 50 个高质量单核苷酸多态性（hqSNP）差异。在这 6 个聚类中，有 3 个（即聚类 2、4 和 5）包含从 PE 和 FE 采集到的分离物，这表明这两种环境之间可能存在传播。此外，第 2 群组的所有分离物都代表了一种常见于奶牛场环境库的单核细胞增多性乳酸杆菌克隆复合体（CC）（即 CC666），这可能证明牧场的 FE 是在 PE 中发现的第 2 群组分离物的上游来源。总之，我们的数据强调，虽然牧场乳制品加工设施中的食品加工厂可能是李斯特菌污染的上游来源，但实施有针对性的干预措施有助于有效地将 PE 中的李斯特菌污染降至最低。
{"title":"Utilizing whole-genome sequencing to characterize Listeria spp. persistence and transmission patterns in a farmstead dairy processing facility and its associated farm environment","authors":"Samantha Bolten , Robert D. Ralyea , Timothy T. Lott , Renato H. Orsi , Nicole H. Martin , Martin Wiedmann , Aljosa Trmcic","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24789","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farmstead dairy processing facilities may be particularly susceptible to <em>Listeria</em> spp. contamination due to the close physical proximity of their processing environments (PE) to associated dairy farm environments (FE). In this case study, we supported the implementation of interventions focused on improving (1) cleaning and sanitation efficacy, (2) hygienic zoning, and (3) sanitary equipment and facility design and maintenance in a farmstead dairy processing facility, and evaluated their effect on <em>Listeria</em> spp. detection in the farmstead's PE over 1 yr. Detection of <em>Listeria</em> spp. in the farmstead's PE was numerically reduced from 50% to 7.5% after 1 yr of intervention implementation, suggesting that these interventions were effective at improving <em>Listeria</em> spp. control. In addition, environmental samples were also collected from the farmstead's FE to evaluate the risk of the FE as a potential source of <em>Listeria</em> spp. in the PE. Overall, detection of <em>Listeria</em> spp. was higher in samples collected from the FE (75%, 27/36) compared with samples collected from the PE (24%, 29/120). Whole-genome sequencing performed on select isolates collected from the PE and FE supported the identification of 6 clusters (range of 3 to 15 isolates per cluster) that showed ≤ 50 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism differences. Of these 6 clusters, 3 (i.e., clusters 2, 4, and 5) contained isolates that were collected from both the PE and FE, suggesting that transmission between these 2 environments was likely. Moreover, all cluster 2 isolates represented a clonal complex of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> commonly associated with dairy farm environmental reservoirs (i.e., CC666), which may support that the farmstead's FE represented an upstream source of the cluster 2 isolates that were found in the PE. Overall, our data underscore that although the FE can represent a potential upstream source of <em>Listeria</em> spp. contamination in a farmstead dairy processing facility, implementation of targeted interventions can help effectively minimize <em>Listeria</em> spp. contamination in the PE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9036-9053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This observational study determined the effect of genetic merit for fertility traits on estrous activity and duration and interestrous interval in nulliparous dairy heifers. We also compared estrous activity between estrous events with or without conception and determined the effect of genetic merit for fertility traits on age and BW at time of first detected estrous activity event. Activity monitoring devices (Heatime, SCR-Engineers) were fitted to Holstein-Friesian heifers aged 7 to 9 mo with positive or negative genetic merit for fertility traits (POS FertBV: average +5%, n = 275; NEG FertBV: average −5%, n = 249) and activity data were collected to the end of the first breeding period (15–17 mo). An estrous event was defined as when the activity change index exceeded 19.2 activity units (AU) for ≥6 consecutive hours. In total, 2,434 estrous events were identified (POS FertBV: n = 1,454; NEG FertBV: n = 980). Estrous event duration was defined as the period when the threshold was first exceeded and when activity dropped below threshold, without another event starting within 24 h of the end of the previous event. This definition included occurrences where activity crossed the threshold multiple times in a day; these were classified as a single estrous event. A second measure, high activity duration, was defined as the total time activity exceeded the threshold. To characterize estrous activity, baseline activity was determined from the previous 7 d of activity. Peak activity and total activity (area under the curve of activity above baseline) were calculated. A fifth variable, interestrous interval, was calculated as a proxy for estrous cycle length. Total activity and peak activity were greater in POS than NEG FertBV heifers (total activity: 548 vs. 464 AU, SED = 19.6 AU; peak activity: 72 vs. 65 AU, SE of the difference [SED] = 1.5 AU). The POS FertBV group had a mean estrous event duration and high activity duration of 15.1 and 15.0 h, compared with 14.1 and 14.1 h for the NEG FertBV group (SED = 0.30 and 0.29 h, respectively). Inter-estrous interval did not differ between POS FertBV and NEG FertBV heifers (19.5 vs. 20.0 d, SED = 0.49). Estrous events associated with conception were shorter than those not associated with conception (mean ± SEM, high activity duration: 13.0 ± 0.25 h vs. 13.9 ± 0.31 h, estrous event duration: 13.1 ± 0.25 h vs. 14 ± 0.32 h) and had less total activity (408 ± 15.2 vs. 487 ± 18.2 AU). The POS FertBV heifers were more likely to have their first estrous activity event than NEG FertBV heifers by a given age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.0–1.6) or BW (HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.1–1.6). The outcomes of this study provide evidence that positive genetic merit for fertility traits is associated with more overt estrous expression. Therefore, estrous expression traits may have potential to be used as earlier-in-life predictors of genetic merit for fertility.
这项观察性研究确定了繁殖力性状的遗传优势对无性乳牛发情活动、持续时间和发情间隔的影响。我们还比较了有无受孕的发情活动，并确定了繁殖力性状遗传优劣对首次检测到发情活动时的年龄和体重的影响。在7-9月龄的荷斯坦-弗里斯兰小母牛身上安装了发情活动监测装置（Heatime，SCR Engineers），这些小母牛的繁殖力性状遗传优势为阳性或阴性（POS FertBV：平均+5%，n = 275；NEG FertBV：平均-5%，n = 249），活动数据收集至第一个繁殖期（15-17月龄）结束。当活动变化指数连续≥6 小时超过 19.2 个活动单位（AU）时，即定义为发情事件。共识别出 2434 个发情事件（POS FertBV：n = 1454；NEG FertBV：n = 980）。发情事件持续时间定义为首次超过阈值和活动降至阈值以下的时间段，且在前一事件结束后 24 小时内没有另一事件发生。这一定义包括一天内活动多次超过阈值的情况；这些情况被归类为一次发情事件。第二个衡量标准是高活动持续时间，定义为活动超过阈值的总时间。为了描述发情活动的特征，基线活动是根据前 7 天的活动确定的。计算峰值活动和总活动（高于基线的活动曲线下面积）。第五个变量是发情周期间隔，它代表了发情周期的长度。POS FertBV 母牛的总活动量和峰值活动量均大于 NEG FertBV 母牛（总活动量：548 AU vs 464 AU，SED = 19.6 AU；峰值活动量：72 AU vs 65 AU，差异标准误差 (SED) = 1.5 AU）。POS FertBV 组的平均发情事件持续时间和高活动持续时间分别为 15.1 小时和 15.0 小时，而 NEG FertBV 组分别为 14.1 小时和 14.1 小时（SED = 0.30 小时和 0.29 小时）。POS 和 NEG FertBV 母牛的发情间隔没有差异（19.5 vs 20.0 d，SED = 0.49）。与受孕相关的发情事件比与受孕无关的发情事件短（平均值 ± 平均值标准误差，高活动持续时间：13.0 ± 0.25 h）：13.0 ± 0.25 h vs 13.9 ± 0.31 h，发情事件持续时间：13.1 ± 0.25 h vs 14 ± 0.32 h），总活动量较少（408 ± 15.2 vs 487 ± 18.2 AU）。在特定年龄（HR = 1.26，95% CI = 1.0 至 1.6）或体重（HR = 1.35，95% CI = 1.1 至 1.6）下，POS FertBV 母牛比 NEG FertBV 母牛更有可能发生第一次发情活动。这项研究的结果提供了证据，证明繁殖力性状的正遗传优越性与更明显的发情表现相关。因此，发情表现性状有可能作为生育力遗传优势的早期预测因子。
{"title":"Estrous activity in nulliparous heifers with divergent genetic merit for fertility traits","authors":"C.B. Reed, B. Kuhn-Sherlock, C.R. Burke, S. Meier","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24995","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This observational study determined the effect of genetic merit for fertility traits on estrous activity and duration and interestrous interval in nulliparous dairy heifers. We also compared estrous activity between estrous events with or without conception and determined the effect of genetic merit for fertility traits on age and BW at time of first detected estrous activity event. Activity monitoring devices (Heatime, SCR-Engineers) were fitted to Holstein-Friesian heifers aged 7 to 9 mo with positive or negative genetic merit for fertility traits (POS FertBV: average +5%, n = 275; NEG FertBV: average −5%, n = 249) and activity data were collected to the end of the first breeding period (15–17 mo). An estrous event was defined as when the activity change index exceeded 19.2 activity units (AU) for ≥6 consecutive hours. In total, 2,434 estrous events were identified (POS FertBV: n = 1,454; NEG FertBV: n = 980). Estrous event duration was defined as the period when the threshold was first exceeded and when activity dropped below threshold, without another event starting within 24 h of the end of the previous event. This definition included occurrences where activity crossed the threshold multiple times in a day; these were classified as a single estrous event. A second measure, high activity duration, was defined as the total time activity exceeded the threshold. To characterize estrous activity, baseline activity was determined from the previous 7 d of activity. Peak activity and total activity (area under the curve of activity above baseline) were calculated. A fifth variable, interestrous interval, was calculated as a proxy for estrous cycle length. Total activity and peak activity were greater in POS than NEG FertBV heifers (total activity: 548 vs. 464 AU, SED = 19.6 AU; peak activity: 72 vs. 65 AU, SE of the difference [SED] = 1.5 AU). The POS FertBV group had a mean estrous event duration and high activity duration of 15.1 and 15.0 h, compared with 14.1 and 14.1 h for the NEG FertBV group (SED = 0.30 and 0.29 h, respectively). Inter-estrous interval did not differ between POS FertBV and NEG FertBV heifers (19.5 vs. 20.0 d, SED = 0.49). Estrous events associated with conception were shorter than those not associated with conception (mean ± SEM, high activity duration: 13.0 ± 0.25 h vs. 13.9 ± 0.31 h, estrous event duration: 13.1 ± 0.25 h vs. 14 ± 0.32 h) and had less total activity (408 ± 15.2 vs. 487 ± 18.2 AU). The POS FertBV heifers were more likely to have their first estrous activity event than NEG FertBV heifers by a given age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.0–1.6) or BW (HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.1–1.6). The outcomes of this study provide evidence that positive genetic merit for fertility traits is associated with more overt estrous expression. Therefore, estrous expression traits may have potential to be used as earlier-in-life predictors of genetic merit for fertility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9875-9887"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lameness, mostly resulting from claw lesions, causes major welfare problems in the dairy industry. One way to prevent claw lesions is hoof trimming, but the overall effect and the optimal hoof trimming frequency are unknown. In a retrospective cohort study, we investigated the association between hoof trimming frequency in primiparous cows and hoof health and culling in the second lactation. We based our analysis on breed, calving, and culling data in the period 2015 to 2018 for 30,613 primiparous cows in 202 Swedish dairy herds. Of the cows enrolled, 20% were not hoof-trimmed, 30% were trimmed once, 34% were trimmed twice, 13% were trimmed 3 times, and 2% were trimmed ≥4 times. We used multivariable mixed-effect logistic and multivariable multinomial logistic regression models to investigate the association between trimming frequency and 2 outcomes: hoof lesions at first trimming occasion within 90 d from second calving and culling in the second lactation within 300 d after the second calving. In general, cows trimmed 2 or 3 times during the first lactation were at lower odds of having claw lesions compared with cows that were not trimmed (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.62–0.71 and 0.60, 95% CI = 0.55–0.66, respectively) or cows trimmed once (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.75–0.85 and OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.66–0.79, respectively), and this beneficial effect was observed for most types of claw lesions. Moreover, cows trimmed 2, 3, or ≥4 times were at lower odds of being culled compared with cows that were not trimmed (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.65–0.77, 0.68, 95% CI = 0.61–0.76 and 0.70, 95% CI = 0.54–0.90, respectively) or trimmed once (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.71–0.83, OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.66–0.82 and OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.59–0.97, respectively). In particular, 2 trimmings, compared with 1 or no trimming, lowered the relative risk ratio of dying or being euthanized on-farm, or being culled due to claw and leg disorders. More than 1 hoof trimming in the first lactation also reduced the relative risk ratio of being culled for other reasons. In conclusion, 2 or 3 hoof trimmings during the first lactation were generally beneficial for hoof health in early second lactation and survival in the second lactation. These findings can help improve animal welfare and production by reducing claw lesions, and thereby lameness, among dairy cows, which would increase the longevity of dairy cows and the sustainability of the dairy industry.
跛足主要是由于蹄爪损伤造成的，给奶牛业带来了严重的福利问题。修蹄是预防牛爪损伤的一种方法，但其总体效果和最佳修蹄频率尚不清楚。在一项回顾性队列研究中，我们调查了初产奶牛修蹄频率与第二泌乳期牛蹄健康和淘汰之间的关系。我们的分析基于2015-2018年期间瑞典202个奶牛牧场30613头初产奶牛的品种、产犊和淘汰数据。在登记的奶牛中，20%的奶牛未修蹄，30%的奶牛修蹄一次，34%的奶牛修蹄两次，13%的奶牛修蹄3次，2%的奶牛修蹄≥4次。我们使用多变量混合效应逻辑回归模型和多变量多叉逻辑回归模型来研究修蹄频率与两种结果之间的关系：第二次产犊后 90 d 内第一次修蹄时的蹄部病变和第二次产犊后 300 d 内第二次泌乳期的淘汰。一般来说，与未修蹄的奶牛相比，在第一次泌乳期间修蹄 2 或 3 次的奶牛出现蹄爪病变的几率较低（Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.66，95% CI = 0.62-0.71 和 0.60，95% CI = 0.55-0.66）或修剪过一次的奶牛（OR = 0.80，95% CI = 0.75-0.85 和 OR = 0.72，95% CI = 0.66-0.79），而且这种有益效果在大多数类型的爪伤中都能观察到。此外，与未修剪的奶牛相比，修剪 2 次、3 次或≥ 4 次的奶牛被淘汰的几率较低（OR = 0.71，95% CI = 0.65-0.77、0.68，95% CI = 0.61-0.76和0.70，95% CI = 0.54-0.90）或修剪一次（OR = 0.77，95% CI = 0.71-0.83，OR = 0.74，95% CI = 0.66-0.82和OR = 0.75，95% CI = 0.59-0.97）。特别是，与修蹄 1 次或不修蹄相比，修蹄 2 次可降低牛在农场死亡、安乐死或因爪腿疾病而被淘汰的相对风险比。在第一泌乳期修蹄 1 次以上也降低了因其他原因被淘汰的相对风险比。总之，在第一泌乳期修蹄 2 或 3 次一般有利于第二泌乳期早期的蹄健康和第二泌乳期的存活率。这些发现有助于通过减少蹄爪损伤进而减少奶牛跛足来改善动物福利和生产，从而提高奶牛的寿命和奶牛业的可持续性。
{"title":"Association between hoof trimming frequency in primiparous cows and hoof health and survival in second lactation","authors":"F. Åkerström , C. Bergsten , A.-K. Nyman","doi":"10.3168/jds.2023-24543","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2023-24543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lameness, mostly resulting from claw lesions, causes major welfare problems in the dairy industry. One way to prevent claw lesions is hoof trimming, but the overall effect and the optimal hoof trimming frequency are unknown. In a retrospective cohort study, we investigated the association between hoof trimming frequency in primiparous cows and hoof health and culling in the second lactation. We based our analysis on breed, calving, and culling data in the period 2015 to 2018 for 30,613 primiparous cows in 202 Swedish dairy herds. Of the cows enrolled, 20% were not hoof-trimmed, 30% were trimmed once, 34% were trimmed twice, 13% were trimmed 3 times, and 2% were trimmed ≥4 times. We used multivariable mixed-effect logistic and multivariable multinomial logistic regression models to investigate the association between trimming frequency and 2 outcomes: hoof lesions at first trimming occasion within 90 d from second calving and culling in the second lactation within 300 d after the second calving. In general, cows trimmed 2 or 3 times during the first lactation were at lower odds of having claw lesions compared with cows that were not trimmed (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.62–0.71 and 0.60, 95% CI = 0.55–0.66, respectively) or cows trimmed once (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.75–0.85 and OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.66–0.79, respectively), and this beneficial effect was observed for most types of claw lesions. Moreover, cows trimmed 2, 3, or ≥4 times were at lower odds of being culled compared with cows that were not trimmed (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.65–0.77, 0.68, 95% CI = 0.61–0.76 and 0.70, 95% CI = 0.54–0.90, respectively) or trimmed once (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.71–0.83, OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.66–0.82 and OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.59–0.97, respectively). In particular, 2 trimmings, compared with 1 or no trimming, lowered the relative risk ratio of dying or being euthanized on-farm, or being culled due to claw and leg disorders. More than 1 hoof trimming in the first lactation also reduced the relative risk ratio of being culled for other reasons. In conclusion, 2 or 3 hoof trimmings during the first lactation were generally beneficial for hoof health in early second lactation and survival in the second lactation. These findings can help improve animal welfare and production by reducing claw lesions, and thereby lameness, among dairy cows, which would increase the longevity of dairy cows and the sustainability of the dairy industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9676-9693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Hincapie , M.R. Lauber , T. Valdes-Arciniega , J.P. Martins , P.D. Carvalho , R. Faber , R. Farruggio , P.M. Fricke
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at the time of transfer of in vitro–produced (IVP) beef embryos on pregnancy outcomes in lactating multiparous Jersey cows. Grade 1, stage 7 (expanded blastocyst), IVP beef embryos were produced from black Angus-based dams using 3 proven high-fertility Angus sires and were frozen for direct transfer. In a preliminary experiment, lactating multiparous Jersey cows were randomized to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to test the main effect of recipient synchronization protocol (Double-Ovsynch; DO; n = 169 vs. a synchronized estrus; ED; n = 180) and were randomly assigned within recipient protocol to serve as untreated controls (DO-CON, n = 78; ED-CON, n = 44) or to receive i.m. treatment with 2,500 IU of hCG (DO-hCG, n = 79; ED-hCG, n = 46) at the time of embryo transfer (ET). The recipient utilization rate was greater for DO (93%) than for ED (50%) cows, and an interaction was present between recipient synchronization protocol and hCG treatment in which DO-hCG cows had more pregnancies per ET (P/ET) at 26, 33, and 61 d than DO-CON, ED-hCG, and ED-CON cows. Based on a partial budget analysis, the cost per pregnancy for DO cows was $135.35 less than for ED cows. In experiment 2, lactating multiparous Jersey cows were submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol (DO, n = 386) and were randomly assigned to serve as untreated controls (CON, n = 192) or were treated with 2,500 IU hCG (hCG, n = 194) at ET. Progesterone concentrations and total luteal volume 7 d after ET were greater for hCG than for CON cows. In contrast to the preliminary experiment, treatment with hCG did not affect P/ET at 26, 33, or 61 d, and treatment with hCG did not affect pregnancy loss from 26 to 61 d. In conclusion, treatment with 2,500 IU of hCG at ET increased P4 concentrations and total luteal volume 7 d after ET but did not increase pregnancy outcomes or decrease pregnancy loss in lactating multiparous Jersey cows receiving frozen/thawed IVP beef embryos.
我们的目的是评估在移植体外培养（IVP）牛肉胚胎时使用人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）对泌乳多胎泽西牛妊娠结果的影响。1级、7期（扩大囊胚）、IVP牛肉胚胎是用3个经过验证的高繁殖力安格斯种公牛从黑色安格斯母牛身上生产出来的，并冷冻以直接移植。在初步实验中，将泌乳的多胎娟姗牛随机分配到 2x2 因子排列的处理中，以测试受体同步方案的主要影响（双同步发情；DO；n = 169 vs. 同步发情；ED；n = 169 vs. 双同步发情；DO；n = 169 vs. 双同步发情；ED；n = 169 vs. 双同步发情）。ED；n = 180），并在受体方案内随机分配为未经处理的对照组（DO-CON，n = 78；ED-CON，n = 44）或在胚胎移植（ET）时接受 2,500 IU hCG（DO-hCG，n = 79；ED-hCG，n = 46）的静注治疗。DO（93%）奶牛的受体利用率高于ED（50%）奶牛，受体同步方案与hCG治疗之间存在交互作用，其中DO-hCG奶牛在26、33和61 d的每次胚胎移植（P/ET）妊娠数高于DO-CON、ED-hCG和ED-CON奶牛。根据部分预算分析，DO 型奶牛每次怀孕的成本比 ED 型奶牛低 135.35 美元。在实验 2 中，泌乳的多胎娟姗牛接受了双卵同步方案（DO，n = 386），并被随机分配为未经处理的对照组（CON，n = 192）或在ET时接受 2,500 IU hCG（hCG，n = 194）处理。ET 7 天后，hCG 治疗奶牛的孕酮浓度和黄体总容积均高于 CON 治疗奶牛。总之，在ET时注射2500 IU hCG可增加P4浓度和ET后7 d的总黄体量，但不会增加接受冷冻/解冻IVP牛肉胚胎的泌乳多胎娟姗牛的妊娠结局或减少妊娠损失。
{"title":"Evaluation of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin at transfer of in vitro–produced beef embryos on reproductive outcomes in lactating multiparous Jersey cows after a synchronized ovulation","authors":"N. Hincapie , M.R. Lauber , T. Valdes-Arciniega , J.P. Martins , P.D. Carvalho , R. Faber , R. Farruggio , P.M. Fricke","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25002","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our objective was to evaluate the effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at the time of transfer of in vitro–produced (IVP) beef embryos on pregnancy outcomes in lactating multiparous Jersey cows. Grade 1, stage 7 (expanded blastocyst), IVP beef embryos were produced from black Angus-based dams using 3 proven high-fertility Angus sires and were frozen for direct transfer. In a preliminary experiment, lactating multiparous Jersey cows were randomized to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to test the main effect of recipient synchronization protocol (Double-Ovsynch; DO; n = 169 vs. a synchronized estrus; ED; n = 180) and were randomly assigned within recipient protocol to serve as untreated controls (DO-CON, n = 78; ED-CON, n = 44) or to receive i.m. treatment with 2,500 IU of hCG (DO-hCG, n = 79; ED-hCG, n = 46) at the time of embryo transfer (ET). The recipient utilization rate was greater for DO (93%) than for ED (50%) cows, and an interaction was present between recipient synchronization protocol and hCG treatment in which DO-hCG cows had more pregnancies per ET (P/ET) at 26, 33, and 61 d than DO-CON, ED-hCG, and ED-CON cows. Based on a partial budget analysis, the cost per pregnancy for DO cows was $135.35 less than for ED cows. In experiment 2, lactating multiparous Jersey cows were submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol (DO, n = 386) and were randomly assigned to serve as untreated controls (CON, n = 192) or were treated with 2,500 IU hCG (hCG, n = 194) at ET. Progesterone concentrations and total luteal volume 7 d after ET were greater for hCG than for CON cows. In contrast to the preliminary experiment, treatment with hCG did not affect P/ET at 26, 33, or 61 d, and treatment with hCG did not affect pregnancy loss from 26 to 61 d. In conclusion, treatment with 2,500 IU of hCG at ET increased P4 concentrations and total luteal volume 7 d after ET but did not increase pregnancy outcomes or decrease pregnancy loss in lactating multiparous Jersey cows receiving frozen/thawed IVP beef embryos.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 10013-10026"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Edvardsson Rasmussen , K. Holtenius , R. Båge , E. Strandberg , M. Åkerlind , C. Kronqvist
A customized voluntary waiting period (VWP) before first insemination was tested in 18 commercial dairy herds in Sweden to assess milk production, fertility, and health in primiparous cows expected to be suited for extended VWP. Cow selection for extended VWP was based on 3 criteria in early lactation: (1) the 10% of cows with highest genomic persistency index, (2) cows with a difficult calving or disease during the first month of lactation, and (3) cows with higher yield during d 4 to 33 after calving than the herd average for primiparous cows. Cows meeting at least one of these criteria were randomly assigned to either treatment with an extended VWP of at least 175 d (ExtExt; n = 174, calving interval [CInt] = 16.3 mo) or treatment with a conventional VWP of a maximum of 100 d; (ExtConv; n = 173, CInt = 12.4 mo). Cows not meeting any of the criteria were assigned to the conventional VWP treatment (ConvConv; n = 183, CInt = 12.0 mo). We found no differences in milk yield per day in the CInt between treatments, although 305-d and whole-lactation (WL) milk yields were higher for ExtExt cows (10,371 and 13,803 kg) than ExtConv cows (9,812 and 10,257 kg). Milk yield at the last test milking before dry-off was lower in ExtExt compared with ExtConv cows (24.9 vs. 28.3 kg), but the results showed no difference in dry period length between the treatments. Regarding reproductive performance, the ExtExt cows had a higher first service conception rate (FSCR; 60% vs. 45%) and lower number of inseminations per conception (NINS; 1.67 vs. 2.19), compared with the ExtConv cows. As expected, ConvConv cows had the lowest milk yield (305-d, WL, and per day) in the CInt; however, FSCR and NINS did not differ between ConvConv cows and cows in the other 2 VWP treatments. Disease incidence was higher for cows in the ExtConv compared with the ConvConv treatment, but there was no difference between ExtExt and the 2 other VWP treatments. Further, no difference in the proportion of cows with good udder health or culling rate was detected between any of the treatments, though due to low prevalence, the study lacked power to draw major conclusions on these results. Thus, prolonging VWP for suitable primiparous cows can produce benefits such as improved fertility in the form of higher FSCR and lower NINS, as well as lower dry-off yield, without compromising milk yield or prolonging dry period length.
{"title":"Customized voluntary waiting period before first insemination in primiparous dairy cows: Effect on milk production, fertility, and health","authors":"A. Edvardsson Rasmussen , K. Holtenius , R. Båge , E. Strandberg , M. Åkerlind , C. Kronqvist","doi":"10.3168/jds.2023-24593","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2023-24593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A customized voluntary waiting period (VWP) before first insemination was tested in 18 commercial dairy herds in Sweden to assess milk production, fertility, and health in primiparous cows expected to be suited for extended VWP. Cow selection for extended VWP was based on 3 criteria in early lactation: (1) the 10% of cows with highest genomic persistency index, (2) cows with a difficult calving or disease during the first month of lactation, and (3) cows with higher yield during d 4 to 33 after calving than the herd average for primiparous cows. Cows meeting at least one of these criteria were randomly assigned to either treatment with an extended VWP of at least 175 d (ExtExt; n = 174, calving interval [CInt] = 16.3 mo) or treatment with a conventional VWP of a maximum of 100 d; (ExtConv; n = 173, CInt = 12.4 mo). Cows not meeting any of the criteria were assigned to the conventional VWP treatment (ConvConv; n = 183, CInt = 12.0 mo). We found no differences in milk yield per day in the CInt between treatments, although 305-d and whole-lactation (WL) milk yields were higher for ExtExt cows (10,371 and 13,803 kg) than ExtConv cows (9,812 and 10,257 kg). Milk yield at the last test milking before dry-off was lower in ExtExt compared with ExtConv cows (24.9 vs. 28.3 kg), but the results showed no difference in dry period length between the treatments. Regarding reproductive performance, the ExtExt cows had a higher first service conception rate (FSCR; 60% vs. 45%) and lower number of inseminations per conception (NINS; 1.67 vs. 2.19), compared with the ExtConv cows. As expected, ConvConv cows had the lowest milk yield (305-d, WL, and per day) in the CInt; however, FSCR and NINS did not differ between ConvConv cows and cows in the other 2 VWP treatments. Disease incidence was higher for cows in the ExtConv compared with the ConvConv treatment, but there was no difference between ExtExt and the 2 other VWP treatments. Further, no difference in the proportion of cows with good udder health or culling rate was detected between any of the treatments, though due to low prevalence, the study lacked power to draw major conclusions on these results. Thus, prolonging VWP for suitable primiparous cows can produce benefits such as improved fertility in the form of higher FSCR and lower NINS, as well as lower dry-off yield, without compromising milk yield or prolonging dry period length.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9558-9571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with the relative change in prepartum DMI (RCDMI) of 273 cows fed individually, evaluate the performance of linear models to estimate RCDMI using different classes of predictors, and characterize the implications of RCDMI to transition metabolism, health, and subsequent milk production. Two periods of interest were established. Period 1 comprised d −21 to −12 relative to calving, when DMI was stable. Period 2 comprised d −4 to −1, when average DMI was distinctly declined. The RCDMI from period 1 to 2 was calculated as a percentage value, which ranged from −75% to 15% and averaged −18.1% (± 15.0%). Season, parity, body fatness, body weight, milk production in the previous lactation and at dry-off, and length of dry period were associated with RCDMI and explained 11% of the variation in all cows, and 19% when only parous cows were considered. Performance of linear models to predict RCDMI was improved when data on rumination and physical activities and target blood metabolites were added. The adjusted R<sup>2</sup> increased to values between 0.45 and 0.55, and selected models performed consistently in cross-validation analyses. To evaluate the implications of RCDMI, cows were ranked within parity according to RCDMI and classified into terciles as large decline (LDec), moderate decline (MDec), or small decline (SDec). By design, DMI did not differ between tercile groups in period 1 (13.3 ± 0.2 kg/d), but differed substantially in period 2 (LDec = 8.8; MDec = 11.2; SDec = 12.7 ± 0.2 kg/d), creating important differences in RCDMI among groups (LDec = −33.8; MDec = −16.2; SDec = −3.4% ± 0.8%). At enrollment, cows in the LDec and MDec groups were heavier (LDec = 788; MDec = 775; SDec = 750 ± 7 kg), and the proportion of cows with BCS >3.5 was higher in LDec (LDec = 63%; MDec = 47%; SDec = 38%). An interaction between group and time was observed for postpartum DMI, which started lower in LDec than in SDec cows, equaled by the end of transition, and inverted at wk 13 and 14 after calving. Yields of ECM were greater in LDec than in SDec cows, and both groups did not differ from MDec (LDec = 41.0; MDec = 40.3; SDec = 39.0 ± 0.5 kg/d). The LDec cows had decreased energy balance and greater concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and aspartate aminotransferase in serum, and greater glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma than SDec cows. Larger declines in prepartum DMI were also associated with increased risk for postpartum disease, although the associations were only weak to moderate. In conclusion, a large decline in prepartum DMI of cows fed ad libitum was associated with important adjustments in the energy metabolism and antioxidants activities, and greater milk production in the subsequent lactation. These findings indicate that feed intake decline close to parturition is likely a normal response to physiological adaptations at the onset of lactation w
{"title":"Magnitude of change in prepartum feed intake: Estimations using multiple classes of predictors and associations with transition metabolism, health, and milk production","authors":"M.G.S. Santos, B. Mion, E.S. Ribeiro","doi":"10.3168/jds.2023-24618","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2023-24618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with the relative change in prepartum DMI (RCDMI) of 273 cows fed individually, evaluate the performance of linear models to estimate RCDMI using different classes of predictors, and characterize the implications of RCDMI to transition metabolism, health, and subsequent milk production. Two periods of interest were established. Period 1 comprised d −21 to −12 relative to calving, when DMI was stable. Period 2 comprised d −4 to −1, when average DMI was distinctly declined. The RCDMI from period 1 to 2 was calculated as a percentage value, which ranged from −75% to 15% and averaged −18.1% (± 15.0%). Season, parity, body fatness, body weight, milk production in the previous lactation and at dry-off, and length of dry period were associated with RCDMI and explained 11% of the variation in all cows, and 19% when only parous cows were considered. Performance of linear models to predict RCDMI was improved when data on rumination and physical activities and target blood metabolites were added. The adjusted R<sup>2</sup> increased to values between 0.45 and 0.55, and selected models performed consistently in cross-validation analyses. To evaluate the implications of RCDMI, cows were ranked within parity according to RCDMI and classified into terciles as large decline (LDec), moderate decline (MDec), or small decline (SDec). By design, DMI did not differ between tercile groups in period 1 (13.3 ± 0.2 kg/d), but differed substantially in period 2 (LDec = 8.8; MDec = 11.2; SDec = 12.7 ± 0.2 kg/d), creating important differences in RCDMI among groups (LDec = −33.8; MDec = −16.2; SDec = −3.4% ± 0.8%). At enrollment, cows in the LDec and MDec groups were heavier (LDec = 788; MDec = 775; SDec = 750 ± 7 kg), and the proportion of cows with BCS >3.5 was higher in LDec (LDec = 63%; MDec = 47%; SDec = 38%). An interaction between group and time was observed for postpartum DMI, which started lower in LDec than in SDec cows, equaled by the end of transition, and inverted at wk 13 and 14 after calving. Yields of ECM were greater in LDec than in SDec cows, and both groups did not differ from MDec (LDec = 41.0; MDec = 40.3; SDec = 39.0 ± 0.5 kg/d). The LDec cows had decreased energy balance and greater concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and aspartate aminotransferase in serum, and greater glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma than SDec cows. Larger declines in prepartum DMI were also associated with increased risk for postpartum disease, although the associations were only weak to moderate. In conclusion, a large decline in prepartum DMI of cows fed ad libitum was associated with important adjustments in the energy metabolism and antioxidants activities, and greater milk production in the subsequent lactation. These findings indicate that feed intake decline close to parturition is likely a normal response to physiological adaptations at the onset of lactation w","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9803-9820"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Sun , Gun Bernes , Mårten Hetta , Anders H. Gustafsson , Annika Höjer , Karin Hallin Saedén , Åse Lundh , Johan Dicksved
Factors contributing to variations in the quality and microbiota of ensiled forages and in bulk tank microbiota in milk from cows fed different forages were investigated. Nutritional quality, fermentation parameters and hygiene quality of forage samples and corresponding bulk tank milk samples collected in 3 periods from 18 commercial farms located in northern Sweden were compared. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that the microbiota in forage and bulk milk, analyzed using 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, were significantly different. The genera Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Leuconostoc dominated in forage samples, whereas Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus dominated in bulk milk samples. Forage quality and forage-associated microbiota were affected by ensiling method and by use of silage additive. Forages stored in bunker and tower silos (confounded with use of additive) were associated with higher levels of acetic and lactic acid and Lactobacillus. Forage ensiled as bales (confounded with no use of additive) was associated with higher DM content, water-soluble carbohydrate content, pH, yeast count, and the genera Weissella, Leuconostoc, and Enterococcus. For bulk tank milk samples, milking system was identified as the major factor affecting the microbiota and type of forage preservation had little effect. Analysis of common amplicon sequence variants (ASV) suggested that forage was not the major source of Lactobacillus found in bulk tank milk.
{"title":"The microbiota of ensiled forages and of bulk tank milk on dairy cattle farms in northern Sweden","authors":"Li Sun , Gun Bernes , Mårten Hetta , Anders H. Gustafsson , Annika Höjer , Karin Hallin Saedén , Åse Lundh , Johan Dicksved","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24971","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Factors contributing to variations in the quality and microbiota of ensiled forages and in bulk tank microbiota in milk from cows fed different forages were investigated. Nutritional quality, fermentation parameters and hygiene quality of forage samples and corresponding bulk tank milk samples collected in 3 periods from 18 commercial farms located in northern Sweden were compared. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that the microbiota in forage and bulk milk, analyzed using 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, were significantly different. The genera <em>Lactobacillus</em>, <em>Weissella</em>, and <em>Leuconostoc</em> dominated in forage samples, whereas <em>Pseudomonas</em>, <em>Staphylococcus</em>, and <em>Streptococcus</em> dominated in bulk milk samples. Forage quality and forage-associated microbiota were affected by ensiling method and by use of silage additive. Forages stored in bunker and tower silos (confounded with use of additive) were associated with higher levels of acetic and lactic acid and <em>Lactobacillus</em>. Forage ensiled as bales (confounded with no use of additive) was associated with higher DM content, water-soluble carbohydrate content, pH, yeast count, and the genera <em>Weissella</em>, <em>Leuconostoc</em>, and <em>Enterococcus</em>. For bulk tank milk samples, milking system was identified as the major factor affecting the microbiota and type of forage preservation had little effect. Analysis of common amplicon sequence variants (ASV) suggested that forage was not the major source of <em>Lactobacillus</em> found in bulk tank milk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 8961-8976"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141465159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with prepartum DMI, evaluate the performance of linear models to estimate prepartum DMI using different classes of predictors, and investigate the consequences of different levels of prepartum DMI on transition metabolism and lactation performance. Individual feed intake of nulliparous (n = 100) and parous cows (n = 173) was measured by automatic feeding bins from d −35 to 98 relative to calving. Rumination and physical activities were monitored by wearable sensors. Blood metabolites were measured on d −21, −10, −3, 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21. Body weight and BCS were assessed throughout the study. The average prepartum DMI as percentage of BW (DMIpBW) was calculated for each cow and used as dependent variable of linear models. Parity, prepartum BCS and BW, 305-d milk production in the previous lactation, milk yield at dry-off (MYDO), and the length of the dry period were associated with DMIpBW. These factors explained 41% of the variation in DMIpBW across all cows and 49% in parous cows.. Estimations of DMIpBW were improved when data on prepartum rumination and blood metabolites were added into the predictive models. In the latter, the adjusted R<sup>2</sup> increased to values between 47% and 61%, and selected models performed consistently in a 5-fold cross-validation analysis. To evaluate the implications of DMIpBW to transition metabolism and performance, cows were ranked within parity and classified into terciles as low (LFI), moderate (MFI), or high feed intake (HFI). The mean DMI was 1.44%, 1.70%, and 1.91% ± 0.01% of BW, respectively. No differences in BW were observed in nulliparous cows, but all 3 groups of parous cows differed (LFI = 892, MFI = 849, HFI = 798 ± 8 kg). The proportion of cows with BCS >3.5 at enrollment differed among all groups, and averaged 67.4%, 55.1%, and 36.5% ± 6%, respectively. For parous cows, 305-d milk production and MYDO differed among all groups and averaged 9,808, 10,457, and 11,182 ± 233 kg, and 18.1, 23.1, and 26.2 ± 1 kg/d, respectively. After calving, DMI (LFI = 20.9, MFI = 21.9, and HFI = 22.1 ± 0.2 kg/d) and milk yield (LFI = 36.7, MFI = 38.2, and HFI = 38.3 ± 0.4 kg/d) was lower in LFI cows compared with the other 2 groups. Postpartum energy balance differed among all groups and averaged −2.79, −1.63, and −0.66 ± 0.3 Mcal/d for LFI, MFI, and HFI, respectively. During the transition period, LFI cows had higher serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, BHB, Cl (prepartum only), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; postpartum only), and lower serum concentrations of cholesterol, P, glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (prepartum only), AST (prepartum only), urea (parous only), and superoxide dismutase activity (parous only). In conclusion, a low level of prepartum DMI was associated with fatter and heavier cows, lower milk production in previous lactation, important adjustments in energy metabolism during
{"title":"Estimations of prepartum feed intake and its effects on transition metabolism and subsequent milk production","authors":"M.G.S. Santos, B. Mion, E.S. Ribeiro","doi":"10.3168/jds.2023-24619","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2023-24619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with prepartum DMI, evaluate the performance of linear models to estimate prepartum DMI using different classes of predictors, and investigate the consequences of different levels of prepartum DMI on transition metabolism and lactation performance. Individual feed intake of nulliparous (n = 100) and parous cows (n = 173) was measured by automatic feeding bins from d −35 to 98 relative to calving. Rumination and physical activities were monitored by wearable sensors. Blood metabolites were measured on d −21, −10, −3, 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21. Body weight and BCS were assessed throughout the study. The average prepartum DMI as percentage of BW (DMIpBW) was calculated for each cow and used as dependent variable of linear models. Parity, prepartum BCS and BW, 305-d milk production in the previous lactation, milk yield at dry-off (MYDO), and the length of the dry period were associated with DMIpBW. These factors explained 41% of the variation in DMIpBW across all cows and 49% in parous cows.. Estimations of DMIpBW were improved when data on prepartum rumination and blood metabolites were added into the predictive models. In the latter, the adjusted R<sup>2</sup> increased to values between 47% and 61%, and selected models performed consistently in a 5-fold cross-validation analysis. To evaluate the implications of DMIpBW to transition metabolism and performance, cows were ranked within parity and classified into terciles as low (LFI), moderate (MFI), or high feed intake (HFI). The mean DMI was 1.44%, 1.70%, and 1.91% ± 0.01% of BW, respectively. No differences in BW were observed in nulliparous cows, but all 3 groups of parous cows differed (LFI = 892, MFI = 849, HFI = 798 ± 8 kg). The proportion of cows with BCS >3.5 at enrollment differed among all groups, and averaged 67.4%, 55.1%, and 36.5% ± 6%, respectively. For parous cows, 305-d milk production and MYDO differed among all groups and averaged 9,808, 10,457, and 11,182 ± 233 kg, and 18.1, 23.1, and 26.2 ± 1 kg/d, respectively. After calving, DMI (LFI = 20.9, MFI = 21.9, and HFI = 22.1 ± 0.2 kg/d) and milk yield (LFI = 36.7, MFI = 38.2, and HFI = 38.3 ± 0.4 kg/d) was lower in LFI cows compared with the other 2 groups. Postpartum energy balance differed among all groups and averaged −2.79, −1.63, and −0.66 ± 0.3 Mcal/d for LFI, MFI, and HFI, respectively. During the transition period, LFI cows had higher serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, BHB, Cl (prepartum only), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; postpartum only), and lower serum concentrations of cholesterol, P, glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (prepartum only), AST (prepartum only), urea (parous only), and superoxide dismutase activity (parous only). In conclusion, a low level of prepartum DMI was associated with fatter and heavier cows, lower milk production in previous lactation, important adjustments in energy metabolism during ","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9786-9802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shujuan Yang , Qian Zhao , Dan Wang , Ting Zhang , Zhi Zhong , Lai-Yu Kwok , Mei Bai , Zhihong Sun
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus M-58 (M58) and Streptococcus thermophilus S10 (S10) are both dairy starter strains known for their favorable fermentation characteristics. Therefore, this research aimed to study the effects of 1-d low-temperature ripening on the physicochemical properties and metabolomics of fermented milk. Initially, the performance of single (M58 or S10) and dual (M58+S10) strain fermentation was assessed, revealing that the M58+S10 combination resulted in a shortened fermentation time, a stable gel structure, and desirable viscosity, suggesting positive strain interactions. Subsequently, nontargeted metabolomics analyses using liquid chromatography-MS and GC-MS were performed to comparatively analyze M58+S10 fermented milk samples collected at the end of fermentation and after 1 d of low-temperature ripening. The results showed a significant increase in almost all small peptides and dodecanedioic acid in the samples after 1 d of ripening, although there was a substantial decrease in indole and amino acid metabolites. Moreover, notable increases were observed in high-quality flavor compounds, such as geraniol, delta-nonalactone, 1-hexanol,2-ethyl-, methyl jasmonate, and undecanal. This study provides valuable insights into the fermentation characteristics of the dual bacterial starter consisting of M58 and S10 strains and highlights the specific contribution of the low-temperature ripening step to the overall quality of fermented milk.
{"title":"The interaction between Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus M-58 and Streptococcus thermophilus S10 can enhance the texture and flavor profile of fermented milk: Insights from metabolomics analysis","authors":"Shujuan Yang , Qian Zhao , Dan Wang , Ting Zhang , Zhi Zhong , Lai-Yu Kwok , Mei Bai , Zhihong Sun","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25217","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</em> ssp. <em>bulgaricus</em> M-58 (M58) and <em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em> S10 (S10) are both dairy starter strains known for their favorable fermentation characteristics. Therefore, this research aimed to study the effects of 1-d low-temperature ripening on the physicochemical properties and metabolomics of fermented milk. Initially, the performance of single (M58 or S10) and dual (M58+S10) strain fermentation was assessed, revealing that the M58+S10 combination resulted in a shortened fermentation time, a stable gel structure, and desirable viscosity, suggesting positive strain interactions. Subsequently, nontargeted metabolomics analyses using liquid chromatography-MS and GC-MS were performed to comparatively analyze M58+S10 fermented milk samples collected at the end of fermentation and after 1 d of low-temperature ripening. The results showed a significant increase in almost all small peptides and dodecanedioic acid in the samples after 1 d of ripening, although there was a substantial decrease in indole and amino acid metabolites. Moreover, notable increases were observed in high-quality flavor compounds, such as geraniol, delta-nonalactone, 1-hexanol,2-ethyl-, methyl jasmonate, and undecanal. This study provides valuable insights into the fermentation characteristics of the dual bacterial starter consisting of M58 and S10 strains and highlights the specific contribution of the low-temperature ripening step to the overall quality of fermented milk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9015-9035"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141887978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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