Milk fan cheese, a type of stretched cheese, presents challenges in its stretch forming. This study investigated the effects of complex phosphates (sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, STPP-DSP) on the gelling properties of acid-induced milk fan gel and the mechanisms contributing to its stretch forming. The treatment of milk fan gel with STPP-DSP resulted in improved functional and textural properties compared with the control group. In particular, drawing length increased significantly from 69.67 nm to 80.33 nm, and adhesiveness increased from 1,737.89 g/mm to 1,969.79 g/mm. The addition of STPP-DSP also led to increased viscosity, elastic modulus (G′), and viscous modulus (G″). Microstructural analysis revealed the formation of a fibrous structure within the gel after STPP-DSP treatment, facilitating uniform embedding of fat globules and emulsification. Structural analysis showed that the addition of STPP-DSP increased β-fold and decreased random coiling of the gel, facilitating the unfolding of protein structures. Additionally, UV absorption spectroscopy and excitation emission matrix spectroscopy results indicated the formation of a chelate between STPP-DSP and milk fan gel, increasing protein-protein molecular interactions. Evidence from differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction demonstrated the formation of sodium caseinate chelate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis revealed that the sodium caseinate chelate formed through hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic forces. These findings provided theoretical insights into how phosphates can improve the stretch forming of milk fan gel, facilitating the application of phosphate additives in stretched-cheese processing.
{"title":"Insights into the effect of complex phosphates on acid-induced milk fan gel properties: Texture, rheological, microstructure, and molecular forces","authors":"Guangqiang Wei , Jifang Tao , Xiaoping Fu, Daodian Wang, Xiaozhu Dong, Aixiang Huang","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24737","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Milk fan cheese, a type of stretched cheese, presents challenges in its stretch forming. This study investigated the effects of complex phosphates (sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, STPP-DSP) on the gelling properties of acid-induced milk fan gel and the mechanisms contributing to its stretch forming. The treatment of milk fan gel with STPP-DSP resulted in improved functional and textural properties compared with the control group. In particular, drawing length increased significantly from 69.67 nm to 80.33 nm, and adhesiveness increased from 1,737.89 g/mm to 1,969.79 g/mm. The addition of STPP-DSP also led to increased viscosity, elastic modulus (G′), and viscous modulus (G″). Microstructural analysis revealed the formation of a fibrous structure within the gel after STPP-DSP treatment, facilitating uniform embedding of fat globules and emulsification. Structural analysis showed that the addition of STPP-DSP increased β-fold and decreased random coiling of the gel, facilitating the unfolding of protein structures. Additionally, UV absorption spectroscopy and excitation emission matrix spectroscopy results indicated the formation of a chelate between STPP-DSP and milk fan gel, increasing protein-protein molecular interactions. Evidence from differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction demonstrated the formation of sodium caseinate chelate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis revealed that the sodium caseinate chelate formed through hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic forces. These findings provided theoretical insights into how phosphates can improve the stretch forming of milk fan gel, facilitating the application of phosphate additives in stretched-cheese processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9054-9073"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140954806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyowon Lee , Hyeongyeong Kim , Cheng-Min Jin , Hyeon-Son Choi , Hyung Joo Suh , Yeok Boo Chang
This study characterized the sleep activity, sleep mechanism, and active peptides of whey protein hydrolysates selected through behavioral analysis of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Sleep-inducing whey protein (WP) hydrolysate was selected through fruit fly behavior analysis, and sleep activity was measured using a pentobarbital model and electroencephalographic analysis. The mechanism of action was confirmed using a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist, and the active peptide was identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Whey protein hydrolysate, prepared using Alcalase and Prozyme (WP-AP), increased sleep time in a dose-dependent manner. The WP-AP significantly increased not only sleep time but also slow-wave sleep and showed an insomnia-alleviating effect in a caffeine-induced insomnia mouse model. In addition, the gene and protein expression levels of GABA subtype A receptors increased in the brains of mice orally administered with WP-AP. Through peptide analysis, the mixture of DIQK, VPPF peptide, and GABA contained in WP-AP was estimated to exhibit sleep activity, and due to its high content, DIQK was speculated to be the main sleep-inducing ingredient. These results indicate that WP-AP has the potential to be used as a new ingredient to improve sleep quality.
{"title":"Improvement of sleep duration and quality through GABAA receptor by whey protein hydrolysate containing DIQK as the main active compound","authors":"Hyowon Lee , Hyeongyeong Kim , Cheng-Min Jin , Hyeon-Son Choi , Hyung Joo Suh , Yeok Boo Chang","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24918","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study characterized the sleep activity, sleep mechanism, and active peptides of whey protein hydrolysates selected through behavioral analysis of fruit flies (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>). Sleep-inducing whey protein (WP) hydrolysate was selected through fruit fly behavior analysis, and sleep activity was measured using a pentobarbital model and electroencephalographic analysis. The mechanism of action was confirmed using a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist, and the active peptide was identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Whey protein hydrolysate, prepared using Alcalase and Prozyme (WP-AP), increased sleep time in a dose-dependent manner. The WP-AP significantly increased not only sleep time but also slow-wave sleep and showed an insomnia-alleviating effect in a caffeine-induced insomnia mouse model. In addition, the gene and protein expression levels of GABA subtype A receptors increased in the brains of mice orally administered with WP-AP. Through peptide analysis, the mixture of DIQK, VPPF peptide, and GABA contained in WP-AP was estimated to exhibit sleep activity, and due to its high content, DIQK was speculated to be the main sleep-inducing ingredient. These results indicate that WP-AP has the potential to be used as a new ingredient to improve sleep quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 8811-8823"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yansen Chen , Hadi Atashi , Jiayi Qu , Pauline Delhez , Daniel Runcie , Hélène Soyeurt , Nicolas Gengler
With the rapid development of animal phenomics and deep phenotyping, we can obtain thousands of traditional (but also molecular) phenotypes per individual. However, there is still a lack of exploration regarding how to handle this huge amount of data in the context of animal breeding, presenting a challenge that we are likely to encounter more and more in the future. This study aimed to (1) explore the use of the mega-scale linear mixed model (MegaLMM), a factor model-based approach that is able to simultaneously estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters in the context of thousands of milk traits, hereafter called thousand-trait (TT) models; (2) compare the phenotype values and genomic breeding value (u) predictions for focal traits (i.e., traits that are targeted for prediction, compared with secondary traits that are helping to evaluate), from single-trait (ST) and TT models, respectively; (3) propose a new approximate method of GEBV (U) prediction with TT models and MegaLMM. We used a total of 3,421 milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra wavepoints (called secondary traits) and 3 focal traits (average fat percentage [AFP], average methane production [ACH4], and average SCS [ASCS]) collected on 3,302 first-parity Holstein cows. The 3,421 milk MIR wavepoint traits were composed of 311 wavepoints in 11 classes (months in lactation). Genotyping information of 564,439 SNPs was available for all animals and was used to calculate the genomic relationship matrix. The MegaLMM was implemented in the framework of the Bayesian sparse factor model and solved through Gibbs sampling (Markov chain Monte Carlo). The heritabilities of the studied 3,421 milk MIR wavepoints gradually increased and then decreased in units of 311 wavepoints throughout the lactation. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between the first 311 wavepoints and the other 3,110 wavepoints were low. The accuracies of phenotype predictions from the ST model were lower than those from the TT model for AFP (0.51 vs. 0.93), ACH4 (0.30 vs. 0.86), and ASCS (0.14 vs. 0.33). The same trend was observed for the accuracies of u predictions for AFP (0.59 vs. 0.86), ACH4 (0.47 vs. 0.78), and ASCS (0.39 vs. 0.59). The average correlation between U predicted from the TT model and the new approximate method was 0.90. The new approximate method used for estimating U in MegaLMM will enhance the suitability of MegaLMM for applications in animal breeding. This study conducted an initial investigation into the application of thousands of traits in animal breeding and showed that the TT model is beneficial for the prediction of focal traits (phenotype and breeding values), especially for difficult-to-measure traits (e.g., ACH4).
随着动物表型组学和深度表型技术的快速发展，我们可以获得每个个体成千上万的传统表型和分子表型。然而，如何在动物育种中处理这些海量数据仍缺乏探索，这也是我们未来可能会遇到的越来越多的挑战。本研究旨在：（1）探索使用基于因子模型的巨尺度线性混合模型（MegaLMM），该模型可同时估计数千个奶牛性状的（共）方差分量和遗传参数，以下称千性状（TT）模型；（2）比较重点性状（即：作为预测目标的性状）的表型值和基因组育种值（u）预测值、(3) 提出一种利用 TT 模型和 MegaLMM 预测基因组育种值（U）的新近似方法。研究使用了从 3,302 头头等荷斯坦奶牛身上采集的 3,421 个牛奶中红外光谱波点（称为次要性状）和 3 个重点性状[平均脂肪率（Fat）、平均甲烷（CH4）和平均体细胞评分（SCS）]。3421 个牛奶 MIR 波点性状由 11 个等级（泌乳月份）的 311 个波点组成。所有动物都有 564,439 个 SNP 的基因分型信息，用于计算基因组关系矩阵。MegaLMM 在贝叶斯稀疏因子模型的框架内实现，并通过吉布斯采样（马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗）求解。所研究的 3,421 个牛奶 MIR 波点的遗传力在整个泌乳期以 311 个波点为单位逐渐增大，然后减小。前 311 个波点与其他 3,110 个波点之间的遗传和表型相关性较低。在脂肪（0.51 对 0.93）、CH4（0.30 对 0.86）和 SCS（0.14 对 0.33）方面，ST 模型的表型预测准确率低于 TT 模型。u 预测的准确度也呈现出同样的趋势：脂肪（0.59 vs. 0.86）、CH4（0.47 vs. 0.78）和 SCS（0.39 vs. 0.59）。TT 模型和新近似方法预测的 U 平均相关性为 0.90。在 MegaLMM 中用于估计 U 的新近似方法将提高 MegaLMM 在动物育种应用中的适用性。本研究对动物育种中数千个性状的应用进行了初步调查，结果表明 TT 模型有利于预测重点性状（表型和育种值），尤其是难以测量的性状（如 CH4）。
{"title":"Exploring a Bayesian sparse factor model-based strategy for the genetic analysis of thousands of mid-infrared spectra traits for animal breeding","authors":"Yansen Chen , Hadi Atashi , Jiayi Qu , Pauline Delhez , Daniel Runcie , Hélène Soyeurt , Nicolas Gengler","doi":"10.3168/jds.2023-24319","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2023-24319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of animal phenomics and deep phenotyping, we can obtain thousands of traditional (but also molecular) phenotypes per individual. However, there is still a lack of exploration regarding how to handle this huge amount of data in the context of animal breeding, presenting a challenge that we are likely to encounter more and more in the future. This study aimed to (1) explore the use of the mega-scale linear mixed model (MegaLMM), a factor model-based approach that is able to simultaneously estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters in the context of thousands of milk traits, hereafter called thousand-trait (TT) models; (2) compare the phenotype values and genomic breeding value (<strong>u</strong>) predictions for focal traits (i.e., traits that are targeted for prediction, compared with secondary traits that are helping to evaluate), from single-trait (ST) and TT models, respectively; (3) propose a new approximate method of GEBV (<strong>U</strong>) prediction with TT models and MegaLMM. We used a total of 3,421 milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra wavepoints (called secondary traits) and 3 focal traits (average fat percentage [AFP], average methane production [ACH4], and average SCS [ASCS]) collected on 3,302 first-parity Holstein cows. The 3,421 milk MIR wavepoint traits were composed of 311 wavepoints in 11 classes (months in lactation). Genotyping information of 564,439 SNPs was available for all animals and was used to calculate the genomic relationship matrix. The MegaLMM was implemented in the framework of the Bayesian sparse factor model and solved through Gibbs sampling (Markov chain Monte Carlo). The heritabilities of the studied 3,421 milk MIR wavepoints gradually increased and then decreased in units of 311 wavepoints throughout the lactation. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between the first 311 wavepoints and the other 3,110 wavepoints were low. The accuracies of phenotype predictions from the ST model were lower than those from the TT model for AFP (0.51 vs. 0.93), ACH4 (0.30 vs. 0.86), and ASCS (0.14 vs. 0.33). The same trend was observed for the accuracies of <strong>u</strong> predictions for AFP (0.59 vs. 0.86), ACH4 (0.47 vs. 0.78), and ASCS (0.39 vs. 0.59). The average correlation between <strong>U</strong> predicted from the TT model and the new approximate method was 0.90. The new approximate method used for estimating <strong>U</strong> in MegaLMM will enhance the suitability of MegaLMM for applications in animal breeding. This study conducted an initial investigation into the application of thousands of traits in animal breeding and showed that the TT model is beneficial for the prediction of focal traits (phenotype and breeding values), especially for difficult-to-measure traits (e.g., ACH4).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9615-9627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141537194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiang Du , Shulei Yin , Tao Wang , Chuanqi Chu , Sakamon Devahastin , Junjie Yi , Yanfei Wang
Beta-lactoglobulin is considered to be the major allergenic protein in milk. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) possess a protein hydrolysis system that holds great promise for hydrolyzing β-LG and reducing its allergenicity. Therefore, this study aimed to screen LAB with β-LG hydrolysis activity from Yunnan traditional fermented foods. The results showed that Pediococcus pentosaceus C1001, Pediococcus acidilactici E1601–1, and Lactobacillus paracasei E1601–2 could effectively hydrolyze β-LG and further reduce its sensitization (more than 40%). All 3 LAB hydrolyzed β-LG allergenic fragments V41–K60 and L149–I162. Moreover, they encode a variety of genes related to proteolysis, such as aminopeptidase pepC and pepN, proline peptidase pepIP and endopeptidase pepO; L. paracasei also E1601–2 contains extracellular protease coding gene prtP. They also encode a variety of genes associated with hydrolyzed proteins. The 3 strains screened in this study can be used to develop hypoallergenic dairy products.
{"title":"Identification of proteolytic bacteria from Yunnan fermented foods and their use to reduce the allergenicity of β-lactoglobulin","authors":"Xiang Du , Shulei Yin , Tao Wang , Chuanqi Chu , Sakamon Devahastin , Junjie Yi , Yanfei Wang","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25055","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beta-lactoglobulin is considered to be the major allergenic protein in milk. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) possess a protein hydrolysis system that holds great promise for hydrolyzing β-LG and reducing its allergenicity. Therefore, this study aimed to screen LAB with β-LG hydrolysis activity from Yunnan traditional fermented foods. The results showed that <em>Pediococcus pentosaceus</em> C1001, <em>Pediococcus acidilactici</em> E1601–1, and <em>Lactobacillus paracasei</em> E1601–2 could effectively hydrolyze β-LG and further reduce its sensitization (more than 40%). All 3 LAB hydrolyzed β-LG allergenic fragments V41–K60 and L149–I162. Moreover, they encode a variety of genes related to proteolysis, such as aminopeptidase <em>pepC</em> and <em>pepN</em>, proline peptidase <em>pepIP</em> and endopeptidase <em>pepO</em>; <em>L. paracasei</em> also E1601–2 contains extracellular protease coding gene <em>prtP.</em> They also encode a variety of genes associated with hydrolyzed proteins. The 3 strains screened in this study can be used to develop hypoallergenic dairy products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 8990-9004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhongshi Zhu , Shuhai Bu , Jiaxin Liu , Chen Niu , Li Wang , Hao Yuan , Lei Zhang , Yuxuan Song
Regarding the limited information on species protein differences between sheep, goat, and cow milk, we analyzed the differentially expressed proteins in sheep, goat, and cow milk and their functional differences using label-free proteomics technology to identify potential biomarkers. In all, 770 proteins and 2,914 peptide segments were identified. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the relative abundances of the 74 proteins among sheep, goat, and cow milk. CSN3 and LALBA can be used as potential biomarkers for goat milk, XDH can be used as a potential biomarker for cow milk, and CTSB and BPIFB1 can be used as potential biomarkers for sheep milk. Functional analysis using Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that these significantly different proteins were enriched by different pathways, including thyroid hormone synthesis and glycerol phospholipid metabolism. The data revealed differences in the amounts and physiological functions of the milk proteins of different species, which may provide an important basis for research on the nutritional composition of dairy products and adulteration identification technology.
{"title":"Label-free-based proteomics analysis reveals differential proteins of sheep, goat, and cow milk","authors":"Zhongshi Zhu , Shuhai Bu , Jiaxin Liu , Chen Niu , Li Wang , Hao Yuan , Lei Zhang , Yuxuan Song","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24998","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regarding the limited information on species protein differences between sheep, goat, and cow milk, we analyzed the differentially expressed proteins in sheep, goat, and cow milk and their functional differences using label-free proteomics technology to identify potential biomarkers. In all, 770 proteins and 2,914 peptide segments were identified. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the relative abundances of the 74 proteins among sheep, goat, and cow milk. <em>CSN3</em> and <em>LALBA</em> can be used as potential biomarkers for goat milk, <em>XDH</em> can be used as a potential biomarker for cow milk, and <em>CTSB</em> and <em>BPIFB1</em> can be used as potential biomarkers for sheep milk. Functional analysis using Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that these significantly different proteins were enriched by different pathways, including thyroid hormone synthesis and glycerol phospholipid metabolism. The data revealed differences in the amounts and physiological functions of the milk proteins of different species, which may provide an important basis for research on the nutritional composition of dairy products and adulteration identification technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 8908-8918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M.H. Ghaffari , J.N. Wilms , D. Caruso , H. Sauerwein , L.N. Leal
Vegetable fat blends are commonly used as fat sources in milk replacers (MR) for calves, but their composition differs considerably from that of bovine milk fat. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum lipid profile of preweaning calves fed twice-daily MR containing 30% fat (% DM). Upon arrival, 30 male Holstein-Friesian calves (BW = 45.6 ± 4.0 kg, age = 2.29 ± 0.8 d) were randomly assigned to 2 experimental diets (n = 15 per treatment): one MR was derived from either vegetable fats (VG; 65% rapeseed and 35% coconut fats) or animal fats (AN; 65% packers lard and 35% dairy cream). The 2 MR formulas contained 30% fat, 24% CP, and 36% lactose. Calves were housed indoors in individual pens with ad libitum access to chopped straw and water. Daily milk allowances were 6.0 L from d 1 to 5, 7.0 L from d 6 to 9, and 8.0 L from d 10 to 35, divided into 2 equal meals and prepared at 13.5% solids. An untargeted liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) method was employed to analyze the lipid profiles in the serum of calves sampled from the jugular vein at 35 d of age. In total, 594 lipids were characterized, comprising 25 different lipid classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed significant separation between VG and AN, indicating different lipid profiles in the serum. An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) classification model was used to further validate the distinction between the 2 treatment groups. The model exhibited a robust class separation and high predictive accuracy. Using a volcano plot (fold change threshold ≥1.5 and false discovery rate ≤0.05), it was observed that calves fed AN had higher levels of 39 lipid species in serum than calves fed VG, whereas 171 lipid species were lower in the AN group. Lipid classes, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SM), triglycerides (TG), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), were different. In particular, PC and PE were observed at lower levels in calves fed AN, possibly indicating shifts in cell membrane characteristics, intracellular signaling, and liver functions. In addition, a decrease in certain triglyceride (TG) species was observed in calves fed AN, including a decrease in TG species such as TG 36:0 and TG 38:0, possibly related to variations in the content of certain fatty acids within the AN MR, such as C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, and C18:0, compared with the VG MR. Calves fed AN had lower levels of LPC and LPE, and lysophosphatidylinositol, SM, and phosphatidylinositol species than calves fed VG, suggesting shifts in lipoprotein and lipid metabolic pathways. In conclusion, these results deepen the understanding of how lipid sources in MR can modulate the serum lipidome profiles of dairy calves.
{"title":"Serum lipidomic profiling of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing animal or vegetable fats","authors":"M.H. Ghaffari , J.N. Wilms , D. Caruso , H. Sauerwein , L.N. Leal","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25120","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetable fat blends are commonly used as fat sources in milk replacers (MR) for calves, but their composition differs considerably from that of bovine milk fat. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum lipid profile of preweaning calves fed twice-daily MR containing 30% fat (% DM). Upon arrival, 30 male Holstein-Friesian calves (BW = 45.6 ± 4.0 kg, age = 2.29 ± 0.8 d) were randomly assigned to 2 experimental diets (n = 15 per treatment): one MR was derived from either vegetable fats (VG; 65% rapeseed and 35% coconut fats) or animal fats (AN; 65% packers lard and 35% dairy cream). The 2 MR formulas contained 30% fat, 24% CP, and 36% lactose. Calves were housed indoors in individual pens with ad libitum access to chopped straw and water. Daily milk allowances were 6.0 L from d 1 to 5, 7.0 L from d 6 to 9, and 8.0 L from d 10 to 35, divided into 2 equal meals and prepared at 13.5% solids. An untargeted liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) method was employed to analyze the lipid profiles in the serum of calves sampled from the jugular vein at 35 d of age. In total, 594 lipids were characterized, comprising 25 different lipid classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed significant separation between VG and AN, indicating different lipid profiles in the serum. An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) classification model was used to further validate the distinction between the 2 treatment groups. The model exhibited a robust class separation and high predictive accuracy. Using a volcano plot (fold change threshold ≥1.5 and false discovery rate ≤0.05), it was observed that calves fed AN had higher levels of 39 lipid species in serum than calves fed VG, whereas 171 lipid species were lower in the AN group. Lipid classes, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SM), triglycerides (TG), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), were different. In particular, PC and PE were observed at lower levels in calves fed AN, possibly indicating shifts in cell membrane characteristics, intracellular signaling, and liver functions. In addition, a decrease in certain triglyceride (TG) species was observed in calves fed AN, including a decrease in TG species such as TG 36:0 and TG 38:0, possibly related to variations in the content of certain fatty acids within the AN MR, such as C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, and C18:0, compared with the VG MR. Calves fed AN had lower levels of LPC and LPE, and lysophosphatidylinositol, SM, and phosphatidylinositol species than calves fed VG, suggesting shifts in lipoprotein and lipid metabolic pathways. In conclusion, these results deepen the understanding of how lipid sources in MR can modulate the serum lipidome profiles of dairy calves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9997-10012"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to determine if providing a rest stop including provision of feed and water between periods of continuous transportation mitigates the effect of long-distance transportation on markers of energy status and hydration in calves transported by road for 16 h. This study was conducted between September 2022 to January 2023 and included male and female Holstein and crossbred dairy calves ≥7 d old from 2 commercial dairy farms in Ontario, Canada (n = 96). On the day before transportation, calves were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups: (1) continuous transportation by road for 16 h or (2) 8 h of transport, 8 h of rest, and a further 8 h of transport to a single calf-raising facility. Calves that received a rest stop were fed 2 L of milk replacer at the time of unloading for the rest period and again immediately before reloading for the second leg of the journey. Blood samples were collected before and after transportation as well as daily for 3 d following arrival to the calf-raising facility. Serum was analyzed for concentrations of BHB, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), haptoglobin, and creatine kinase, and acid-base disturbances were evaluated within 1 h of collection of whole blood to assess glucose, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, pH, base excess, partial pressure of oxygen, total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and oxygen saturation. Mixed linear regression models with repeated measures were built to assess the effect of treatment group, age at transportation, breed, and sex on these parameters. Immediately after transportation, calves that received the rest period had lower BHB (−68.04 μmol/L, 95% CI: −99.59 to −36.49), NEFA (−0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.22 to −0.07), and sodium (−1.10 mmol/L, 95% CI = −2.18 to −0.02), and higher glucose (0.48 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.74), potassium (0.27 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.43), ionized calcium (0.06 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.08), and oxygen saturation (8.76%, 95% CI = 1.61 to 15.91) compared with calves that were continuously transported for 16 h. Additionally, calves transported between 11 and 12 d old had lower hematocrit (−1.22%, 95% CI = −2.19 to −0.25), hemoglobin (−3.07 g/L, 95% CI = −5.70 to −0.43), haptoglobin (−0.13 g/L, 95% CI = −0.23 to −0.02), and potassium (−0.13 mmol/L, 95% CI = −0.22 to −0.04) and higher sodium (0.83 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.03 to 1.63) than 7 to 8 d old calves. Furthermore, calves that were 13 to 24 d old at transport had lower haptoglobin (−0.16 g/L, 95% CI = −0.27 to −0.06) and potassium (−0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI = −0.23 to −0.05), and higher sodium (1.02 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.22 to 1.82) and ionized calcium (0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.002 to 0.035) compared with calves transported at 7 to 8 d old. The results of this trial demonstrate that a rest period improves energy status upon arrival to a calf-raising facility, suggesting that the ben
本随机对照试验的目的是确定在连续运输期间提供休息站（包括提供饲料和水）是否能减轻长途运输对陆路运输 16 小时的犊牛能量状态和水合作用指标的影响。本研究在 2022 年 9 月至 2023 年 1 月期间进行，包括来自加拿大安大略省 2 个商业奶牛场的≥7 d 大的荷斯坦和杂交雌雄乳牛（n = 96）。在运输前一天，犊牛被登记并随机分配到两个处理组中的一个：1）连续公路运输 16 小时；或 2）运输 8 小时，休息 8 小时，然后再运输 8 小时到一个犊牛饲养场。休息时间的犊牛在卸货休息时喂食 2 升代乳粉，并在第二段行程重新装车前再次喂食代乳粉。在运输前后以及到达犊牛饲养场后的 3 天内，每天采集血液样本。对血清中的β-羟丁酸（BHBA）、非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）、血红蛋白和肌酸激酶浓度进行分析，同时在采集全血后 1 小时内对酸碱紊乱进行评估，以评估葡萄糖、钠、钾、离子钙、血细胞比容、血红蛋白、pH 值、碱过量、pO2、TCO2、HCO3、pCO2 和 sO2。建立了重复测量的混合线性回归模型，以评估处理组、运输年龄、品种和性别对这些参数的影响。运输后，接受休息期的犊牛的 BHBA（-68.04 μmol/L，95% CI：-99.59 至 -36.49）、NEFA（-0.14 mmol/L，95% CI -0.22 至 -0.07）和钠（-1.10 mmol/L，95% CI = -2.18至-0.02），葡萄糖（0.48毫摩尔/升，95% CI = 0.21至0.74）、钾（0.27毫摩尔/升，95% CI = 0.11至0.43）、离子钙（0.06毫摩尔/升，95% CI = 0.03至0.08）和sO2（8.76%，95% CI = 1.61至15.91）较高。此外，与连续运输 16 h 的犊牛相比，运输时间在 11 至 12 d 之间的犊牛的血细胞比容（-1.22%，95% CI = -2.19 至 -0.25）、血红蛋白（-3.07 g/L，95% CI = -5.70 to -0.43）、血红蛋白（-0.13 g/L，95% CI = -0.23 to -0.02）和钾（-0.13 mmol/L，95% CI = -0.22 to -0.04），而钠（0.83 mmol/L，95% CI = 0.03 to 1.63）则高于7-8 d大的犊牛。此外，与7-8日龄的犊牛相比，运输时13-24日龄的犊牛血红蛋白（-0.16 g/L，95% CI = -0.27 to -0.06）和钾（-0.14 mmol/L，95% CI = -0.23 to -0.05）较低，钠（1.02 mmol/L，95% CI = 0.22 to 1.82）和离子钙（0.02 mmol/L，95% CI = 0.002 to 0.035）较高。该试验结果表明，休息期可改善到达犊牛饲养场后的能量状况，这表明休息期的益处可能主要与提供途中奶餐有关。
{"title":"A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of providing a rest period during long-distance transportation of surplus dairy calves: Part II. Effect on hematological variables","authors":"H.M. Goetz, D.L. Renaud","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25012","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to determine if providing a rest stop including provision of feed and water between periods of continuous transportation mitigates the effect of long-distance transportation on markers of energy status and hydration in calves transported by road for 16 h. This study was conducted between September 2022 to January 2023 and included male and female Holstein and crossbred dairy calves ≥7 d old from 2 commercial dairy farms in Ontario, Canada (n = 96). On the day before transportation, calves were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups: (1) continuous transportation by road for 16 h or (2) 8 h of transport, 8 h of rest, and a further 8 h of transport to a single calf-raising facility. Calves that received a rest stop were fed 2 L of milk replacer at the time of unloading for the rest period and again immediately before reloading for the second leg of the journey. Blood samples were collected before and after transportation as well as daily for 3 d following arrival to the calf-raising facility. Serum was analyzed for concentrations of BHB, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), haptoglobin, and creatine kinase, and acid-base disturbances were evaluated within 1 h of collection of whole blood to assess glucose, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, pH, base excess, partial pressure of oxygen, total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and oxygen saturation. Mixed linear regression models with repeated measures were built to assess the effect of treatment group, age at transportation, breed, and sex on these parameters. Immediately after transportation, calves that received the rest period had lower BHB (−68.04 μmol/L, 95% CI: −99.59 to −36.49), NEFA (−0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.22 to −0.07), and sodium (−1.10 mmol/L, 95% CI = −2.18 to −0.02), and higher glucose (0.48 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.74), potassium (0.27 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.43), ionized calcium (0.06 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.08), and oxygen saturation (8.76%, 95% CI = 1.61 to 15.91) compared with calves that were continuously transported for 16 h. Additionally, calves transported between 11 and 12 d old had lower hematocrit (−1.22%, 95% CI = −2.19 to −0.25), hemoglobin (−3.07 g/L, 95% CI = −5.70 to −0.43), haptoglobin (−0.13 g/L, 95% CI = −0.23 to −0.02), and potassium (−0.13 mmol/L, 95% CI = −0.22 to −0.04) and higher sodium (0.83 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.03 to 1.63) than 7 to 8 d old calves. Furthermore, calves that were 13 to 24 d old at transport had lower haptoglobin (−0.16 g/L, 95% CI = −0.27 to −0.06) and potassium (−0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI = −0.23 to −0.05), and higher sodium (1.02 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.22 to 1.82) and ionized calcium (0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.002 to 0.035) compared with calves transported at 7 to 8 d old. The results of this trial demonstrate that a rest period improves energy status upon arrival to a calf-raising facility, suggesting that the ben","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9774-9785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annie Williams , James J. Bennison , Alexander M. Mackenzie , Liam A. Sinclair
The apparent absorption of copper (Cu) in ruminants is low, with between 0.01 and 0.07 g/g absorbed from sources such as copper oxide (CuO) under typical feeding conditions, resulting in high levels of excretion. Improving the bioavailability of Cu could reduce the supplemental amount required to maintain Cu status and reduce excretion, particularly in the presence of dietary antagonists such as sulfur (S) and molybdenum (Mo). The objective of our study was to determine the Cu status of cows when fed nanoparticle CuO coated with Lys compared with conventional CuO when fed without or in combination with antagonists to Cu absorption (S and Mo) in the diet of dairy cows. Fifty-six multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows that were 48 d ± 17.2 (mean ± SD) postcalving and yielding 41 ± 6.4 kg of milk per day were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The 4 treatment groups were: CuO (O-), CuO with added antagonists (O+), nano CuO with a lysine coating (N-), and nano CuO with a Lys coating with added antagonists (N+), fed for 16 wk. We formulated the diets to contain ∼17 mg of Cu/kg DM, and diets with antagonists contained an additional 1 g of S/kg DM and 6 mg of Mo/kg DM, with Lys added to O- and O+ to provide the same daily supply as N- and N+. Blood samples were collected at wk 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 16, and liver biopsy samples at wk 0 and 16. We found no effect of dietary treatment on DMI, milk yield, live weight, or BCS, with mean values of 23.3 kg/d, 40.1 kg/d, 646 kg, and 2.68, but milk SCC was higher in cows fed conventional compared with nano CuO, or added compared with no added antagonists. We also found no effect of treatment on blood activity of gamma glutamyl transferase, superoxide dismutase, or ceruloplasmin, hematology profile, or plasma Cu and iron concentration. We found that plasma Mo concentration was increased from 0.36 µmol/L in cows fed O- or N- to 0.80 µmol/L in those receiving O+ or N+. Additional dietary antagonists also decreased the concentration of Cu in the liver of cows fed conventional CuO (C+) over the study period by 1.3 mg/kg DM per day, but in cows fed dietary antagonists and nano CuO coated with Lys (N+), liver Cu concentration was increased by 1.1 mg/kg DM per day. Our study is the first to demonstrate that reducing the particle size of CuO into the nano scale with a lysine coating improves the bioavailability of CuO in the presence of dietary antagonists in dairy cattle, and we did not observe any negative effects on performance or health.
{"title":"Feeding nanoparticles of copper oxide coated with lysine with or without added antagonists affects the copper status but not the performance of Holstein dairy cows","authors":"Annie Williams , James J. Bennison , Alexander M. Mackenzie , Liam A. Sinclair","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24871","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The apparent absorption of copper (Cu) in ruminants is low, with between 0.01 and 0.07 g/g absorbed from sources such as copper oxide (CuO) under typical feeding conditions, resulting in high levels of excretion. Improving the bioavailability of Cu could reduce the supplemental amount required to maintain Cu status and reduce excretion, particularly in the presence of dietary antagonists such as sulfur (S) and molybdenum (Mo). The objective of our study was to determine the Cu status of cows when fed nanoparticle CuO coated with Lys compared with conventional CuO when fed without or in combination with antagonists to Cu absorption (S and Mo) in the diet of dairy cows. Fifty-six multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows that were 48 d ± 17.2 (mean ± SD) postcalving and yielding 41 ± 6.4 kg of milk per day were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The 4 treatment groups were: CuO (O-), CuO with added antagonists (O+), nano CuO with a lysine coating (N-), and nano CuO with a Lys coating with added antagonists (N+), fed for 16 wk. We formulated the diets to contain ∼17 mg of Cu/kg DM, and diets with antagonists contained an additional 1 g of S/kg DM and 6 mg of Mo/kg DM, with Lys added to O- and O+ to provide the same daily supply as N- and N+. Blood samples were collected at wk 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 16, and liver biopsy samples at wk 0 and 16. We found no effect of dietary treatment on DMI, milk yield, live weight, or BCS, with mean values of 23.3 kg/d, 40.1 kg/d, 646 kg, and 2.68, but milk SCC was higher in cows fed conventional compared with nano CuO, or added compared with no added antagonists. We also found no effect of treatment on blood activity of gamma glutamyl transferase, superoxide dismutase, or ceruloplasmin, hematology profile, or plasma Cu and iron concentration. We found that plasma Mo concentration was increased from 0.36 µmol/L in cows fed O- or N- to 0.80 µmol/L in those receiving O+ or N+. Additional dietary antagonists also decreased the concentration of Cu in the liver of cows fed conventional CuO (C+) over the study period by 1.3 mg/kg DM per day, but in cows fed dietary antagonists and nano CuO coated with Lys (N+), liver Cu concentration was increased by 1.1 mg/kg DM per day. Our study is the first to demonstrate that reducing the particle size of CuO into the nano scale with a lysine coating improves the bioavailability of CuO in the presence of dietary antagonists in dairy cattle, and we did not observe any negative effects on performance or health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9277-9288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.H. Weston, T. Fernandes, M. de Oliveira, S. Gaskin, T. Pilonero, M.D. Hanigan
Intracellular AA regulate milk protein synthesis within the mammary gland by modifying mammary plasma flow (MPF) and AA transporter activity. Amino acid transporters catalyze translocation using Na+ gradient, substrate gradient (uniporters), and exchange mechanisms; further, they exhibit specificity for individual AA or groups of AA with similar side-chain properties within each transport system. Nonessential AA are actively transported through Na+-dependent transporters and, thus, are often used as intracellular currencies for EAA transport through exchange transporters. Therefore, it was hypothesized that individual EAA supplementation would compete with other EAA for shared transporters, and supplementation with Ala, Gln, and Gly would stimulate EAA transport through exchange transporters. Ten primiparous lactating dairy cows were divided into 2 groups based on milk production and were randomly assigned to treatment sequences within 2 balanced 5 × 5 Latin squares by group. Period length was 14 d. Treatments were 9-d jugular infusions of (1) saline; (2) 34.5 g of Val per day; (3) a ratio of 32.7 g of Ala to 40 g of Gln to 26.7 g of Gly per day (AQG); (4) 43 g of Lys per day; or (5) 33.5 g of Ile per day. All cows were fed a common base diet formulated to contain 15.0% CP. Infusions of Ile, Lys, or AQG did not affect milk protein or milk production; however, Val infusion decreased both. The effects of Val infusion on milk protein production appeared to be partially driven by decreased DMI. The decline in milk protein percentage indicated that milk lactose production was also affected. Additionally, Val infusion increased MPF efficiency (MPF/milk; L/L) by approximately 44%. Infusion of Val tended to decrease or decreased mammary net uptakes of Lys, Leu, Met, and total AA. Infusion of Ile tended to increase its mammary net uptakes but did not affect any other AA. Infusions of Lys and AQG did not affect any mammary net uptakes. Infusion of Val tended to decrease Phe and total NEAA mammary clearance rates. Infusion with AQG stimulated Tyr clearance rates and tended to decline system N mammary clearance rates. Ratios of branched-chain AA mammary uptake to milk protein output (U:O) did not differ from 1 for Val-infused cows, which indicated that little intramammary catabolism was occurring. Additionally, the average NEAA U:O in response to all treatments except Val was 0.70, but Val-infused cows had NEAA U:O that averaged 0.09, indicating increased synthesis within the glands. The effects of Val on mammary net clearance rates of multiple EAA support the incorporation of AA limitations in ration optimizers to prevent AA imbalances. It is possible that oversupplementation of EAA other than Val may also decrease DMI and mammary activity. Identifying efficiency apexes for each of the EAA will allow more precise diet formulation and supplementation, leading to improved production efficiency.
细胞内氨基酸（AA）通过改变乳腺血浆流量（MPF）和 AA 转运体的活性来调节乳腺内乳汁蛋白质的合成。氨基酸转运体利用 Na+梯度、底物梯度（单转运体）和交换机制催化转运；此外，在每个转运系统中，它们对单个 AA 或侧链性质相似的 AA 组表现出特异性。非必需 AA 可通过 Na+ 依赖性转运体积极转运，因此通常被用作 EAA 通过交换转运体转运的细胞内货币。因此，假设补充单个 EAA 会与其他 EAA 竞争共享转运体，而补充 Ala、Gln 和 Gly 会刺激 EAA 通过交换转运体转运。根据产奶量将 10 头初产泌乳奶牛分为 2 组，并在 2 平衡 5 × 5 拉丁正方形内按组随机分配处理顺序。处理为 9 d 颈静脉输注 1) 生理盐水；2) 34.5 g Val/d；3) 32.7 g Ala/d：40 g Gln/d: 26.7 g Gly/d (AQG)；4) 43 g Lys/d；或 5) 33.5 g Ile/d。所有奶牛均饲喂含有 15.0% CP 的普通基础日粮。输注 Ile、Lys 或 AQG 不会影响牛奶蛋白或牛奶产量；但输注 Val 则会降低牛奶蛋白或牛奶产量。输注 Val 对乳蛋白产量的影响似乎部分是由 DMI 下降引起的。牛奶蛋白质百分比的下降表明牛奶乳糖的生产也受到了影响。此外，输注 Val 使 MPF 效率（MPF/牛奶；升/升）提高了约 44%。输注缬氨酸往往会降低或减少乳腺对赖氨酸、亮氨酸、金属元素和总 AA 的净摄入量。输注 Ile 有增加其乳腺净摄入量的趋势，但不影响任何其他 AA。输注 Lys 和 AQG 不会影响任何乳腺净摄入量。输注 Val 有降低 Phe 和总 NEAA 乳腺清除率的趋势。输注 AQG 可促进 Tyr 的清除率，并有降低 System N 乳腺清除率的趋势。输注缬氨酸的奶牛乳腺摄入的 BCAA 与乳蛋白输出的比率（U:O）与 1 没有差异，这表明乳腺内几乎没有发生分解代谢。此外，除缬氨酸外，所有处理的平均 NEAA U:O 均为 0.70，但注入缬氨酸的奶牛的 NEAA U:O 平均为 0.09，这表明乳腺内的合成增加了。缬氨酸对乳腺多种 EAA 净清除率的影响支持在日粮优化剂中加入 AA 限制，以防止 AA 失衡。过量补充除缬氨酸以外的 EAA 可能也会降低 DMI 和乳腺活性。确定每种 EAA 的效率顶点将有助于更精确地配制和补充日粮，从而提高生产效率。
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Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-107-11-10041
Nikky Millar , Simon Dufour , Hélène Lardé , Jonathan Massé , Maud De Lagarde , Marie Archambault , John Morris Fairbrother , Jean-Philippe Roy , Catherine Belloc , David Francoz , Cécile Aenishaenslin
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Redefining on-farm practices: The perceived effect of a responsible antimicrobial use regulation on dairy farmers” (J. Dairy Sci. 107:6913–6929)","authors":"Nikky Millar , Simon Dufour , Hélène Lardé , Jonathan Massé , Maud De Lagarde , Marie Archambault , John Morris Fairbrother , Jean-Philippe Roy , Catherine Belloc , David Francoz , Cécile Aenishaenslin","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-107-11-10041","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-107-11-10041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Page 10041"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142611035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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