Journal of Dairy Science最新文献_第9页

Can dietary palmitic supplementation and milking frequency modify the cheesemaking properties of milk? 膳食中添加棕榈酸和挤奶频率能改变牛奶的奶酪制作特性吗？

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25706

Maude Blouin , Myriam Landry , Camille Vaubaillon , Jules Larouche , Éric Paquet , Yvan Chouinard , Guillaume Brisson , Rachel Gervais , Julien Chamberland

Palmitic acid (PA) supplementation and greater milking frequency can increase milk production and fat yield in dairy cows. However, the technological effects of those practices on cheesemaking still need to be determined. This work aimed to evaluate, with Holstein dairy cows, the effects of dietary PA, thrice-daily milking frequency, and their interaction on cheese yield and composition. Before cheesemaking, milks were standardized to a casein-to-fat ratio of 0.78% (SE: 0.02) and targets of 3.27% (SE: 0.03) and 4.20% (SE: 0.05). Rennet coagulation properties of standardized milk, cheese composition, curd draining properties, free fatty acid (FFA) content, and proteolysis during ripening were analyzed. Dietary PA supplementation modified the milk fatty acid profile but did not affect coagulation and draining properties, cheese composition, or proteolysis. The moisture-adjusted yield and fat and protein recoveries were also similar between treatments. The greater milking frequency did not affect process performance. However, increasing milking frequency led to a significantly higher FFA content in cheese at the end of ripening of 1.4 (SE: 0.2) mEq/kg versus 0.8 (SE: 0.2) mEq/kg of cheese fat for thrice- and twice-daily milkings, respectively. Consequently, dietary supplementation of PA to dairy cows had only a limited effect on the cheesemaking process under the standardized conditions tested. However, the effects of FFA on cheese sensory properties should be considered if the milking frequency is increased.

添加棕榈酸（PA）和提高挤奶频率可以提高奶牛的产奶量和脂肪产量。然而，这些做法对奶酪制作的技术影响仍有待确定。本试验旨在评价日粮中PA、每日三次挤奶频率及其交互作用对荷斯坦奶牛奶酪产量和成分的影响。在制作奶酪之前，牛奶被标准化为酪蛋白与脂肪的比例为0.78±0.02，酪蛋白和脂肪浓度的目标分别为3.27±0.03和4.20±0.05% wt/wt。分析了标准化牛奶的凝乳酶凝血特性、干酪成分、凝乳排水特性、游离脂肪酸（FFA）含量和成熟过程中的蛋白水解。饲粮中添加PA改变了牛奶脂肪酸谱，但不影响凝固和排泄特性、奶酪成分和蛋白质水解。水分调节产量、脂肪和蛋白质回收率在处理之间也相似。较大的挤奶频率不影响工艺性能。然而，随着挤奶频率的增加，成熟期奶酪中FFA含量显著提高，分别为1.4±0.2 mEq/kg和0.8±0.2 mEq/kg，分别为每日三次和两次挤奶。因此，在标准化测试条件下，奶牛日粮中添加PA对奶酪制作过程的影响有限。然而，如果增加挤奶频率，则应考虑FFA对奶酪感官特性的影响。

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引用次数: 0

The association of lung consolidation and respiratory pathogens identified at weaning on the growth performance of beef-on-dairy calves 断奶时发现的肺实变和呼吸道病原体对犊牛生长性能的影响。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25617

I.L.B. Fernandes , A. Welk , D.L. Renaud , D. Sockett , T.L. Felix , M.C. Cantor

This observational study evaluated the relationship between lung consolidation (LC) observed at weaning and calf ADG, and the association of pathogen shedding at weaning on ADG in beef × dairy calves up to 238 d. Beef × Holstein calves (n = 143) were sourced from 2 dairies. Calves were managed in 3 cohorts and fed milk replacer and calf starter before weaning. Calves were transported to another facility after weaning and raised in one group, where they were fed calf starter with oat hay and transitioned to a corn silage-based TMR diet. Calf ADG was calculated from arrival to weaning at 61 ± 14 d (period 1), from weaning to 83 ± 21 d (period 2), and from 83 d to 238 ± 21 d (period 3). Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) was performed at weaning to evaluate if a calf had LC (characterized as TUS+ if ≥1 cm² in one lobe) and to categorize the degree of LC found (none [TUS–], 1–2 cm², or = 3 cm²). Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from the TUS+ calves and from pair-matched TUS− calves (n = 35 pairs) for pathogen identification by culture at a diagnostic laboratory. A mixed linear regression model assessed the association of LC with calf ADG with LC, period, period × LC, and sire breed as fixed effects; arrival weight as a covariate; and calf nested within the cohort as a random effect. Another mixed linear regression model assessed the association of pathogen shedding with calf ADG from weaning to 238 d with period and sire breed as fixed effects, and pair was nested within cohort as a random effect. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the likelihood of TUS+ calves shedding a pathogen with pair as a fixed effect. We found an LC × period interaction affecting ADG over period 2 where TUS− calves had increased ADG (1.18 ± 0.02 kg/d) compared with calves with LC = 3 cm² (1.03 ± 0.04 kg/d). However, TUS− calves had similar ADG to calves with LC = 1 to 2 cm² in period 2. Calf ADG was not associated with LC in period 3, and calves weighed 324 ± 37 kg (mean ± SD) at 238 d. In addition, 57% (20/35) of TUS+ calves and 26% (9/35) of TUS− calves shed Pasteurella multocida. We found no association of pathogen shedding with calf ADG, but TUS+ calves were more likely to shed a pathogen. These findings suggest that calves with pneumonia experienced poor growth up to 20 d postweaning, but compensatory gain occurred by 238 d. Furthermore, P. multocida was not associated with growth performance up to 238 d in beef × dairy calves.

本观察性研究评估了断奶时肺实变与犊牛平均日增重之间的关系，以及断奶时病原体脱落与犊牛平均日增重之间的关系。来自2个奶牛场的143头牛×荷斯坦犊牛（n = 143）。犊牛分为3组，断奶前分别饲喂代乳剂和犊牛发酵剂。小牛在断奶后被转移到另一个设施，并在一组中饲养，在那里他们被喂食犊牛发酵剂和燕麦干草，并过渡到以玉米青贮为基础的全混合口粮。小腿ADG计算从抵达到断奶61±14 d(第1期),从断奶到83±21 d(第二阶段),从83 d和238±21 d(第3期)。胸超声(摘要)进行断奶评估如果小牛肺整合(特征摘要+≥1厘米2在一个叶)和肺的程度进行分类整合发现(LC = none, 1 - 2厘米2或3 cm2)。从TUS+犊牛和配对的TUS-犊牛（n = 35对）采集鼻咽拭子，在诊断实验室进行病原体培养鉴定。混合线性回归模型评估了LC与犊牛平均日增重与LC、周期、周期× LC和父系品种的关联，作为固定效应，到达体重作为协变量，犊牛嵌套作为随机效应。另一种混合线性回归模型评估了病原体脱落与犊牛断奶至238 d平均日增重随周期的关系，其中父系品种为固定效应，对作为随机效应嵌套在队列中。一个逻辑回归模型被用来评估可能性的TUS+小牛脱落病原体对作为一个固定效应。在第2周期内，与LC = 3 cm2的犊牛（1.03±0.04 kg/d, P = 0.01）相比，LC = 3 cm2的犊牛（1.18±0.02 kg/d）的平均日增重显著增加（P = 0.03）。第2期TUS-犊牛的平均日增重与LC = 1 ~ 2 cm2犊牛相近（P < 0.05）。第3期犊牛ADG与LC无相关性（P < 0.05）， 238 d时犊牛体重为324±37 kg（平均±SD）。此外，57%（20/35）的TUS+犊牛和26%（9/35）的TUS-犊牛感染多杀性巴氏杆菌。病原菌的脱落与犊牛平均日增重无相关性（P < 0.05），但TUS+犊牛更容易脱落病原菌。这些结果表明，患有肺炎的犊牛在断奶后20天内生长不佳，但在238天内会出现补偿性增重。此外，多杀假单胞菌与牛乳犊牛在238天前的生长性能无关。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of including a palmitic acid–enriched supplement in low- and high-starch diets on milk production and energy partitioning of primiparous and multiparous dairy cows between mid and late lactation 在低淀粉和高淀粉饲粮中添加富含棕榈酸的添加剂对泌乳中后期初产和多产奶牛产奶量和能量分配的影响

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25731

J.M. dos Santos Neto, J. Garver, J. de Souza, M.J. VandeHaar, A.L. Lock

The aim of our study was to assess the effects of low- or high-starch diets with or without palmitic acid (C16:0) supplementation on the yield of milk, milk components, and energy partitioning of primiparous and multiparous dairy cows between mid and late lactation. Thirty-two Holstein cows, 12 primiparous (163 ± 33 DIM; mean ± SD) and 20 multiparous (179 ± 37 DIM; mean ± SD), were used in a split-plot Latin square design. Parity was considered the main plot, and within each plot, treatments were then randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d periods and balanced for carryover effects. Treatments were in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary starch level and fatty acid (FA) supplementation as main factors. The starch factor comprised either low (LS; 16% of diet DM) or high (HS; 32% of diet DM) dietary starch. Dietary starch was altered by varying the proportion of ground corn, whole cottonseed, and soyhulls, with LS and HS diets containing ∼15% and 18% forage NDF (fNDF) and ∼37% and 25% NDF, respectively. The FA supplementation factor consisted of either control with no FA supplementation (CON) or a C16:0-enriched supplement at 1.5% of diet DM replacing soyhulls (PALM). Compared with LS, HS increased plasma insulin (0.20 μg/L) and energy partitioning to body reserves (2.04 percentage units), tended to increase BCS and BW change, and decreased DMI (1.10 kg/d), milk fat yield (0.04 kg/d), and MUN (2.10 mg/dL). Compared with CON, PALM increased energy output to milk (1.10 Mcal/d) and the yields of milk fat (0.10 kg/d), 3.5% FCM (1.90 kg/d), and ECM (1.60 kg/d), and had no effect on BW-related variables. We observed a 3-way interaction between parity, starch, and FA supplementation affecting multiparous but not primiparous cows, where PALM increased plasma insulin concentration (0.14 μg/L) in LS but had the opposite effect in HS by tending to decrease insulin. Our results demonstrate important interactions between parity, starch levels, and FA supplementation. Overall, feeding a low-starch diet to mid- and late-lactation dairy cows helped prevent excessive body condition and weight gain while increasing milk fat yield compared with a high-starch diet. Multiparous cows may benefit the most from a low-starch diet because multiparous cows seemed more prone to accumulating body reserves. Feeding a C16:0-enriched supplement increased milk fat yield and ECM without increasing weight gain, regardless of starch level or parity.

本研究的目的是评估低淀粉或高淀粉饲粮添加或不添加棕榈酸（C16:0）对初产和多产奶牛泌乳中后期产奶量、乳成分和能量分配的影响。选取32头荷斯坦奶牛，其中初产奶牛12头（[mean±SD] 163±33 d），多产奶牛20头（[mean±SD] 179±37 d），采用分区拉丁方设计。奇偶性被认为是主图，在每个图中，处理被随机分配到一个重复的4 × 4拉丁方阵中，周期为21 d，并平衡遗留效应。以饲粮淀粉水平和脂肪酸添加量为主要因素，采用2 × 2因子试验。淀粉因子包括低LS；16%的日粮干物质（DM）或高(HS；32%的日粮DM)。通过改变玉米粉、全棉籽和豆壳的比例，LS和HS饲粮中分别含有~ 15%和18%的饲料中性洗涤纤维（fNDF）和~ 37%和25%的中性洗涤纤维（NDF），改变饲粮中的淀粉含量。FA补充因子包括不添加FA的对照组（CON）和添加1.5%日粮DM替代豆壳的富含c16:0的饲料（PALM）。与LS相比，HS提高了血浆胰岛素（0.20 μg/L）和身体储备能量分配（2.04百分比-单位），有增加体态评分（BCS）和体重（BW）变化的趋势，降低了干物质采食量（DMI）；1.10 kg/d)、乳脂产量（0.04 kg/d）和乳尿素氮(MUN；2.10 mg / dL)。与对照组相比，棕榈饲粮提高了乳能量输出（1.10 Mcal/d）、乳脂产量（0.10 kg/d）、3.5%脂肪校正乳（FCM）；1.90 kg/d)和能量修正乳（ECM）；1.60 kg/d)，对体重相关变量无影响。我们观察到胎次、淀粉和FA的添加对多产奶牛有3向相互作用，而对初产奶牛没有影响，其中PALM增加了LS的血浆胰岛素浓度（0.14 μg/L），而对HS则相反，倾向于降低胰岛素。我们的研究结果证明了平价、淀粉水平和FA补充之间的重要相互作用。总体而言，与高淀粉日粮相比，在泌乳中后期饲喂低淀粉日粮有助于防止奶牛身体状况过度恶化和体重增加，同时提高乳脂产量。多产奶牛可能从低淀粉饮食中获益最多，因为多产奶牛似乎更容易积累身体储备。无论淀粉水平或胎次如何，饲喂富含c16:0的补品可提高乳脂产量和体外代谢率，但不会增加体重。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization of volatile compounds in mozzarella cheeses made from bovine and buffalo milk by different aroma extraction and identification methods SPME-GC×GC-O-TOFMS、SPME-Arrow-GC-MS和GC-IMS对牛乳和水牛奶制马苏里拉奶酪挥发性成分的表征

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25705

Zhijie Yang , Jiao Wang , Bei Wang , Yanping Cao

High-moisture mozzarella cheese is particularly popular because of its freshness and milky flavor; however, the difference in aroma compound composition between high-moisture mozzarella cheese made from bovine (BOC) and buffalo milk (BUC) remains unclear. Herein, the volatile compounds of 2 kinds of mozzarella cheese were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by solid-phase microextraction comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography olfactometry time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPME-GC×GC-O-TOF-MS), solid-phase microextraction-Arrow gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME Arrow-GC-MS), and gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) for the first time. A total of 139 volatile compounds were identified (69 aroma active compounds were sniffed), of which 106 were identified in BOC and 96 in BUC. About 70.5% of these compounds can be identified by GC×GC-O-TOF-MS, exceeding 2.6 times that of GC-IMS. Particularly, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one (nutty flavor, odor intensity of 3) and methoxy-phenyl-oxime (burnt flavor, 689.47 ± 48.32 μg/kg, odor intensity of 5) were identified as aroma active compounds in BOC for the first time. The sensory evaluation confirmed that 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one is one of the factors responsible for the differences in nutty flavor observed between BOC and BUC. Compared with the 3 aroma extract techniques (SPME, SPME-Arrow and headspace), SPME-Arrow can increase the adsorption capacity of volatile compounds in samples, but required the high separation and high sensitivity detection equipment for more efficient identification of volatile compounds. The combination of the GC×GC-O-TOF-MS, GC-MS, and GC-IMS had obtained a comprehensive aroma profile of mozzarella cheese, which laid a theoretical foundation for the construction of aroma fingerprints of mozzarella cheeses from different milk sources, and provided a basis for the development and application of new dairy products.

高水分马苏里拉奶酪因其新鲜和乳白色的风味而特别受欢迎，然而，由牛（BOC）和水牛奶（BUC）制成的高水分马苏里拉奶酪的香气化合物组成的差异尚不清楚。本文首次采用SPME-GC × GC-O-TOFMS、SPME-Arrow-GC-MS和GC-IMS对2种马苏里拉奶酪的挥发性成分进行了定性和定量分析。共鉴定出139种挥发性化合物（69种香气活性化合物），其中BOC中鉴定出106种，BUC中鉴定出96种。其中70.5%的化合物可通过GC × GC- o - tofms鉴别，是GC- ims的2.6倍以上。其中，2-甲基四氢呋喃-3- 1（坚果味，气味强度为3）和甲氧基苯基肟（烧焦味，689.47±48.32 μg/kg，气味强度为5）首次被鉴定为BOC的香气活性化合物。感官评价证实，2-甲基四氢呋喃-3- 1是造成BOC和BUC之间坚果风味差异的因素之一。与3种香气提取技术（SPME、SPME- arrow和顶空）相比，SPME- arrow可以增加样品中挥发性化合物的吸附量，但需要高分离度和高灵敏度的检测设备才能更有效地鉴定挥发性化合物。结合GC × GC- o - tofms、GC- ms和GC- ims，获得了马苏里拉奶酪的综合香气图谱，为构建不同奶源马苏里拉奶酪的香气指纹图谱奠定了理论基础，并为新型乳制品的开发应用提供了依据。

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引用次数: 0

Characterizing dry and early-lactation dairy cow management practices in Wisconsin and Minnesota

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25741

Shawna J. Sigl , Jennifer M.C. Van Os , Shaheer Burney , Katherine C. Creutzinger

The nonlactation (“dry”) period and first few weeks after calving are a crucial time in a dairy cow's life, which can greatly impact her welfare and success within a herd. Additionally, cow-calf separation has become a controversial topic in dairy production, and a knowledge gap exists regarding the time of calf removal from the cow on US dairy farms. A description of animal management practices during the dry period and early lactation can provide key information on whether recommended practices are being implemented and what can be changed to enhance the overall welfare of transition cows. The objective of this study was to characterize farmer-reported housing, management, and disease incidence of dairy cows from 60 d before to 30 d after calving on dairy farms in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Surveys were mailed to a random sample of 1,503 dairy producers in Wisconsin (n = 948) and Minnesota (n = 555). The survey included questions regarding farm demographics, cow management from 60 d before 30 d after calving, calf separation practices, and transition cow disease incidence. The response rate was 31% (466/1,503; Minnesota: n = 145, Wisconsin: n = 321) at the end of the 10-wk data collection period. Respondents had an average of 219.5 ± 712.3 (±SD) milking cows with a range of 2 to 12,000 milking cows. Cow management varied greatly between farms during the dry period and early lactation. The most common dry cow housing used was a close-up pen (38% of farms) and freestalls for both fresh (15.9%) and lactating cows (39.3%). Cows were moved into new pens 0 to 6 times (median = 2) during the 60 d before to 30 d after calving and approximately one-quarter of farms (26%) moved cows into new pens twice. Removal of calves from the calving pen was most commonly reported to occur less than 1 h (16.7% of farms), 1.1 to 2 h (22.3%), and 2.1 to 12 h (39.5%) after birth. Calf removal from the calving pen was reported to occur sooner after birth on farms with larger herds and when cows remained in the calving pen for less time after calving. Dystocia was reported to occur at a greater incidence than other transition diseases (7.0% ± 7.4), followed by retained placenta (6.4% ± 6.5). The results of this survey provide evidence that recommended care practices, such as using a calving pen and not overstocking a fresh cow pen, are being provided to dry and early-lactation cows on many dairy farms in this region. However, animal-based measures would be required to assess whether cows are in a good welfare state. Nonetheless, these results can help identify possible barriers to success and opportunities for improvement for the management and potential performance of dairy cows.

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引用次数: 0

Lipidomic study of yak milk reveals potential biomarkers for the design of infant formulas

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25573

Lina Wang , Linlin Wang , Hailong Xing

Recent research on yak milk has revealed that it is an alternative to cow milk as another high-quality milk source for infant formula milk powder; however, the differences in the lipid profiles of human and yak milk are not yet clear. In this study, the lipidome and fatty acid composition of milk samples were analyzed and compared. We identified 298 lipid molecular species and 169 lipid molecular species that were significantly different in positive and negative ion modes. Yak milk showed significant differences in the contents of most triglycerides (TG), diacylglycerols, and polar lipid species compared with human milk, especially TG (14:0/14:0/15:0) and TG (12:0/16:0/17:0), which were more abundant in yak milk and were mainly related to glycerolipid metabolism. The potential biomarkers we discovered did not include PUFA. This comprehensive analysis will hopefully aid in the design of infant formulas using yak milk.

引用次数: 0

Perspective: Shaping future professionals—The role of mentoring in graduate education and career development

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-26178

Talline Martins , Antonio Faciola

Graduate students play a pivotal role in advancing science, education, and extension, particularly in the field of animal and dairy sciences. As expectations on faculty productivity rise, effective mentoring becomes crucial for shaping future professionals and supporting institutional goals. This article emphasizes the distinction between academic advisors and mentors, arguing that, whereas advisors guide short-term academic objectives, mentors foster long-term personal and career development. It highlights the importance of providing both roles within graduate programs and training faculty to be effective mentors. Structured mentorship programs, supported by tools such as individual development plans and mentor-mentee compacts, can improve student satisfaction and reduce attrition rates. The article highlights how the growing transition of PhD holders from academia to industry underscores the need for graduate programs to integrate transferable skills into the curriculum. Additionally, intercultural competence and technological proficiency, particularly in artificial intelligence, are identified as essential for students' success in a globalized job market. These efforts also contribute to the long-term success of academic institutions by modernizing graduate programs to prioritize flexible, student-centered mentoring, which prepares highly skilled and highly sought-after graduates who drive innovation and advance research and development in their fields, while also keeping these programs relevant and attractive to employers in a rapidly changing career landscape.

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引用次数: 0

Usefulness of differential somatic cell count for udder health monitoring: Diagnostic performance of somatic cell count and differential somatic cell count for diagnosing intramammary infections in dairy herds with automated milking systems 鉴别体细胞计数对乳腺健康监测的有用性：在使用自动挤奶系统的奶牛群中，体细胞计数的诊断性能和鉴别体细胞计数对乳腺内感染的诊断。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25404

Mariana Fonseca , Daryna Kurban , Jean-Philippe Roy , Débora E. Santschi , Elouise Molgat , Simon Dufour

Mastitis poses significant economic challenges for dairy farms. Therefore, enhancing the accuracy of diagnostic methods for detecting IMI can potentially improve prevention, control, and treatment strategies. The SCC is a well-established parameter for identifying inflammation resulting from IMI. Given the recent introduction of differential somatic cell count (DSCC) for routine milk sample screening, limited research has been conducted to assess its additional benefits for diagnosing IMI. Therefore, our main objective was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of SCC, DSCC, and SCC-DSCC combinations in detecting IMI caused by any pathogen or by major pathogens using quarter milk samples. Five dairy herds using automated milking systems were selected using convenience sampling in Québec, Canada. Determination of SCC and DSCC was performed by Lactanet (Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada) using a CombiFoss 7 DC instrument. A 5-populations 2-tests Bayesian latent class models was used, with bacteriological culture employed as the imperfect reference test. Posterior estimates for sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and the predictive values for 2 hypotheticals IMI prevalences due to any pathogen or major pathogens were computed. The proportion of quarters positive for any pathogen or major pathogen using milk culture was 31.7% (5,125/16,176) and 5.4% (871/16,176), respectively. For the detection of IMI by any pathogen, using a serial interpretation for the combination of SCC ≥100,000 and DSCC at ≥65% increased the Sp from 0.71 (95% Bayesian credible intervals [95BCI]: 0.70, 0.72) to 0.84 (95BCI: 0.83, 0.86) compared with SCC alone at the cutoff ≥100,000 cells/mL, although resulting in a slight decrease in Se from 0.49 (95BCI: 0.43, 0.54) to 0.46 (95BCI: 0.42, 0.50). Moreover, for detecting IMI caused by major pathogens, combining SCC at the threshold of ≥100,000 cells/mL and DSCC at the threshold of ≥65% using serial interpretation increased the Sp from 0.68 (95BCI: 0.67, 0.69) to 0.80 (95BCI: 0.79, 0.81) compared with SCC alone at the ≥100,000 cells/mL threshold. Our findings suggest that DSCC could be combined with SCC to provide a modest improvement in Sp with minimal compromise in Se for identifying IMI caused by any or by major pathogens. In addition, DSCC combined with SCC provided a small improvement in Se for detecting any pathogen using the parallel interpretation. However, no improvements in Se were observed when using the combination of SCC and DSCC for detecting major pathogens.

乳腺炎给奶牛场带来了巨大的经济挑战。因此，提高检测乳腺内感染（IMI）的诊断方法的准确性可以潜在地改善预防、控制和治疗策略。体细胞计数（SCC）是识别IMI引起的炎症的一个公认的参数。鉴于最近引入的差异体细胞计数（DSCC）常规乳汁样本筛查，有限的研究已进行评估其额外的好处，诊断IMI。因此，我们的主要目的是评估SCC、DSCC和SCC-DSCC组合在检测由任何病原体或主要病原体引起的IMI时的诊断准确性。采用方便抽样的方法，在加拿大quamesbec选取了5个使用自动挤奶系统的奶牛群。SCC和DSCC的测定由Lactanet （st - anne de Bellevue， QC, Canada）使用CombiFoss 7直流仪器进行。采用5种群2检验贝叶斯潜类模型，以细菌培养为不完全参考检验。计算了敏感性（Se）、特异性（Sp）的后验估计，以及由任何病原体或主要病原体引起的2种假设IMI患病率的预测值。其中，乳培养病原菌阳性率为31.7%(5125 / 16176)，主要病原菌阳性率为5.4%（871/ 16176）。对于任何病原体的IMI检测，使用SCC≥100,000和DSCC≥65%组合的序列解释，与SCC单独在临界值≥100,000细胞/mL时相比，Sp从0.71 （95BCI: 0.70, 0.72）增加到0.84 (95BCI: 0.83, 0.86)，尽管导致Se从0.49 （95BCI: 0.43, 0.54）轻微下降到0.46 （95BCI: 0.42, 0.50）。此外，对于主要病原体引起的IMI检测，与单独检测≥100,000 cells/mL阈值的SCC相比，联合检测≥100,000 cells/mL阈值的SCC和≥65%阈值的DSCC使用序列解释将Sp从0.68 （95BCI: 0.67, 0.69）提高到0.80 （95BCI: 0.79, 0.81）。我们的研究结果表明，DSCC可以与SCC联合使用，在确定由任何或主要病原体引起的IMI时，提供适度的Sp改善和最小的Se损害。此外，DSCC与SCC联合使用平行解释对检测任何病原体都提供了微小的改善。然而，当使用SCC和DSCC联合检测主要病原体时，Se没有得到改善。

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引用次数: 0

Objective dairy cow mobility analysis and scoring system using computer vision–based keypoint detection technique from top-view 2-dimensional videos 目的利用基于计算机视觉的二维俯视图视频关键点检测技术，建立奶牛移动能力分析与评分系统。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25545

Shogo Higaki , Guilherme L. Menezes , Rafael E.P. Ferreira , Ariana Negreiro , Victor E. Cabrera , João R.R. Dórea

The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of a computer vision-based keypoint detection technique to extract mobility variables associated with mobility scores from top-view 2-dimensional (2D) videos of dairy cows. In addition, the study determined the potential of a machine learning classification model to predict mobility scores based on the newly extracted mobility variables. A dataset of 256 video clips of individual cows was collected, with each clip recorded from a top-view perspective while the cows were walking. The cows were visually assessed using a 4-level mobility scoring system, comprising score 0 (good mobility: 78 cows), score 1 (imperfect mobility: 71 cows), score 2 (impaired mobility: 87 cows), and score 3 (severely impaired mobility: 20 cows). The video clips were analyzed using a keypoint detection model capable of detecting 10 keypoints (i.e., head, neck, withers, back, hip ridge, tail head, left and right hooks, and left and right pins). From the time-series XY-coordinate data of the keypoints, 25 mobility variables were extracted, including lateral movements of keypoints (10 variables), coefficients of variation of keypoint speeds (10 variables), walking speed (1 variable), and standard deviation of keypoint angles (4 variables: neck angle, withers angle, back angle, and hip angle). Due to the limited number of cows classified as score 3, they were combined with score 2 cows into a single class. Subsequently, a 3-level mobility score classification model (score 0, 1, and 2 + 3) was developed using the random forest algorithm, based on the extracted mobility variables. The model's performance was evaluated using the repeated holdout method, where the dataset was randomly divided into 80% for training and 20% for testing, repeated 10 times. The model's overall 3-class classification performance achieved a weighted kappa coefficient of 0.72 and an area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89. Based on the variable importance analysis conducted over the cross-validation, back lateral movement, withers lateral movement, walking speed, and tail head lateral movement were identified as crucial for predicting mobility scores. These findings indicate that the computer vision-based keypoint detection technique is effective for extracting mobility variables relevant to mobility scores from top-view 2D videos, and the machine learning classification model based on the newly extracted variables has the potential for objective mobility scoring in dairy cows.

本研究的目的是评估基于计算机视觉的关键点检测技术的适用性，以从奶牛的俯视二维（2D）视频中提取与流动性评分相关的流动性变量。此外，该研究还确定了机器学习分类模型根据新提取的流动性变量预测流动性评分的潜力。研究人员收集了 256 个奶牛视频片段的数据集，每个片段都是奶牛行走时从俯视角度拍摄的。采用 4 级行动能力评分系统对奶牛进行目测评估，包括 0 分（行动能力良好：78 头奶牛）、1 分（行动能力不佳：71 头奶牛）、2 分（行动能力受损：87 头奶牛）和 3 分（行动能力严重受损：20 头奶牛）。视频片段使用关键点检测模型进行分析，该模型可检测 10 个关键点（即头部、颈部、腰部、背部、臀脊、尾部、左右钩和左右针）。从关键点的时间序列 XY 坐标数据中提取了 25 个移动变量，包括关键点的横向移动（10 个变量）、关键点速度的变异系数（10 个变量）、行走速度（1 个变量）和关键点角度的标准偏差（4 个变量：颈角、腰角、背角和臀角）。由于被划分为 3 级的奶牛数量有限，因此将它们与 2 级奶牛合并为一个级别。随后，根据提取的活动度变量，使用随机森林算法建立了 3 级活动度评分分类模型（评分 0、1 和 2 + 3）。该模型的性能评估采用了重复保持法，即将数据集随机分为 80% 用于训练，20% 用于测试，重复 10 次。该模型的整体三类分类性能达到了 0.72 的加权卡帕系数和 0.89 的接收者工作特征曲线下面积。根据交叉验证进行的变量重要性分析，背部横向移动、腰部横向移动、行走速度和尾部横向移动被认为是预测行动能力得分的关键因素。这些研究结果表明，基于计算机视觉的关键点检测技术能够有效地从顶视二维视频中提取与移动性评分相关的移动性变量，而基于新提取变量的机器学习分类模型则有望用于奶牛的客观移动性评分。

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引用次数: 0

Genomic selection and weighted single-step genome-wide association study of sheep body weight and milk yield: Imputing low-coverage sequencing data with similar genetic background panels 绵羊体重和产奶量的基因组选择和WssGWAS：具有相似遗传背景面板的低覆盖率测序数据的输入。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25681

D. Li , Y. Xiao , X. Chen , Z. Chen, X. Zhao, X. Xu, R. Li, Y. Jiang, X. An, L. Zhang, Y. Song

Low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (LcWGS), a cost-effective genotyping method, offers greater flexibility in variant detection than SNP chips. However, to our knowledge, no studies have explored the application of LcWGS in sheep. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementing LcWGS and genotype imputation and assess their applicability in genomic studies of body weight and milk yield in sheep. A total of 45,787 birth weight (BiW), 31,135 weaning daily gain (WDG), 8,928 milk yield (MY), and 4,918 milk yield per unit of metabolic body weight (MWMY) data records were analyzed. Among these, 2,366 sheep had imputed high-density genotypes. Simulated sequencing depths from 0.1× to 3× were imputed using reference panels of 100 to 600 individuals. Genotype concordance with true data improved from 0.8875 to 0.9852 as the sequencing depth and panel size increased. The single-step GBLUP method applied to the imputed data yielded higher accuracy for BiW, WDG, MY, and MWMY than the classical pedigree-based BLUP, and notably increased MY accuracy from 0.61 to 0.66. Furthermore, a weighted single-step genome-wide association study identified key genes associated with BiW (ANKS1B, OPRM1, CSMD1), WDG (TKDP5, GRP, RAX, IGFBP7), MY (CCSER1, FGGY, HOOK1), and MWMY (NDUFA10, ZNF385D, NWD1), revealing the importance of multiple pathways in sheep growth and milk production. This is the first study to assess the feasibility of combining LcWGS with genotype imputation for sheep genomic selection, balancing economic costs and imputation efficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrate an effective approach for identifying genetic variants linked to body weight and milk production, offering a cost-effective strategy for dairy sheep breeding.

低覆盖全基因组测序（LcWGS）是一种经济高效的基因分型方法，与单核苷酸多态性（SNP）芯片相比，它在变异检测方面具有更大的灵活性。然而，据我们所知，目前还没有研究探索LcWGS在绵羊中的应用。本研究旨在评估LcWGS和基因型估算的可行性，并评估其在绵羊体重和产奶量基因组研究中的适用性。试验共收集了45,787头仔猪出生体重（BW）、31,135头断奶日增重（WDG）、8,928头产奶量（MY）和4,918头单位代谢体重（MWMY）数据。其中，有2366只羊植入了高密度基因型。利用100-600个个体的参考面板，模拟测序深度为0.1 × ~ 3 ×。随着测序深度和面板大小的增加，与真实数据的基因型一致性从0.8875提高到0.9852。与传统ABLUP相比，ssGBLUP方法对BW、WDG、MY和MWMY的精度更高，MY精度从0.61提高到0.66。此外，一项加权单步全基因组关联研究发现了与BW （ANKS1B、OPRM1、CSMD1）、WDG （TKDP5、GRP、RAX、IGFBP7）、MY （CCSER1、FGGY、HOOK1）和MWMY （NDUFA10、ZNF385D、NWD1）相关的关键基因，揭示了多种途径在绵羊生长和产奶量中的重要性。本研究首次评估了LcWGS与基因型插补相结合的可行性，以平衡经济成本和插补效率。此外，我们展示了一种有效的方法来识别与体重和产奶量相关的遗传变异，为奶羊育种提供了一种具有成本效益的策略。

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引用次数: 0